超临界水冷混合堆快谱区组件物理——热工分析

提出了超临界水冷混合堆快谱区多层燃料组件设计方案.应用MCNP程序为该组件建立计算模型,并进行了相应的物理计算;同时运用子通道分析程序STAFAS对多层燃料组件子通道进行了初步的稳态热工分析.计算结果表明:超临界水冷混合堆快谱区多层燃料组件燃料转换比超过1.0,并且获得负的冷却剂空泡反应性系数;燃料包壳表面最高温度约为595℃,低于设计准则规定的上限值,同时组件各子通道出口冷却剂温度均匀性较好.通过对燃料棒径敏感性分析可知,较大棒径组件燃料转换比较大,但也会导致热通道包壳表面温度峰值升高.     

超临界水冷动力堆燃料组件的子通道研究分析

与目前的轻水堆相比较，由于超临界水冷动力反应堆(SCPR)的热效率高、反应堆系统简单，预计将降低发电成本高热效率通过超临界压力水冷却来获得、如果冷却剂流体在燃料组件中的分布是非均匀的．由于冷却剂温度提高、冷却剂密度的变化而出现大的流量偏移和传热系数降低的复合效应，燃料包壳的表面温度会局部升高：因此，SCPR燃料组件设计采用基于沸水堆的SILFEED的子通道分析程序SCPR燃料组件具有许多正方形水棒、燃料棒被布置在这些水捧周围。燃料棒的间距和直径分别为11．2nun和10．2mm。由于冷却剂流体在燃料组件内的分布主要取决于燃料棒和水棒之间的间隙宽度、对适当的间隙宽度进行了研究。子通道分析表明，在间隙宽度为1．0mm时，冷却剂流量分布是均匀的，最高的燃料包壳表面温度低于600℃、在设计中提高了燃料包壳的温度裕度。     

行波堆TP-1堆芯热工水力单通道与子通道分析方法研究

以泰拉能源公司提出的钠冷行波堆TP-1为研究对象,通过钠冷行波堆瞬态安全分析程序TAST得到堆芯各组件内冷却剂、包壳和燃料棒的平均温度分布。用子通道分析程序SACOS-Na对TAST计算得到的最热组件进行详细分析计算,得到该组件内冷却剂的温度、压力和流速分布,并得到燃料棒和包壳的温度场。结果表明：单通道与子通道的结合使用能有效提高计算效率,提高反应堆设计的安全性。     

CARR堆芯热组件自然循环条件下特性分析

本文建立了中国先进研究堆标准燃料组件单组件的流-固耦合共轭传热CFD分析模型。通过1组稳态流量工况的分析,拟合获得燃料组件的阻力特性曲线。在堆本体CFD分析模型强迫流动工况计算结果的基础上,开展了标准燃料组件自然循环数值模拟分析。计算结果表明,在设定工况下,不仅释热能安全载出,而且可保证热组件任何位置均不会发生冷却剂泡核沸腾和流动不稳定性。计算得到了自然循环建立过程组件内冷却剂温度、燃料包壳和芯体的温度分布、热点位置以及循环流量的变化规律,为研究热组件的瞬态热工水力特性提供了理论方法和参考数据。     

船用堆燃料棒包壳疲劳寿命分析

船用堆瞬态变工况下燃料棒包壳温度和冷却剂压力波动较大,引起包壳的疲劳损伤,因此包壳疲劳寿命分析至关重要。本文利用ANSYS软件模拟船用堆瞬态变工况下燃料棒的热机械行为,结合锆包壳疲劳寿命设计曲线,考察包壳温度、冷却剂压力、燃料棒内压以及辐照对船用堆燃料棒包壳疲劳寿命的影响。计算结果表明,瞬态变工况使得包壳疲劳寿命有很大降低;包壳温度变化与冷却剂压力变化相比,前者对包壳疲劳寿命的影响小;辐照会降低包壳疲劳寿命。在不影响核动力船舶机动性的前提下,可采取一些必要的措施来降低包壳的疲劳损伤。     

