高温高压反应釜的加热、移热工艺参数确定

为适应各种产品试验项目的要求,对高温高压反应釜加热及移热设备的工艺参数进行了核算,估算了反应热效应及换热和移热设备的面积。通过对生产中的基本设备工艺参数进行确定,对加热、移热工艺流程进行了工艺参数选择。     

微粉流化床干燥技术在脲醛缓释肥生产中的应用

将微粉流化床干燥技术用于脲醛缓释肥生产,介绍了微粉流化床干燥系统的工艺流程及主要设备工作原理,对各工艺参数进行优化,并详细论证了关键工艺参数的设计依据,选择出最佳参数。     

25万 t／a 硝酸铵装置建设及生产运行情况技术总结

介绍了25万t/a硝酸铵装置的生产工艺流程,并对工艺及设备进行了完善,提供了多孔（工业）硝酸铵装置工艺运行参数及质量与物料消耗参数,针对成品硝酸铵水分较高提出了改进措施。     

25万t/a 硝酸铵装置建设及生产运行情况技术总结

介绍了25万t/a硝酸铵装置的生产工艺流程,并对工艺及设备进行了完善,提供了多孔(工业)硝酸铵装置工艺运行参数及质量与物料消耗参数,针对成品硝酸铵水分较高提出了改进措施。     

浅谈喷雾干燥工艺控制及对后工艺的影响

本文从生产控制角度阐述了喷雾干燥的工艺参数控制以及工艺参数之间的交叉影响。并分析了不同工艺参数生产的粉料对后序工艺的影响。     

高收缩腈纶短纤维生产工艺

简述了干法腈纶高收缩纤维生产原理及工艺流程,对高收缩纤维生产及开发过程中关键工艺参数、收缩率控制提出了选择范围和控制极限,提出了湿切工艺中高收缩短纤维汽蒸收缩率测试方法。     

细旦丙纶POY生产工艺探讨

本文主要从分析工艺条件及参数的控制出发,对细旦丙纶POY的生产技术进行探讨,了解这些参数对POY的结构和性能的影响,从而为寻求最佳化的工艺参数指明方向,以求正确指导细旦丙纶POY的生产.     

环氧酯生产工艺浅析

阐述了环氧酯生产的反应机理及工艺流程,分析了工艺控制中各工艺参数对酯化反应的影响,为生产实践提供了一定的指导。     

甲醇羰基化法合成甲酸甲酯流程模拟

采用流程模拟的方法对甲醇羰基化法合成甲酸甲酯的进料条件及反应压力等工艺条件对反应强度、动力消耗等参数的影响给出了定量的分析结果 ,并提出了在过程设计和生产操作中根据甲酯产率及消耗确定适宜工艺参数的方法     

由菲叮生产肌醇的工艺评述

对由菲叮生产肌醇的工艺进行综合评述，详述了各工艺过程及采用不同工艺参数对原材料转化率和产品收率的影响。     

Mathematical modelling of the limestone — sulphur dioxide reaction in a fluidized-bed combustor

The processes in a fluidized-bed combustor are analysed, and equations are written to express the absorption rate of sulphur dioxide by limestone in admixture with the fuel feed. The procedure adopted for solution of the equations is described, and some of the results predicted by the model are briefly referred to, with comparisons between the predicted and measured retentions for two coal-fired combustors. These are in good agreement for a dolomite and a reactive limestone; but for a second, less reactive, limestone the predicted retentions are too low, and possible reasons for this are suggested.     

Diversifikation von Separatoren mit Düsen-, selbstreinigenden und Vollmantel-Trommeln

Diversification of separators with nozzles, provision for selfcleaning, and solid bowls . The flow processes in most centrifuges, and thus also in disk separators, are still partly unknown. An empirical approach and experimentation are therefore of considerable importance for design and applications. Special designs are developed primarily for dealing with liquids having particular properties and the characteristics of various basic types are combined. Highly specialized machines usually result which are optimized for only very narrow fields of application. This development is illustrated for the combination of characteristics of separators having nozzles, provision for self-cleaning, and solid bowls.     

纸尿裤用氨纶的研究进展

详细介绍了纸尿裤用氨纶的弹性、胶黏性和退绕性,指出国内该类产品的缺陷与问题,综述了近些年国内外有关开发纸尿裤用氨纶的技术方法,并对纸尿裤用氨纶未来的开发方向提出相应的建议。     

合成氨厂aMDEA03脱碳装置运行回顾

总结了aMDEA03脱碳装置运行4年来6个方面的经验,讨论了对工厂具有实际效果的做法,认为能耗低、溶液损失小和零排放是衡量工况是否优化的主要标准.回顾了4年来的事故案例,分析了问题的成因,提出了8点经验体会.     

Advance in research on residence time distribution in mixers

研究混合器的停留时间分布对进一步研究混合器内的流型、混合等具有重要的意义。首先介绍了用于描述停留时间分布（RTD）的统计特征参量,根据测试原理及示踪剂输入方式等对停留时间的实验方法进行分类介绍。着重回顾了化学反应工程方法中RTD模型的发展,对有关RTD流场模拟中的常用模型进行了对比分析,并对统计学方法在RTD中的应用加以描述。最后展望了对上述方法在停留时间分布中的进一步应用。     

COMPREHENSIVE,THEORETICALLY BASED,CORRELATING EQUATIONS FOR FREE CONVECTION FROM ISOTHERMAL SPHERES

Correlating equations are developed for the local and mean Nusselt number for free convection from an isothermal sphere as a function of the Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers. These expressions are based primarily on theoretical solutions for limiting cases, and hence are presumed to be more reliable than purely empirical correlations. The predictions of the proposed expressions are, however, validated by comparisons with prior experimental data. The expressions for the mean Nusselt number are shown to be applicable for all Ra and Pr. The expressions for the local Nusselt number are limited in applicability to the laminar boundary layer regime. The same equations are applicable to mass transfer and to combined heat and mass transfer in terms of the Sherwood, Schmidt and appropriately modified Rayleigh numbers.     

