基于PSO优化LS-SVM的短期风速预测

提出了一种基于粒子群(PSO)算法优化最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的风电场风速预测方法。以相关性较高的历史风速序列作为输入,建立预测模型,并用粒子群算法优化模型参数。在对未来1 h风速进行预测时,文章所提出的模型比最小二乘支持向量机模型及BP神经网络模型具有较高的预测精度和运算速度。算例结果表明,经粒子群优化的最小二乘支持向量机算法是进行短期风速预测的有效方法。     

基于提升小波和LS-SVM的大坝变形预测

提出了一种基于提升小波和最小二乘支持向量机的大坝变形预测方法,通过提升小波分析提取大坝监测数据效应量,分别对各效应量使用最小二乘支持向量机模型进行训练预测,再将合成各分量的预测结果作为最终的变形预测结果.算例结果表明,该方法较符合实际情况,具有很高的预测精度和良好的泛化能力.     

最小二乘支持向量机在大坝渗流监测中的应用

支持向量机的训练速度慢．制约了它的发展和推广应用。Suykens提出了一种新的支持向量机方法——最小二乘支持向量机。最小二乘支持向量机是支持向量机的发展和改进,它采用等式约束替代不等式约束,求解速度大大加快。将其用于大坝的渗流监测中．并与传统的支持向量机进行了比较,结果显示二者的预测效果都比较好．但是最小二乘支持向量机的训练效率比支持向量机要高。     

基于FOA和LS-SVM的风电场风速预测研究

针对目前最小二乘支持向量机选取核参数和惩罚因子的各种方法尚存在着一定的局限性,文章采用果蝇优化算法对参数进行优化选择,提出了基于果蝇优化算法与最小二乘支持向量机结合的风速混合预测方法。对新疆某风电场为期5天的240个(采样间隔0.5 h)实测风速值进行了仿真测试,利用建立的预测模型,对第5天的风速值进行预测,预测结果的平均绝对百分比误差仅为8.32%。将其与单纯的LS-SVM模型和基于网格搜索优化的LS-SVM模型的预测结果作了对比,仿真结果验证了基于果蝇优化算法和最小二乘支持向量机混合预测模型的可行性和果蝇算法对最小二乘支持向量机参数优化的有效性。     

生物质气化过程最小二乘支持向量机建模探讨

生物质气化过程的最终目标就是尽可能得到更多的高品质可燃气体,而目前的生物质气化过程还存在许多尚待解决的问题,例如气化温度、气化剂当量比、气化效率、燃气热值等参数优化问题.为此建立一种能适应生物质气化过程的模型,用于预测生物质气化气组分、热值、气化效率及碳转化率等指标,以及实现气化过程的参数优化都具有现实意义.本文在对生物质气化过程建模现状分析基础上,初步提出一种基于最小二乘支持向量机的气化过程建模方法,探讨了该方法用于生物质气化过程建模以及对气化过程主要参数进行优化的可行性.     

基于经验模态分解与多步预测的最小二乘支持向量机的风速预测

由于风速信号是非线性、非稳定性的动态信号,用传统预测方法难以达到满意效果。为提高预测精度,提出了基于经验模态分解与多步预测的最小二乘支持向量机相结合的方法,对风速时间序列进行建模预测,即首先对风速动态信号进行经验模式分解,将原信号分解为若干个不同特征尺度(频率)的本征模态函数,然后对不同频带的平稳IMF分量分别建立多步预测的最小二乘支持向量机模型,将各分量的预测值等权求和得到最终预测值。实例分析结果表明,与单一的最小二乘支持向量机预测方法相比,经验模态分解与多步预测的最小二乘支持向量机相结合的风速预测方法误差小,可应用于风速预测中。     

基于蚁群优化的最小二乘支持向量机风速预测模型研究

基于最小二乘支持向量机理论,建立风速预测模型。同时,由于最小二乘支持向量机参数选取尚无有效方法,该文尝试采用蚁群算法理论来进行参数优化选择。选取某风场前四天的实测风速(采样间隔30min),应用所建立的风速预测模型,来预测第五天的48个风速值,其预测的平均绝对百分比误差仅为9.53%,预测效果较理想,验证了应用蚁群优化算法理论与最小二乘支持向量机理论进行风速预测的可行性,可为风电场规划选址和风力发电功率预测等提供理论支持。     

基于PSO优化LS-SVM的异步电动机振动故障诊断

为了提高异步电动机振动故障诊断的准确性,提出了基于粒子群算法优化最小二乘支持向量机的异步电动机振动故障诊断方法。先通过实验室对异步电动机各类故障的振动进行测试,对测试数据进行预处理,选择异步电动机不同位置振动信号的特征频率作为系统的输入,然后利用训练好的粒子群算法优化后的最小二乘支持向量机进行异步电动机振动的故障诊断。最终结果与其他诊断方法对比表明：该方法克服了样本训练时间较长并容易陷入局部收敛的缺点,同时诊断的准确率较高,有效地避免了异步电动机故障的误诊断。     

基于改进的最小二乘支持向量机的闸首渗流监控模型研究

鉴于大坝渗流监测受众多因素影响,首先利用主成分分析法对相关性较大的因子进行处理,然后利用最小二乘支持向量机进行建模,最后依靠遗传算法对其参数进行选优,建立了基于改进的最小二乘支持向量机的闸首渗流监控模型,并通过实例应用做了对比分析。结果表明,改进的最小二乘支持向量机模型可有效降低输入因子的维数,减小因子之间相关性,降低模型的训练时间,拟合精度均优于其他模型,更适合于渗流监测数据的建模。     

基于小波包与LSSVM的短期光伏输出功率预测研究

由于太阳辐照度及其他气象会随时发生变化,导致光伏电站输出功率具有可变性和不确定性,这将会对电网的安全运行造成重大影响。文章研究了影响光伏电站输出功率的几种气象因素,提出了一种基于小波包与最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的短期光伏电站输出功率预测方法。首先,利用小波包将原始光伏电站输出功率,以及太阳辐照度、环境温度、环境湿度等气象因素进行分解,得到基频信号和多层高频信号;然后,利用最小二乘支持向量机所具有的处理小样本数据和解决非线性函数的能力,将得到的基频信号和多层高频信号作为最小二乘支持向量机的输入变量;最后,将不同尺度的输出结果进行叠加、合成,得到原始光伏电站输出功率的预测值。仿真结果表明,与传统的最小二乘支持向量机预测法、BP神经网络预测法,以及EMD与LSSVM相结合的预测方法相比,文章预测方法的预测精度较高,可以有效地预测光伏电站输出功率。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.