物理-热工耦合对超临界水堆系统特性的影响分析

物理-热工耦合是超临界水堆系统分析的关键问题之一。以日本超临界水冷热堆Super LWR的堆芯设计为例,借助Dragon编制中子截面数据库,建立双群中子扩散方程计算模块,联系同时建立的热工计算模块,得到超临界水堆的物理-热工耦合计算模型。通过对比稳态与瞬态工况下耦合前、后的热工工况,分析物理-热工耦合条件下的超临界水堆系统热工特性。结果表明：在稳态工况下,物理-热工耦合将导致内、外组件堆芯功率峰值沿轴向发生明显偏移,使得部分节点的包壳温度升高,但包壳最高温度降低;在瞬态工况下,物理-热工耦合将导致堆芯包壳最高温度的发生位置有所改变。发生给水加热丧失瞬态后,在某一时刻,外部组件的包壳最高温度将转而超过内部组件的包壳最高温度。可见,物理-热工耦合对包壳最高温度的大小和发生位置均可能产生明显影响。计算分析可为超临界水堆瞬态及安全分析提供相应理论参考。     

燃料试样堆内辐照温度设计与实验研究

为使燃料尽可能在最恶劣设计工况下进行辐照实验，开展基于高通量工程试验堆（HFETR）的燃料试样堆内辐照温度设计与实验研究。按照铀装量设计燃料试样在辐照装置内的位置，能够改善轴向燃料试样热流密度的不均匀性。HFETR主冷却剂低温状态下，在燃料试样外包覆液态铅铋合金和不锈钢能够实现燃料芯体及燃料包壳的高辐照温度指标。设计和实验结果表明，稳态和短期瞬态运行工况下，不锈钢盒表面辐照温度始终低于HFETR燃料元件包壳表面最高温度限值，满足反应堆运行和燃料辐照实验安全要求。为提高稳态运行工况下燃料试样的辐照温度，堆芯设计时应避免或降低由于反应性扰动造成的辐照装置内燃料试样短期瞬态功率影响，减小辐照孔道内燃料试样的热点因子。      

超临界水冷堆CSR1000燃料组件子通道分析

利用实验数据和计算流体力学(CFD)商用软件CFX对现有子通道分析模型进行研究,分析其在超临界水冷堆(SCWR)分析中的适用性,并根据分析结果对ATHAS程序进行改进。采用改进的ATHAS程序对超临界水冷堆CSR1000燃料组件进行稳态子通道分析,获得燃料组件冷却剂和包壳温度分布、流动压降等参数。结果表明:减小螺旋肋螺距(Hw)可展平燃料组件冷却剂出口温度分布、降低包壳表面最高温度(MCST),但同时燃料组件流动阻力将增大。     

研究堆燃料元件铝合金包壳表面温度限值研究

为了提高中子注量率水平,在建或在研的先进高通量研究试验堆需要更高的功率密度和热流密度,使得研究堆燃料元件铝合金包壳的使用温度不断提高,已接近其运行限值。本文对正常运行工况(工况1)和预计运行事件(工况2)下铝合金包壳表面温度限值及其确定方法进行研究。分析认为,对于研究堆用铝合金包壳,在工况1下包壳表面温度的主要限制因素是包壳材料的机械性能和保证冷却剂不沸腾;在工况2下按设计总则要求应保证燃料包壳不破损,具体应限制燃料芯体最高温度和包壳应力,不需要直接对包壳表面温度提出限值,但包壳表面温度与前2者仍存在关联性,应给予关注。     

铅铋冷却快堆瞬态超功率事故分析

借助中子学与热工水力学耦合的安全分析程序对铅铋冷却快堆概念设计模型的有停堆保护瞬态超功率(PTOP)和无停堆保护瞬态超功率(UTOP)进行了模拟,并对反应堆的安全特性进行了分析。结果表明,在有停堆保护瞬态超功率过程中,由于停堆保护作用,燃料、包壳及冷却剂温度都远远低于设计限值;对于无停堆保护情况,燃料、包壳及冷却剂等的温度先增大后减小,在约200 s后达到了新的稳态,各参数的峰值均小于安全限值,表明反应堆是安全的。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.