Laboratory evaluation of boron-containing quaternary ammonia compound, didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) for control of decay and termite attack and fungal staining of wood

This study evaluates the decay and termite resistance of wood treated with didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF), a recently developed quaternary ammonia compound containing boron. Laboratory decay resistance tests were performed using brown-rot fungus, Fomitopsis palustris and white-rot fungus, Trametes versicolor. Treated wood specimens were also subjected a 3-week-termite resistance test using subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus. Decay resistance tests showed that wood specimens treated with 0.5 and 1.0% DBF solutions were well protected against both fungi even after a 10-day severe leaching process, suggesting the adequate fixation of DBF in wood. DBF treatment at 0.1% concentration was efficient against subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki based on mass losses in both leached and unleached wood specimens. The ability of DBF to inhibit discolorations by selected mold and stain fungi was also screened in laboratory conditions. DBF at the highest concentration level (1%) provided limited protection against mold and staining fungi tested, however, it was effective for only short-term protection (1 or 2 weeks) at lower concentrations. These results suggest that DBF is promising to protect wood to be used outdoors against both fungal decay and termite attack however field tests are needed to observe the performance of DBF-treated wood in ground contact.     

Laboratory evaluation of boron-containing quaternary ammonia compound, didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) for inhibition of mold and stain fungi

This study evaluated the ability of boron-containing quaternary ammonia compound, didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) for inhibition of mold and stain fungi in comparison with another quaternary ammonia compound, didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) and a commercial boron wood preservative, disodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT). The ability of the chemicals to inhibit discolorations by selected mold and stain fungi was screened in laboratory conditions. Both DBF and DDAC at 1% concentration provided protection against the fungi tested, however DOT at all concentrations showed no protection for the entire testing period. On the other hand, DBF and DDAC at lower solution strengths were capable of protecting wood against the fungi for a short term (2 weeks).     

Leachability and termite resistance of wood treated with a new preservative: ammonium borate oleate

Synthesis of a new chemical compound combining water-repellence of oleic acid and biocidal effect of boric acid linked by ammonia have been followed and validated by fourier transformed infra red (FTIR). This compound named ammonium borate oleate (ABO) has then been studied as a wood preservative. Different molar ratios of oleic acid have been involved in the synthesis of ABO and leachability of those mixes from wood observed according to Japanese industrial standard. The formulation one mole of boric acid and one of ammonia (1:1:4) for four moles of oleic acid has shown the best efficiency compared to formulations 1:1:1, 1:1:2 and 1:1:3 with about 52% of boron remaining after weathering when other formulations retained respectively 10%, 29% and 46% of boron in the case of an impregnation of Cryptomeria japonica. Seven solutions of 1:1:4 ABO in ethanol of different concentrations were then produced and sapwood blocks of C. japonica and Fagus crenata were impregnated. A toxicity threshold of around 2.0 kg/m³ for both species was determined in a termite resistance test to Coptotermes formosanus indicating the positive effect of combining water repellent and biocide. Termite mortality recording and microscopic observations complete this study indicating that the action mechanism of ABO is providing a water resistant inner coating.     

Surface treatment for preventing decay and termite attack in wood using didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) incorporated with acryl-silicon type resin

Surface treatment of wood was carried out using acryl-silicon type resin including didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF), boron-containing quaternary ammonia compound. Surface-treated wood specimens were exposed laboratory decay resistance tests after completing a 10-cyle severe weathering process. In laboratory decay resistance tests, one brown-rot decay fungus, Fomitopsis palustris and one white-rot decay fungus, Trametes versicolor were used. The specimens were also subjected to laboratory termite resistance tests using subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus. Wood specimens treated with 2% DBF and resin containing preservative solution showed improved decay and termite resistance suggesting that the preservative solution at 2% DBF concentration provides lasting protection against wood degradation owing to the amount of DBF remaining in the wood after severe weathering process. However field tests are needed to determine the performance of surface-treated wood with DBF and the acryl-silicon type resin in more realistic conditions.

