转炉生产低碳低磷钢炉衬侵蚀机理研究

通过现场取炉衬溅渣层及镁碳砖样品研究炉衬侵蚀机理,利用SEM扫描电镜、高倍显微镜、X射线荧光光谱分析仪、Factsage软件,从微观和宏观两方面详细地分析了炉衬的侵蚀过程.在实际生产过程中,炉衬的侵蚀原因有很多种,主要研究了三方面内容,分别为溅渣层的熔损、镁碳砖中碳的氧化及镁砂颗粒的溶解与迁移.溅渣层的熔损主要与炉渣中(FeO)含量有较大关系,降低炉渣中(FeO)含量能提高溅渣层中物相的分解温度,从而起到减缓炉衬侵蚀、保护炉衬作用.镁碳砖中碳与溅渣层中(FeO)发生反应生成气体而损失,之后高氧化性炉渣侵入到镁碳砖中镁砂颗粒周围,形成包裹发生部分溶解,伴随着炉渣的逐步侵入,镁砂颗粒随着炉渣中(MgO)的饱和溶解度的变化,发生不断溶解和被动迁移.通过研究的炉衬侵蚀机理来看,造成炉衬侵蚀的主要原因与生产钢种的炉渣有较大关系.     

溅渣护炉工艺的精确控制技术

研究了转炉炉衬溅渣层的结合机理和侵蚀机理,分析了影响溅渣的各种工艺因素。提出了出钢前利用副枪TSO探头测出的炉渣氧电势数据得出冶炼终点炉渣中Fe O的含量,通过调整炉渣中Fe O含量控制溅渣层的分熔特性,达到减少溅渣层分熔量,提高溅渣层对炉衬保护的技术方案。以宣钢150 t复吹转炉为例,对方案的实施过程进行了说明。     

转炉炉体维护技术取得新突破

莱钢银山型钢炼钢厂转炉炉体维护技术取得重大突破,转炉加入焦炭粉技术和碳镁球技术分别取得较好的溅渣护炉效果,溅渣时间缩短2min,不仅减少了炉渣氧化铁含量,增强了溅渣层的抗侵蚀能力,还彻底解决了冶炼低碳品种钢对炉衬的侵蚀问题。     

转炉高氧化性炉渣溅渣护炉工艺优化及效果

转炉冶炼低碳钢低磷钢时,终渣氧化性强,渣中w(T.Fe)高达20%~30%,影响到溅渣护炉效果和转炉炉龄。在溅渣开始时采用改渣剂对高氧化性炉渣进行改质,可以降低炉渣中的T.Fe含量,提高炉渣MgO含量,增加炉渣的熔化温度和黏度,溅渣时起渣的孕育时间小于1 min,炉渣中氧化铁与MgO-C炉衬中的碳反应受到抑制,防止溅渣层与炉衬之间气隙的产生,提高溅渣层的抗侵蚀能力,改善溅渣层与炉衬的粘结效果。对冶炼低碳钢低磷钢转炉溅渣护炉工艺的改进,显著提高了转炉的炉龄,吨钢补炉耐火材料消耗下降39%以上。     

济钢超低碳、超低磷钢转炉溅渣护炉工艺

随着超低碳、超低磷钢种冶炼的增多,济钢复吹转炉终点氧含量大幅提高,严重侵蚀了转炉炉衬。从高氧化性炉渣对炉衬的侵蚀机理入手,提出了兼顾溅渣层和炉底的溅渣工艺,介绍了超低碳、超低磷钢溅渣护炉工艺参数的优化及取得的效果。     

高镁白云石质LD转炉炉衬侵蚀速度的研究

采用试棒旋转法研究了氧气顶吹转炉初期渣和末期渣对高镁白云石质炉衬侵蚀速度的影响因素.结果表明,吹炼初期,炉渣的碱度(CaO/SiO_2)是影响炉衬侵蚀速度的主要因素;渣中MgO含量居第二位;FeO、MnO含量的影响不显著.文中对试验结果进行了讨论并根据试验数据导出了炉渣对炉衬侵蚀速度的关系式:V=0.176(C_s-C)+0.6并进一步讨论了炉渣中SiO_2的活度与MgO在渣中溶解度的关系.吹炼末期,炉渣成分对炉衬侵蚀的影响不明显;温度的影响甚大,温度愈高,侵蚀速度愈快.同时看出,试棒相对于炉渣的运动速度增加,侵蚀速度也增加.     

