热处理对Cu/Al-3.25Si合金冷压焊接复合带界面组织与性能的影响

利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、万能材料实验机等,研究了Cu/Al-3.25Si合金冷压焊接复合带热处理工艺,讨论了界面层厚度、界面结合强度、铜铝金属间化合物生成规律等问题. 结果表明,随着热处理温度的升高和保温时间的增加,扩散层厚度的增长呈现先快再慢的趋势,动力学曲线时间指数在0.5~1之间;界面的结合强度随着热处理温度和保温时间的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势;界面金属间化合物有Cu₉Al₄,CuAl,CuAl₂等;最佳热处理温度宜控制在200~300 ℃,保温时间在2 h以内.     

TIG电弧作用下Ag-Cu-Ti钎料在C/C复合材料上的润湿性分析

通过TIG电弧直接加热方式实现Ag-Cu-Ti钎料在C/C复合材料上的润湿,观察不同保温时间下润湿钎料宏观形貌,并利用SEM和EDS研究接头微观组织和元素分布. 结果表明,在一定保温时间下钎料发生软化,当保温时间为60 min时,钎料在C/C复合材料上润湿效果最好,TiC反应层分布最均匀致密,厚度约为1.3 μm,扩散层厚度最大为5.5 μm. 在向反应界面接近的过程中,钎料中Cu和Ag的含量和保持不变,并有AgTi/CuTi₃/Cu₄Ti₃等脆性化合物的生成. 此外,Ti元素在近界面处发生聚集,在聚集区有Ti₂Cu生成.     

Mg1/Al1060真空扩散焊接头微观组织演变及性能分析

利用真空扩散焊接技术,实现了工业纯镁Mg1与工业纯铝Al1060的连接.采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、万能力学试验机、显微硬度测试仪、电化学工作站等对扩散反应层的微观组织、物相成分及其性能进行研究.结果表明,Mg/Al真空扩散焊会在接合处生成由镁铝系金属间化合物组成的扩散反应层,随着保温时间延长,反应层的厚度逐渐增加,微观组织形态发生明显变化.扩散初期反应层呈现为单层结构,Mg₂Al₃相会在接合界面优先析出.保温时间达到60 min时,界面会生成Mg₁₇Al₁₂新相层.当保温时间延长至90 min时,反应层演变为三层结构,由Mg₂Al₃层、Mg₁₇Al₁₂层、(Mg₁₇Al₁₂共晶+Mg基固溶体)层组成;随着保温时间延长,接头的剪切强度呈先升高后降低的趋势,在保温60 min时可承受的剪切力达到1 245.7 N,断裂发生在靠近铝侧的Mg₂Al_3...     

Ni-Al-W活性材料的界面扩散动力学

采用粉末冶金法制备Ni-Al-W活性材料Ni_37.5Al_42.5W₂₀,研究了材料中Ni-Al、Al-W、Ni-W 3种不同界面处的扩散动力学。结果表明:在400 ℃保温不同时间下该材料表观激活能变化不大;扩散层厚度Δx随时间t的增加而增加,且lnΔx与lnt呈线性关系,在3种不同界面处只发生了扩散而未产生金属间化合物。Ni-Al界面层厚度与保温时间关系式为ΔxNi-Al=4.5210^-8t^1/2.635,界面扩散方式为晶格扩散中的体扩散机制;Al-W界面层厚度与保温时间关系式为ΔxAl-W=9.5610^-8t^1/4.050,界面扩散方式为表面扩散机制;Ni-W界面层厚度与保温时间关系式为ΔxNi-W=2.3310^-7t^1/6.534,界面扩散方式为表面扩散机制。     

Cu-25Sn-10Ti活性钎焊SiO2f/SiO2复合材料与Invar合金

采用Cu-25Sn-10Ti钎料钎焊SiO_2f/SiO₂复合材料与Invar合金,研究了界面组织结构及其形成机理,分析了不同钎焊保温时间下界面组织对接头性能的影响.结果表明,在钎焊温度880℃,保温时间15 min的工艺参数下,接头在SiO_2f/SiO₂复合材料侧与Invar合金侧均形成了连续的界面反应层,界面整体结构为Invar合金/Fe₂Ti+Cu(s,s)+(Ni,Fe,Cu)₂TiSn/Cu(s,s)+Cu₄₁Sn₁₁+CuTi/TiSi+Ti₂O₃/SiO_2f/SiO₂复合材料.在钎焊温度一定时,随着保温时间的延长,复合材料侧TiSi+Ti₂O₃反应层厚度逐步增加,Fe₂Ti颗粒逐步呈大块状连续依附其上,接头强度先增大后减小.当钎焊温度880℃,保温时间15 min时,接头室温抗剪强度达到11.86 MPa.     