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Oberflächenbehandlung durchgeführt mit Didecy – dimethyl – ammonium – tetrafluorborat (DBF) in Kombination mit Acryl - Silicon - Harz als Schutzmaßnahme gegen biologischen Abbau und Termitenbefall von Holz

Zusammenfassung Oberflächenbehandlung von Holz wurde mit einem Acryl-Silikon Harz einschließlich Didecyl – Dimethyl – Ammonium – Tetrafluorborat (DBF) vorgenommen, eine borhaltige quaternäre Ammonium - Komponente. Oberflächenbehandelte Holzproben wurden nach dem Durchlaufen 10 vollständiger strenger Witterungszyklen im Labor Fäulnisresistenztests unterzogen. Dabei wurden ein Braunfäulepilz Domitopsis palustris und ein Weißfäulepilz, Trametes versicolor benutzt. Mit denselben Proben wurden im Labor auch Termitenresistenzversuchen mit der unterirdischen Termitenart Coptotermes formosanus durchgeführt. Proben, die mit 2% DBF und einem konservierungsmittelhaltigem Harz behandelt waren, zeigten verbesserte Fäulnis- und Termitenresistenz, was nahe legte, dass die Konservierungslösung mit 2%iger DBF - Konzentration dauerhaften Schutz gegen Holzabbau liefert, auf Grund der Menge an DBF, die nach dem strengen Witterungsprozess im Holz verbleibt. Um die Dauerhaftigkeit der Resistenz von Holz, dessen Oberfläche mit DBF und Acryl-Silicon - Harz behandelt wurde, festzustellen, sind allerdings Freilandversuche unter wirklichkeitsnahen Bedingungen erforderlich.

     

Surface treatment for preventing decay and termite attack in wood using didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) incorporated with acryl-silicon type resin

Surface treatment of wood was carried out using acryl-silicon type resin including didecyl dimethyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF), boron-containing quaternary ammonia compound. Surface-treated wood specimens were exposed laboratory decay resistance tests after completing a 10-cyle severe weathering process. In laboratory decay resistance tests, one brown-rot decay fungus, Fomitopsis palustris and one white-rot decay fungus, Trametes versicolor were used. The specimens were also subjected to laboratory termite resistance tests using subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus. Wood specimens treated with 2% DBF and resin containing preservative solution showed improved decay and termite resistance suggesting that the preservative solution at 2% DBF concentration provides lasting protection against wood degradation owing to the amount of DBF remaining in the wood after severe weathering process. However field tests are needed to determine the performance of surface-treated wood with DBF and the acryl-silicon type resin in more realistic conditions.     

Fungal and termite resistance of wood treated with 4-methoxytrityl tetrafluoroborate

This study evaluates the decay and termite resistance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) treated with 4-methoxytrityl tetrafluoroborate (MTFB). Decay resistance tests of unleached samples showed that 2%, 1.5% and 1% concentrations of MTFB (15.4 kg/m³, 11.1 kg/m³, and 7.4 kg/m³, retention levels, respectively) gave less than 2% decay of Postia placenta and concentrations of 2% and 1.5% less than 2% decay of Coniophora puteana. Wood specimens treated with 4-methoxytrityl tetrafluoroborate solutions were not protected against the brown rot fungi after a 14-day severe leaching process, suggesting excessive leaching of the chemical from wood. Treatment with 2% concentration protected against subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki based on mass losses in both leached and unleached wood specimens in comparison with lower concentration levels. These results suggest that 4-methoxytrityl tetrafluoroborate might be promising to protect wood being used outdoors against termite attack. However, 4-methoxytrityl tetrafluoroborate did not protect wood against fungal decay. Field tests are needed to observe the performance of 4-methoxytrityl tetrafluoroborate treated wood in ground contact.     

Occurrence of and a possible mechanism for resistance to a quaternary ammonium compound in Listeria monocytogenes

In a study of 200 Listeria monocytogenes isolates, 10% were determined to be resistant to benzalkonium chloride (BC). Serial subcultivation of initially BC sensitive (BC(S)) and BC resistant (BC(R)) isolates in sublethal concentrations of BC resulted in enhanced and approximately equal resistance of all strains to the compound. Fifty per cent of the BC(R) isolates showed resistance to ethidium bromide (EB) as well. A proton motive force (pmf)-dependent efflux of EB was demonstrated in BC(R) isolates, and in originally sensitive strains adapted to grow in BC. This efflux was not found in BC(S) strains. The result indicate that BC can induce a broad resistance mechanism based on a pmf-driven efflux pump. There was no indication that this type of resistance was related to resistance to antibiotics.     

