Q&P工艺研究现状

 介绍一种马氏体钢淬火＋分配（Quenching and Partitioning）的热处理工艺即钢经奥氏体化后淬火到Ms-Mf间的某一温度形成一定量的马氏体和未转变奥氏体,然后在这个温度或高于此温度保温,使马氏体中的碳扩散至未转变奥氏体使之稳定化,最后淬火至室温得到由马氏体和残余奥氏体组成的混合组织,可以改善钢的性能。本文就该工艺的提出、热力学、动力学、试验参数对残余奥氏体的量和形态的影响以及力学性能等方面进行概述。     

1.6 GPa级中碳高强贝氏体钢残余奥氏体调控机理

 为了研究中碳高强贝氏体钢中的残余奥氏体体积分数在不同等温情况下的变化规律,通过X射线衍射试验、热模拟试验和扫描电子显微镜观察等,分析了等温淬火条件对中碳高强贝氏体钢中残余奥氏体体积分数和组织的影响。结果表明,最终残余奥氏体的体积分数受贝氏体相变和马氏体相变的共同影响。贝氏体相变量决定了未转变奥氏体的体积分数及其化学稳定性,从而影响随后的马氏体相变量及最终残余奥氏体体积分数。此外,随着相变温度的升高,开始由于贝氏体相变量逐渐减少,残余奥氏体体积分数先增加(300~350 ℃),随后由于马氏体相变量增加,残余奥氏体体积分数减少(350~400 ℃)。     

一次淬火马氏体对Q&P钢组织和性能的影响

 研究了一次淬火马氏体对低合金钢经淬火和配分(Quenching and Partitioning,Q&P)工艺后微观组织和单轴拉伸性能的影响,用扫描电镜进行微观组织表征,用X射线法测量残留奥氏体量。试验结果表明,随着一次淬火马氏体比例的增加,二次淬火马氏体的尺寸和数量逐渐减少,残留奥氏体体积分数呈先增加后减少的趋势,一次淬火马氏体体积分数为40%时获得最大残留奥氏体体积分数为16.92%。一次淬火马氏体体积分数为30%～70%时试验钢获得了较高的塑性和强塑积,马氏体基体为钢提供了高强度,残留奥氏体在变形过程中的TRIP效应提高了钢的塑性。     

淬火碳配分工艺下贝氏体/铁素体复相钢的组织和性能

采用SEM、TEM、EPMA、XRD、室温拉伸等实验手段,对两相区保温-贝氏体区淬火配分(IQPB)工艺下不同淬火碳配分温度和时间热处理后的组织和性能进行研究。结果表明,实验用钢经IQPB工艺处理后,室温组织主要由铁素体+贝氏体+残余奥氏体组成。两相区保温后,C、Mn元素在马氏体(原奥氏体)中富集,其含量分别为基体平均值的1.47倍和1.16倍。随淬火配分温度降低,贝氏体体积分数增加,组织细化,马氏体/奥氏体小岛数量增多。随着配分温度升高及配分时间增加,实验钢室温组织中残余奥氏体含量增加,抗拉强度降低,断后伸长率提高,加工硬化行为持续发生。综合不同配分温度和时间,400℃淬火进行10min配分处理时,抗拉强度达1 107MPa,伸长率达24%,此时强塑积可达26 568MPa·%。     

淬火分配工艺对低碳低合金钢组织与性能的研究

研究了0.15C-Mn-Si-Cr低碳低合金钢在Ms点以下不同温度预淬火-碳分配工艺(QP工艺)及贝氏体转变对钢组织与性能影响。结果表明,实验钢经QP处理后获得贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,与淬火回火钢相比能获得更多的残余奥氏体量,随着淬火碳分配温度的升高,钢中残余奥氏体量增加,等温温度超过310℃后,钢中析出碳化物,残余奥氏体量减少。在250℃预淬火温度等温碳分配淬火,钢的冲击韧性显著高于传统的淬火回火钢。     

淬火-贝氏体区配分工艺及钢的组织性能

 Q&P（Quenching and Partitioning, 淬火配分）工艺在CCE条件下,通过采用[Ms]和[Mf]点之间的最佳淬火温度和低于[Ms]点的配分温度,避免配分阶段的贝氏体形成最终可以得到最高含量的残余奥氏体组织。但试验中得到不足体积分数8%的残余奥氏体含量限制了钢塑性的提高。通过提出淬火-贝氏体区配分工艺,并应用在(0.21～0.29)C-(1.5~2.0)Si-(1.5～2.1)Mn成分钢,得到了体积分数12%左右的残余奥氏体含量和25%左右的伸长率,同时强度保持在1 000～1 100 MPa,强塑积最高达到36.6 GPa·%。不同的淬火温度和配分温度试验结果表明,工艺变化对强度影响较低,伸长率和强塑积随着配分温度的提高而提高,其中270 ℃的淬火温度试样的提高幅度高于245 ℃淬火试样,采用Q&PB工艺得到了无碳贝氏体＋马氏体＋残余奥氏体的三相组织。淬火和贝氏体区配分得到了优异的强度和塑性的结合,为新一代汽车用钢的发展提供新的思路。     