转炉用溅渣镁球造渣技术

针对转炉炉渣MgO含量偏低的现象,对转炉使用溅渣镁球代替轻烧白云石造渣技术,合理控制溅渣镁球的加入量,达到降低终渣FeO、提高渣中MgO来迅速降低炉渣过热度等目的,从而可以缩短溅渣时间,提高溅渣层的抗侵蚀能力,最大限度发挥溅渣护炉效果,延长补炉间隔时间,节约耐火材料,提高生产作业率,并降低炼钢的冶炼成本。     

转炉溅渣护炉改质剂的开发研究

影响转炉溅渣护炉效果的关键因素是终渣成分的控制,采用改质剂对转炉终渣成分进行调整,降低渣中FeO含量和炉渣温度,提高MgO含量和炉渣熔点及粘度,有利于改善炉渣与炉衬的粘结效果,并提高溅渣层的耐蚀性能,缩短溅渣起孕时间,在一定程度上抑制炉渣中铁的氧化物与炉衬中石墨的反应.     

转炉渣与镁质耐火材料的润湿机制

 采用静滴法研究了2种情况下转炉渣与炉衬耐火材料的润湿性。当转炉渣与耐火材料直接接触时,转炉渣不熔化,当用刚玉坩埚将两者隔开时,界面处发生反应性润湿,动态接触角随温度升高而单调减小,铺展面积随时间成线性增加。渣中FeO含量由于镁碳砖基板表面的碳及中间产物CO的还原而降低,导致炉渣熔化性温度升高而未熔化。液态熔渣沿镁碳砖表面的气孔和裂纹向基体内扩散、渗透,渣中铁氧化物与镁碳砖机体内的MgO反应生成含高熔点相的黄色渗透层,起到保护炉衬的作用,从而解释了炉渣与耐火材料的粘附机制,为优化溅渣护炉工艺,合理调整炉渣成分和选择耐火材料等工艺操作提供理论依据。     

电炉炼钢过程渣线镁碳砖侵蚀机理研究

针对宝钢电炉冶炼过程中，炉衬渣线镁碳砖耐火材料侵蚀严重导致电炉炉龄偏低的问题，通过对镁碳砖耐火材料侵蚀微观结构的观察及钼丝炉内炉渣侵蚀镁碳砖试验，得知FeO_x·MnO·MgO相是镁碳砖耐火材料溶解到炉渣后形成的主相，渣中FeO、MnO具备了溶解MgO能力，炉渣中FeO_x含量偏高是导致镁碳砖耐火材料侵蚀严重的主要因素；电炉炉渣体系内，炉渣碱度对镁碳砖耐火材料侵蚀影响不明显。钼丝炉内炉渣侵蚀试验表明：温度越高，镁碳砖耐火材料侵蚀越严重；高温段保温时间对侵蚀影响不大；渣线镁碳砖耐火材料进行冷热交替试验后，镁碳砖耐火材料侵蚀相对严重。根据试验结果，采取降低炉渣FeO_x含量、缩短冶炼过程炉与炉之间间隔时间等措施，炉壁镁碳砖耐火材料侵蚀得到缓解，电炉中期炉龄稳定提升到450炉以上。     

AOD氧化期渣对镁钙质炉衬侵蚀的影响

利用扫描电镜对镁钙砖反应层进行能谱分析,研究了120t AOD氧化期渣碱度(CaO/SiO₂-1.0～3.1)及渣中TFe(5.0%～20.0%)、MgO(1.7%～12.0%)、Cr2O3(8.0%～30.0%)对镁钙质炉衬侵蚀的影响。结果表明,氧化期渣碱度和渣中TFe含量是镁钙质炉衬侵蚀的重要影响因素,增加炉渣碱度(CaO/SiO₂≥3),降低渣中TFe含量(≤15%)可明显减少对炉衬的侵蚀。渣中含4%～12%MgO、15%～30%Cr₂O₃时对炉衬侵蚀的影响较小。     

溅渣层形成和对炉衬保护机理的研究

通过对溅渣转炉残砖的成分和矿相分析,讨论了高ＦｅＯ炉渣溅渣形成的溅渣层化学成分变化和岩相结构特点;分析提出溅渣层的形成机理和对炉衬的保护作用。实验研究证明,溅渣结合层的化学成分与终渣有明显的差别。结构     