Effectiveness of sanitation with quaternary ammonium compound or chlorine on stainless steel and other domestic food-preparation surfaces.

The relative ability of various materials used for domestic and/or food-service sinks and countertops to be sanitized was determined. Both smooth (unused) and abraded surfaces were tested by exposure to 200 mg of quaternary ammonium compound per liter or 200 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter. Surface materials tested included mechanically polished (type 304, #4 finish) and electropolished stainless steel, polycarbonate, and mineral resin. Surfaces were prepared for testing by allowing attachment of a Staphylococcus aureus culture for 4 h to achieve an initial attached population of 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/cm2. The test procedure involved immersion of the surface in sanitizer solution followed by wiping with a sanitizer-saturated cloth. Residual staphylococci were detected by overlaying agar directly on the treated surface. Results indicated that the stainless steels and the smooth polycarbonate, which had 0.5 log CFU/cm2 or fewer of residual staphylococci, were more readily sanitized by quaternary ammonium compound than were either the mineral resin surfaces, which had nearly 2.0 log CFU/cm2 of residual staphylococci, or the abraded polycarbonate which had nearly 1.0 log CFU/cm2 of residual staphylococci. Chlorine was most effective on the mechanically polished stainless steel, the unabraded electropolished stainless steel, and the polycarbonate surfaces, reducing cell populations to less than 1.0 log CFU/cm2. Chlorine was less effective on abraded electropolished stainless steel and mineral resin surfaces, where populations remained greater than 1.0 log CFU/cm2. Sanitation with quaternary ammonium compound or chlorine reduced S. aureus populations more than 1,000-fold on all surfaces except unabraded mineral resin.     

壳聚糖季铵盐(HACC)的制备及其在柞蚕/锦纶染色中的应用

以2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(ETA)为季铵化试剂对壳聚糖(CTS)进行改性,合成了水溶性的壳聚糖季铵盐--羟丙基三甲基氯化铵壳聚糖(HACC),用傅里叶红外光谱对合成的HACC结构进行表征.采用HACC对柞蚕儡纶复合丝针织物进行整理,分别用酸性染料和直接染料对整理前后的针织物进行染色,研究HACC整理对其染色性能的影响.结果表明:经HACC处理后,柞蚕/锦纶针织物的染色深度(K/S值)增加,染料的上染百分率及上染速率提高,染色织物的皂洗牢度稍有提高,摩擦牢度保持不变,所测各项色牢度≥3级.     

抗丛根病甜菜新品种中甜--内糖(ND)37的选育

中甜-内糖(ND)37以抗(耐)丛根病二倍体单粒雄性不育系moms66181为母本,以从品系334—1中选育出的高糖抗病四倍体多粒授粉系974001为父本杂交而成。该品种在1999—2001年全国第六届甜菜品种区域试验中平均根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别为56022kg／hm^2、15、89度、8915．2kg／hm^2,分别比对照提高17．7％、1．17度、27．2％。2002年,中甜-内糖(ND)37生产试验平均根产量、含糖率、产糖量为54925kg／hm^2、15．94度、8742．9kg／hm^2,分别比对照提高31．7％、0．6度、36．8％。中甜-内糖(ND)37适应性较强,抗丛根病,适宜在新疆、甘肃、山西、河北、内蒙古地区种植,种殖密度75000—82500株／hm^2。     

Synthesis, effectiveness and metabolic fate in cows of the caesium complexing compound ammonium ferric hexacyanoferrate labelled with 14C