快速热处理超细贝氏体钢构筑梯度结构研究

心部高韧性、表面高硬度的材料是抗冲击载荷轴承、齿轮等关键零部件的重要要求。以超细贝氏体为对象，进行局部快速热处理，得到局部高硬度、心部高韧性的梯度结构，研究快速热处理过程中超细贝氏体组织的相变行为，以及梯度组织和性能变化规律。结果表明，超细贝氏体钢在加热时，残余奥氏体分解为铁素体和碳化物，贝氏体铁素体粗化，在快速热处理中存在相变滞后。超细贝氏体钢经过局部快速热处理后形成一个组织和性能梯度过渡的结构。硬化区组织由淬火得到的马氏体和残余奥氏体组成，随着深度增加，组织中的马氏体含量减少，初始超细贝氏体的回火产物逐渐增加。硬化区的硬度高达63HRC,随着深度增加逐渐降低至38HRC,硬度相对基体下降约6HRC。     

一种Fe-C-Si-Mn-Cr-Mo钢碳配分行为对组织的影响

 利用Formastor-FⅡ全自动相变仪模拟研究了一种Fe-0.24C-0.3Si-1.0Mn-0.56Cr-0.17Mo（质量分数,%）钢在冷却过程中的碳配分行为及其对马氏体和残余奥氏体的影响,用扫描电镜、透射电镜进行微观组织表征,用X射线衍射法和电子背散射衍射法测定残余奥氏体体积分数。结果表明,试验钢分别经末段慢冷和直接快冷工艺冷却后均获得马氏体＋残余奥氏体两相组织,其中直接快冷工艺所得马氏体相对杂乱,尺寸较小,残余奥氏体体积分数较少;而末段慢冷工艺所得马氏体板条较长,且发生了碳的配分,残余奥氏体体积分数较多,以薄膜状分布在马氏体板条间,板条内部含有高密度位错。     

冷处理对冷轧辊用86CrMoV7钢抗接触疲劳性能的影响

冷轧工作辊的抗接触疲劳性能是其抵抗早期失效的主要性能之一。它与轧辊表层组织结构和残余应力状态有关。组织结构和残余应力取决于轧辊的热处理工艺。笔者已就淬火温度对86CrMoV7钢抗接触疲劳性能的影响进行了研究。为进一步了解残余奥氏体和残余应力的作用,本工作就冷处理对86CrMoV7钢的抗接触疲劳性能的影响进行了研究。将试样在930℃油中淬火,并于0、-35、-74和-105℃冷处理,150℃回火。测量各组试样的接触疲劳寿命、残余奥氏体量、残余应力和硬度。并对显微组织和剥落断口进行了研究。结果表明,淬火后不经冷处理和-35℃冷处理的试样具有高的接触疲劳寿命,其余各组寿命均较低。随冷处理温度下降,残余奥氏体量减少,硬度增高,残余应力变化不大。这些变化是由于冷处理时奥氏体向马氏体转变的缘故。接触疲劳试验后,试样中残余奥氏体量进一步减少,硬度和残余应力都有增加。这反映了接触疲劳过程中形变和相变的综合效果。研究认为,86CrMoV7钢淬火组织中,残余奥氏体的稳定性是影响其抗接触疲劳性能的重要因素之一。一定量的稳定的残余奥氏体与高的表面硬度和较高的残余压应力相结合将有利于提高钢的接触疲劳性能。主要结论是冷处理可以消除淬火钢中不稳定的残余奥氏体,并可以提高钢的硬度和残余压应力。因而,对提高86CrMoV7钢的抗接触疲劳性能是有利的。     

配分温度对于Q&P钢成形性的影响规律

利用扫描电镜、连续退火模拟试验机和成形试验机研究了配分温度对Q&P钢组织和成形性能的影响,结果表明,不同的配分温度会使得Q&P钢获得不同的残余奥氏体体积分数,当配分温度为300~450 ℃时,残余奥氏体的体积分数为8.79%~12.19%,次应变相同的情况下,FLC曲线的单向应变区主应变最大提升0.09,双向应变区主应变最大提升0.05,平面应变区主应变提升不显著。配分温度主要通过影响残余奥氏体体积分数使FLC曲线位置发生变化,残余奥氏体体积分数的增加提高了Q&P钢的成形性能。     