Molecular Metal Clusters as Catalysts

Abstract

In earlier analyses [1–8] we have established a correlation between metal clusters and metal surfaces with chemisorbed molecules in the specific contexts of (1) the metal frameworks wherein the metal cluster core structures are fragments of cubic and hexagonal close packed or body centered cubic metal bulk structures; (2) ligand stereochemistry where the geometric features of ligands bound to clusters and to metal surfaces are similar; (3) thermodynamic features where the average bond energies for ligand-metal and metal-metal bonds are comparable, for a specific metal, in the metal cluster and the metal surface regime; and (4) mobility of ligands bonded to metal cluster frameworks and to metal surfaces. Nevertheless, there are sharp distinctions between surfaces and clusters. The average coordination numbers for metal-metal interactions and for metal-ligand interactions are distinctly different for clusters and for surfaces: generally, the former are larger for surfaces and the latter are larger for clusters. Additionally, the surface state is typically differentiated from the cluster state in the degree of coordination saturation—the metal atoms in the surface state are typically less coordinately saturated even for the states in which molecules or molecular fragments are chemisorbed at the surface than those metal atoms at the periphery of a molecular metal cluster. In the crucial chemical issue, metal surfaces are far more reactive than metal clusters. Metal surfaces exhibit a wide range and high level of catalytic activity whereas most metal clusters are catalytically inert, at least under modest reaction conditions, Most reported clusters are relatively stable and nonreactive; they are not the products of sophisticated synthesis procedures designed to generate highly reactive metal clusters. They commonly have been the products of reaction mixtures run at forcing conditions and are thermodynamically controlled, not kinetically controlled, products.     

Molecular Metal Clusters as Catalysts

In earlier analyses [1-8] we have established a correlation between metal clusters and metal surfaces with chemisorbed molecules in the specific contexts of (1) the metal frameworks wherein the metal cluster core structures are fragments of cubic and hexagonal close packed or body centered cubic metal bulk structures; (2) ligand stereochemistry where the geometric features of ligands bound to clusters and to metal surfaces are similar; (3) thermodynamic features where the average bond energies for ligand-metal and metal-metal bonds are comparable, for a specific metal, in the metal cluster and the metal surface regime; and (4) mobility of ligands bonded to metal cluster frameworks and to metal surfaces. Nevertheless, there are sharp distinctions between surfaces and clusters. The average coordination numbers for metal-metal interactions and for metal-ligand interactions are distinctly different for clusters and for surfaces: generally, the former are larger for surfaces and the latter are larger for clusters. Additionally, the surface state is typically differentiated from the cluster state in the degree of coordination saturation—the metal atoms in the surface state are typically less coordinately saturated even for the states in which molecules or molecular fragments are chemisorbed at the surface than those metal atoms at the periphery of a molecular metal cluster. In the crucial chemical issue, metal surfaces are far more reactive than metal clusters. Metal surfaces exhibit a wide range and high level of catalytic activity whereas most metal clusters are catalytically inert, at least under modest reaction conditions, Most reported clusters are relatively stable and nonreactive; they are not the products of sophisticated synthesis procedures designed to generate highly reactive metal clusters. They commonly have been the products of reaction mixtures run at forcing conditions and are thermodynamically controlled, not kinetically controlled, products.     

Füllstand- und Durchflußmessung in verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen

Measurement of Level and Flow in Processing Plants The author reviews the processes and systems for the measurement of level. The devices are described for indicating the states ?Full”? and ?Empty”? in the automatic charging and discharging, for continuous measurement in the monitoring of the stores and processes, for measuring systems based on specific properties, such as conductivity and capacity, for electromechanical systems, for non-contact measuring procedures based on sonic and ultrasonic echometry as well as radioactivity, for microwave systems, and for the measurement of aggressive products and substances under high pressures and temperatures, and, in explosion-proof plants. In the measurement of flow, inductive flowmeters of high precision and reliability are used for conducting liquids; corrosion-resistant turbines are used for all products with low viscosity; tooth wheel flowmeter are used for highly viscous materials. The processes for the measurement of level and flow are described in an example for the treatment of waste water.     

Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle

Repositories for nuclear wastes. Repositories for nuclear waste are planned in many countries. The repositories will be located in deep geologic formations. In several countries crystalline bedrocks are studied for siting repositories. In Canada, Switzerland and Sweden there are large rock laboratories where various experiments are underway. In Sweden the first civilian repository for low and intermediate waste is in operation. The safety of a repository depends primarily on the hydrology, water chemistry, and the transport processes. The development of the chemistry and the transport processes are to a large part known from other areas of chemistry and chemical engineering. There are, however, differences which depend to a large part on the complex geometry of the flow paths. These differences call for new investigation and computing methods. Questions and problems relating to radionuclide transport from and safety of a repository for nuclear waste are described.