钎焊时间对TZM合金与ZrCp-W复合材料接头界面组织及性能的影响

采用Ti-28Ni（质量分数,%）钎料在1 040℃实现了TZM合金与ZrC_p-W复合材料的真空钎焊连接,分析了钎焊时间对TZM合金与ZrC_p-W复合材料接头界面组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,钎焊接头的典型界面结构为TZM/Ti（s,s）/Ti₂Ni/（Ti,Zr）C+W（s,s）/ZrC_p-W,钎缝宽度随保温时间的延长而增大,其中Ti（s,s）层的厚度没有变化,Ti₂Ni层厚度略有降低,而扩散层厚度随保温时间的延长稍有增加.当保温时间为10 min时,接头获得最大抗剪强度值120 MPa,接头断裂发生在TZM母材.     

Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu回流焊点界面化合物尺寸分布特征及生长机制

在电子封装过程中,钎料与基体之间形成金属间化合物层,其主要成分为Cu₆Sn₅,Cu₆Sn₅晶粒的尺寸和形貌特征能够显著影响焊点的服役性能. 采用回流焊的方法制备了一系列Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu焊点,使用Image-Pro Plus软件对焊接界面化合物Cu₆Sn₅晶粒的尺寸分布和化合物层的厚度进行了统计分析. 结果表明,Cu₆Sn₅的平均粒径正比于t0.38(t为回流时间), 界面化合物层的平均厚度正比于t0.32. 随着回流时间的增加,界面化合物生长速度变慢,Cu₆Sn₅晶粒的尺寸分布更加均匀. 回流时间较长的样品中Cu₆Sn₅的粒径尺寸分布与FRD模型的理论曲线基本相符,而对于回流时间短的样品,晶粒尺寸分布与FRD理论偏离较大. 统计结果显示,出现频次最高的晶粒尺寸小于平均值. 最后讨论了界面Cu₆Sn₅晶粒的生长机制,分析了回流时间对界面Cu₆Sn₅晶粒生长方式的影响.     

Cf/LAS复合材料的钎焊接头组织与性能分析

采用Ag-Cu-Ti活性钎料对C_f/LAS复合材料进行了钎焊,研究了接头界面组织结构和力学性能.采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱仪（EDS）和X射线衍射（XRD）对钎焊接头组织结构进行分析,用抗剪试验检测接头力学性能.结果表明,接头界面典型结构为C_f/LAS复合材料/TiSi₂/Cu₂Ti₄O/TiCu/Ag（s,s）+Cu（s,s）/TiCu/Cu₂Ti₄O/TiSi₂/C_f/LAS复合材料.在钎焊温度为900℃,保温时间为10 min时,接头室温抗剪强度最高达8.4 MPa.     

Ti(C,N)-Al2O3陶瓷基复合材料与40Cr钢辅助脉冲电流液相扩散连接

采用辅助脉冲电流液相扩散连接方法,对Ti(C,N)-Al₂O₃陶瓷基复合材料与40Cr钢进行了焊接试验,重点研究了在一定加热温度和保温时间条件下脉冲电流对界面元素分布、相结构、反应层厚度以及接头强度的影响规律.结果表明,辅助脉冲电流液相扩散连接可以实现Ti(C,N)-Al₂O₃陶瓷基复合材料的冶金结合,保温时间对焊接接头强度影响不明显,四点弯曲强度数据普遍处于146~180 MPa之间;在脉冲电流作用下,焊缝熔体中原子扩散行为、扩散路径以及扩散速率将发生显著变化,利用该特性,有助于改变界面金属间化合物的生长特性,控制焊缝中低熔点共晶组织含量,进而达到改善和提高焊接接头强度的效果.     

钎料中Ti元素含量对Si3N4/Si3N4接头界面结构及性能的影响

在900℃保温10 min的工艺条件下采用Ti含量不同的AgCu+Ti+nano-Si₃N₄复合钎料（AgCu_C）实现了Si₃N₄陶瓷自身的钎焊连接,并对不同Ti元素含量的接头界面组织及性能进行了分析.结果表明,接头典型界面结构为Si₃N₄/TiN+Ti₅Si₃/Ag_（s,s）+Cu_（s,s）+TiN_P+Ti₅Si_3P/TiN+Ti₅Si₃/Si₃N₄.随着复合钎料中Ti元素含量的增加,钎缝中团聚的纳米Si₃N₄颗粒逐渐减少,母材侧的反应层厚度逐渐增加后趋于稳定.当Ti元素含量高于4%时,钎缝中形成了类似于颗粒增强金属基复合材料的界面组织;当Ti元素含量达到10%时,有少量Ti-Cu金属间化合物在钎缝中形成;钎焊接头的抗剪强度随着Ti元素含量的增加而呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,当Ti元素含量为6%时接头的抗剪强度达到最高值,即75 MPa.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。