预处理组织对低碳钢IQ&P工艺下组织及性能影响

采用γ单相区和γ+α双相区轧制并淬火工艺以及双相区再加热-淬火-碳配分(IQ&P)工艺,研究预处理组织对低碳钢室温状态多相组织特征及力学性能的影响规律.实验用低碳钢经两种工艺轧制并淬火处理,获得马氏体和马氏体+铁素体的预处理组织,再经双相区IQ&P工艺处理后均获得多相组织.马氏体预处理钢的室温组织由板条状亚温铁素体、块状回火马氏体以及一定比例的针状未回火马氏体和8.2%的针状残余奥氏体组成;马氏体+铁素体预处理钢由板条状亚温铁素体、块状和针状未回火马氏体以及14.3%的短针状或块状残余奥氏体组成.在相同的双相区IQ&P工艺参数下,预处理组织为马氏体的钢抗拉强度为770 MPa,伸长率为28%,其强塑积为21560 MPa·%;而预处理组织为马氏体+铁素体的钢抗拉强度为834 MPa,伸长率增大到36.2%,强塑积达到30190 MPa·%,获得强度与塑性的优良结合.      

Effect of Intercritical Annealing Parameters on Dual Phase Behavior of Commercial Low-Alloyed Steels

 It is known that dual phase (DP) heat treatments and alloying elements have a strong effect on martensitic transformations and mechanical properties. In the present work, the effects of some intercritical annealing parameters (heating rate, soaking temperature, soaking time, and quench media) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cold rolled DP steel were studied. The microstructure of specimens quenched after each annealing stage, was analyzed using optical microscopy. The tensile properties, determined for specimens submitted to complete annealing cycles, are influenced by the volume fractions of multi phases (originated from martensite, bainite and retained austenite), which depend on annealing processing parameters. The results obtained showed that the yield strength (YS) and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increase with the increasing intercritical temperature and cooling rate. This can be explained by higher martensite volume ratio with the increased volume fraction of austenite formed at the higher temperatures and cooling rates. The experimental data also showed that, for the annealing cycles carried out, higher UTS values than ~ 800 MPa could be obtained with the S3 steel grade.     

两相区位错增殖对低碳贝氏体/铁素体复相钢组织和性能的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、室温拉伸等手段, 通过两相区保温-淬火(IQ)、两相区形变后保温-淬火(DIQ)、两相区保温-淬火-配分-贝氏体区等温(IQ&PB)及两相区形变后保温-淬火-配分-贝氏体区等温(DIQ&PB)热处理工艺, 研究高温形变对室温组织、性能、残余奥氏体稳定性的综合影响作用.结果表明, 经15%的压缩形变后铁素体中位错密度由0.290×1014增加至1.286×1014 m-2, 马氏体(原奥氏体)中C、Cu元素富集浓度提高, 高温形变产生位错增殖对元素配分有明显促进作用.DIQ&PB工艺下, 形变后贝氏体板条尺寸变短且宽度增加0.1 μm左右, 贝氏体转变量较未变形时增加14%, 多边形铁素体尺寸明显减小.力学性能方面, 两相区形变热处理后抗拉强度增加132.85 MPa, 断后伸长率增加7%, 强塑积可达25435 MPa·%.形变后残余奥氏体体积分数由7.8%提高到8.99%, 残余奥氏体中碳质量分数由1.05%提高到1.31%.      

含钛中锰钢淬火-配分组织及力学性能

为了研究淬火配分含钛中锰钢的组织与力学性能,借助扫描电子显微镜,透射电子显微镜、电子背散射衍射技术与万能拉伸试验机、磨粒磨损试验机等,分析与测试了含钛中锰钢在165～240℃淬火380℃配分处理后组织、强度、塑性与磨粒磨损性能.结果 表明,试验钢淬火-配分组织主要为板条状一次马氏体、块状二次马氏体及残余奥氏体,同时含有...     