Adding ammonium ferric hexacyanoferrate (AFCF) to cows' fodder produced after the Chernobyl nuclear accident prevented milk contamination by increasing the faecal elimination of 137Cs. Synthesis of ammonium ferric hexa[14C]-cyanoferrate (AF14CF) and its purification were performed for the study of the metabolic fate of this complex, and the evaluation of the possible release of cyanide. The stability of this colloidal product, tested by anaerobic incubation in rumen juice in vitro, showed no release of free cyanide from AF14CF, but hexacyanoferrate was identified in the rumen juice and 0.13% of the added radioactivity was converted to labelled CO2. AF14CF administered per os to two cows showed a nearly quantitative excretion of radioactivity in faeces during the first 3 d (91-95%). A very low but significant level of radioactivity appeared in plasma, blood cells, expired CO2 and was detected in organs taken 9 d after administration. Total cumulative radioactivity in urine and milk amounted to 0.19-0.47% and 0.068-0.071% respectively for the two cows. Labelled hexacyanoferrate and thiocyanate were identified in the urine and also in faeces. In spite of this relative instability of AFCF in the rumen of cows, the poor absorption of AF14CF degradation products showed that AFCF constitutes an efficient and safe food additive to prevent the absorption of radioactive caesium from ruminant feed and its secretion in milk.     

Synthesis of octadecyl acrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate resin for removal of dark-colored compound from apple juice and comparison with polyvinylpolypirrolidone (PVPP)

Adsorption process has an importance for improving the color of juice and also stabilizing the final product during the shelf life. In this study, polyvinylpolypirrolidone (PVPP) and octadecyl acrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (ODA-EGDMA) polymeric resins were used as adsorbents for improving the color properties of apple juice. The ODA-EGDMA resin was prepared by classical suspension polymerization technique and characterized by electron microscopy. The obtained spherical particles diameters were between 20 and 140 μm. PVPP was selected as reference polymeric material for its importance in the juice industry. The adsorption kinetics of dark-colored compounds on adsorbent polymeric resins were studied at different adsorbent resins concentrations (1, 2, 4, and 8 g adsorbent resin per liter of apple juice) at the constant temperature (20 °C) in batch reactor. Langmuir adsorption model was applied for both PVPP and ODA-EGDMA polymeric adsorbents. The Langmuir isotherms were plotted for both polymeric adsorbents by evaluation of the absorbance data of apple juice at 420 nm. Langmuir isotherm's empirical constants known as K _ad and Q ₀ were calculated from the equilibrium data. Numerical value of K _ad and Q ₀ were determined as 5.0578 and 0.3089 for the ODA-EGDMA polymeric resin, 2.4824 and 0.5268 for the PVPP adsorbent, respectively. The scope of this study included comparison of reusability and regeneration properties of the each polymeric adsorbent. For this purpose, series of experiment were done in pack bed column application. Pressure drop measured throughout the PVPP pack bed column was 4.8 times higher than ODA-EGDMA pack bed column at same flow rate (2.5 mL/min) during the this group experiment. ODA-EGDMA resin and PVPP were regenerated with NaOH (4% w/v, 50 °C) after each run. After regeneration, average removal of dark color (relative absorbance change at 420 nm) of apple juice was determined as 76.47±0.90% for ODA-EGDMA and 91.51±0.86% for PVPP adsorbent resin.     

Airborne brake wear debris: size distributions, composition, and a comparison of dynamometer and vehicle tests

Particle size distributions of light-duty vehicle brake wear debris are reported with careful attention paid to avoid sampling biases. Electrical low-pressure impactor and micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor measurements yield consistent size distributions, and the net particulate matter mass from each method is in good agreement with gravimetric filter measurements. The mass mean diameter of wear debris from braking events representative of urban driving is 6 microm, and the number-weighted mean is 1-2 microm for three currently used classes of lining materials: low metallic, semimetallic, and non-asbestos organic (NAO). In contrast, the wear rates are very material dependent, both in number and mass of particles, with 3-4 times higher emissions observed from the low metallic linings as compared to the semimetallic and NAO linings. Wind tunnel and test track measurements demonstrate the appearance of micron size particles that correlate with braking events, with approximately 50% of the wear debris being airborne for the test vehicle in this study. Elemental analysis of the wear debris reveals a consistent presence of the elements Fe, Cu, and Ba in both dynamometer and test track samples.     