Adhesive Behaviour of BOF Slag to BOF Lining Refractory in Slag Splashing Process

A slag layer is formed when slag is splashed onto refractory lining in BOF slag splashing process. The melting temperature of the slag layer and the adhesion of the slag layer to the lining refractory have an important effect on slag splashing and BOF lining life. This study investigates the adhesive behaviour of slag with different composition to lining refractories. It is shown that the slag can adhere to MgO particles in MgO‐C bricks well and no reaction is found between the MgO particles and the slag layer, but a gas gap exists at the interface between the slag layer and the MgO‐C matrix and there are iron granules within the slag layer, when the FeO content in the slag is high. The adhesion of the slag layer to the lining refractory can be improved with decreasing FeO content in the slag and lower carbon content in the MgO‐C bricks. BOF refractory lining life can be greatly increased due to better adhesion, high melting temperature, and stronger wear‐resistance of the slag layer.     

转炉溅渣护炉成渣途径的探讨

在分析了渣中ＭｇＯ含量对转炉ＭｇＯ－Ｃ砖的侵蚀和炉渣熔点影响的基础上,探讨了溅渣护炉的成渣方式：在造渣过程分批向渣中加入含ＭｇＯ的调质剂如白云石,并通过实践操作讲座了渣中ＭｇＯ的调质剂如白云石,并通过实践操作讲座了潭中ＭｇＯ含量对造渣过程的影响以及相应的溅渣护炉的成渣途径。     

溅渣护炉工艺探讨

从炉渣对炉衬和溅渣层的侵蚀机理入手,提出了兼顾冶金和溅渣双重效果的直接造渣工艺,探讨了终渣碱度、MgO、FeO含量等的调整范围,分析了溅渣操作中枪位、时间等的控制和炉底上涨的原因,以期更好地运用溅渣护炉技术。     

转炉溅渣层与镁碳砖炉衬的结合机理

通过对生产现场带有溅渣层的转炉炉衬残砖和试验室小型坩埚溅渣试验结果进行矿相显微结构分析、研究，确定了溅渣层的矿相组成、溅渣层与ＭｇＯ－Ｃ砖结合区域的矿相结构及坩埚溅渣层自上而下的矿相分布规律，并根据矿相结构分析中观察到的烧结层、结合层和溅渣层３个区域，提出了溅渣层与镁碳砖炉衬的结合机理为化学结合、机械镶嵌与化学烧结结合及冷凝结合３种形式。     

Thermomechanical Modelling for Refractory Lining of a Steel Ladle Lifted by Crane

Numerical methods can be applied on metallurgical processes like engineering design of a steel ladle. In this study, the thermomechanical behaviour of refractory lining of a steel ladle which is lifted by a crane was investigated. To simulate this behaviour coupled heat transfer – structural analysis was made by using FEM (Finite‐Elements‐Method). For these calculations a two‐dimensional, an axially symmetrical geometric model and a FE‐model of a steel ladle with wear lining consisting of MgO‐C brick in the slag zone and castable MgO‐Al₂O₃–spinel in the working zone were created. Thermal stresses, hydrostatic pressure, gravity of molten steel and slag and refractory lining were used as boundary conditions. The results gained from the calculations showed that the maximum total displacements were observed at the bottom lining of the ladle.     

Wear and Dissolution of MgO–C Refractory Lining in Belly and Top Cone Regions of BOF Vessel

The MgO–carbon bricks of varying carbon concentration are used as refractory lining material in BOF. Laser profiling of the lining is done at regular intervals to keep track of refractory wear in different parts of vessels. The main factors which affect the kinetics of dissolution of graphite flakes lying between the MgO grains in the belly region are attack by CO₂ in gas and FeO in slag, and temperature. FeO can easily penetrate the MgO grains along grain boundaries and reach those places where graphite flakes are present. Kinetic models of refractory wear are analyzed on the basis of data obtained from actual laser profile measurements. The bricks salvaged from the top cone region at the end of the campaign have been subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) investigations. The possible cause of wear in top cone region is also the oxidation of carbon in the brick by CO₂ gas and direct attack by FeO thrown from the jet impact region.