1000MPa级高延伸率Q&P钢的实验室研究

以C-Si-Mn系TRIP钢成分为基础,设计了四种不同Si和Mn含量的合金成分,并采用不同两相区奥氏体化温度的淬火—配分(QP)工艺进行处理,得到了兼具高强度和高塑性的QP钢。其中,当奥氏体化温度为820℃时,0.18C-1.8Si-2.2Mn(质量分数,%)钢和0.18C-1.8Si-2.5Mn钢在抗拉强度达到1 000 MPa以上的同时断后延伸率仍不低于20%,显示了极佳的强塑性结合。利用SEM和XRD等对热处理材料的显微组织进行了表征,结果显示,其显微组织为铁素体、板条马氏体和一定量的残余奥氏体,残余奥氏体多呈块状且被铁素体所包围,且奥氏体化温度为820℃时,材料中的残余奥氏体含量和平均碳浓度均较高。更多且稳定的残余奥氏体在变形过程中发生TRIP效应,可以在不显著降低材料强度的情况下更有效地改善材料的塑性,这也是四种试验用钢经820℃的QP工艺处理后显示出更佳强塑性结合的主要原因。     

Microstructure and tensile behavior of nitrogen-alloyed,dual-phase stainless steels

Two alloys of high-nitrogen stainless steel have been heat treated to produce dual-phase microstruc-tures. The first alloy, N10CrNiMol7 1, a Ni-containing stainless steel, was processed conventionally. The second alloy, N20CrMol7, a Ni-free stainless steel, was processed to obtain a higher nitrogen content by pressurized electroslag remelting. The martensite in N10CrNiMol7 1 was homogeneously distributed in the ferrite and obtained a near-constant volume fraction as a function of intercritical annealing temperature. Microprobe analysis and microhardness measurements of the martensite con-stituent suggested that up to 0.4 pct N was dissolved in the austenite before quenching. Austenite formation, martensite transformation, undissolved nitrides, and retained austenite were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Ni-containing alloy exhibited classic dual-phase tensile behavior in that continuous yielding was observed together with good combinations of ultimate tensile strength and total elongation. The martensite constituent in alloy N20CrMol7 was concen-trated within bands. Comparison of tensile properties of the two alloys at similar volume fractions and hardness levels of martensite and ferrite showed that the microstructure containing banded mar-tensite had inferior combinations of strength and ductility. The degradation of tensile ductility was accompanied by a fracture mode transition from microvoid coalescence to transgranular cleavage. The deformation and fracture behavior of both alloys were related to the microstructure.     

Mechanical Property and Microstructural Characterization of C-Mn-Al-Si Hot Dip Galvanizing TRIP Steel

 Mechanical properties and microstructure in high strength hot dip galvanizing TRIP steel were investigated by optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dilatometry and mechanical testing. On the heat treatment process of different intercritical annealing (IA) temperatures, isothermal bainitic transformation (IBT) temperatures and IBT time, this steel shows excellent mechanical properties with tensile strength over 780 MPa and elongation more than 22%. IBT time is a crucial factor in determining the mechanical properties as it confirms the bainite transformation process, as well as the microstructure of the steel. The microstructure of the hot dip galvanizing TRIP steel consisted of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite and martensite during the short IBT time. The contents of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite and martensite with different IBT time were calculated. The results showed that when IBT time increased from 20 to 60 s, the volume of bainite increased from 14.31% to 16.95% and the volume of retained austenite increased from 13.64% to 16.28%; meanwhile, the volume of martensite decreased from 7.18% to 1.89%. Both the transformation induced plasticity of retained austenite and the hardening of martensite are effective, especially, the latter plays a dominant role in the steel containing 7.18% martensite which shows similar strength characteristics as dual-phase steel, but a better elongation. When martensite volume decreases to 1.89%, the steel shows typical mechanical properties of TRIP, as so small amount of martensite has no obvious effect on the mechanical properties.     

贝氏体钢等温淬火和淬火-配分复合工艺

 为了研究等温淬火和淬火-配分复合工艺对中碳高强贝氏体钢组织和力学性能的影响,采用组织观察、热模拟试验、X射线衍射分析和拉伸试验等手段,阐明等温淬火和淬火-配分复合工艺处理下的组织演变和性能变化。结果表明,等温淬火结合淬火-配分工艺可以细化粗大的块状马氏体/奥氏体岛,将粗大的马奥岛组织转化为薄膜状奥氏体和贫碳马氏体。与单独贝氏体相变或单独淬火-配分处理工艺相比,等温淬火结合淬火-配分复合工艺提高了中碳钢的力学性能。此外,与单独贝氏体相变或淬火-配分工艺相比,通过等温淬火和淬火-配分复合工艺可以获得更多碳含量较高的残余奥氏体。     

Benefits of Intercritical Annealing in Quenching and Partitioning Steel

Compared to the quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel produced by full austenization annealing, the Q&P steel produced by the intercritical annealing shows a similar ultimate tensile stress but a larger tensile ductility. This property is attributable to the higher volume fraction and the better mechanical stability of the retained austenite after the intercritical annealing. Moreover, intercritical annealing produces more ferrite and fewer martensite phases in the microstructure, making an additional contribution to a higher work hardening rate and therefore a better tensile ductility.