A comparison of the agar gel immuno-diffusion (AGID) and counter-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) tests for species identification of imported red meat and offal

From 1 January-31 August, 1984, 585 samples of fresh, uncooked, frozen meat (12) and offal (573) were subjected to the AGID and CIE comparative serological tests for species identification using commercially produced bovine, ovine, porcine and equine anti-species antisera. Species were identified in 286 585 (48·9%) and 581 585 (99·3%) samples by the AGID and CIE tests, respectively. Single species per sample were identified in 246 585 (42·1%) and 481 585 (82·2%) by the AGID and CIE tests. More than one species per sample were identified in 40/585 (6·8%) and 100/585 (17·0%) samples for the same two tests, respectively. The CIE test was more sensitive and rapid in detecting species.     

Structural bonding of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.): resistance to delamination and performance in shearing tests

The utilization of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) allows for a significant enhancement of the load-bearing capacity in structural laminated products. However, such applications fundamentally require high-strength and durable bonds between lamellas and in finger joints. Therefore, the aim of the present survey was to evaluate ash bondings in terms of resistance to delamination (EN 302-2) and shear performance (EN 392). Investigations were performed with five adhesives: phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF), melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF-1, MUF-2), polyurethane (PUR), emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI) and varying closed assembly times as key bonding parameter. For all tested adhesives and closed assembly times, the shear test showed high wood failure percentages and bond strength values that compare to solid ash. In contrast, for resistance to delamination, significant differences were found between the adhesives as well as between closed assembly times, with improving resistance to delamination for increasing closed assembly times. The best performance was determined for the PRF-adhesive and long closed assembly times. However, standard requirements for resistance to delamination could not be met by any of the adhesives. The resistance to delamination showed no correlation with the shear performance for any of the adhesives. Microscopic examination of the bonded joints revealed that both the penetration behavior of the adhesives and glueline thicknesses clearly correlated with the closed assembly time.     

Evaluation of productivity and volatile compound quality of Artemisia absinthium L. planted in Valle Camonica (Italy)

This work shows results from a check on Artemisia absinthium L. productivity in Valle Camonica (Italy). The aim of this check was to demonstrate whether products of adequately consistent quality may be obtained when using specific implant material with invariable variety characteristics. Altitude, Maipex mulch treatment and soil characteristics appear to influence the production data: in particular, at altitudes of 1000 m asl and higher the mean production results increased, and a lower level of Ca and cation exchange capacity have a negative effect on Maipex treatment. On the other hand, no differences correlated to altitude were found for representative volatile compounds in free soil, and a non‐significance of differences in quantitative composition of volatile compounds may be assumed. The limited variability of the volatile fraction guarantees sufficient botanical equivalence of the various products. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Characterization of new sources of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) resistance to bruchids, Callosobruchus spp. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The bruchid beetles Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and C. maculatus (F.) are destructive pests of stored mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). The development of resistant mungbean varieties to manage bruchids is a major breeding objective. In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of resistance to C. chinensis and C. maculatus in two new resistant mungbean accessions V1128 and V2817, and two previously reported resistant accessions V2709 and V2802, compared to the susceptible mungbean cultivar, KPS1. Evaluation for resistance to both bruchid species using whole and decorticated seeds revealed that V1128 and V2817 were free from damage, V2709 and V2802 showed partial damage with low or moderate number of bruchids emerging from seeds, and KPS1 showed complete damage with the highest number of bruchids emerged. Comparison of the seeds harvested at seed filling, early maturity and full maturity stages revealed that the percentage of damaged seeds from resistant accessions was lower at all stages compared with KPS1. V1128 and V2817 showed complete resistance against both bruchids regardless of when their seeds were harvested, while resistance in V2709 and V2802 were most pronounced at full maturity, and KPS1 was totally damaged at all times tested. These results suggest that the chemical factor(s) conferring resistance is synthesized as early as the seed filling stage. Evaluation of resistance using artificial seeds showed that increasing the percentage of resistant seed powder adversely affected bruchid growth and development. The number of adults emerging from seeds and number of damaged seeds decreased while adult developmental period increased as the proportion of resistant seed powder increased. The weight of emerging male and female adults of C. maculatus was lighter than those from the seeds containing susceptible seed powder alone. However, C. chinensis adults were not affected by the same test. The results suggest that biochemical(s) in cotyledon tissue are responsible for the resistance and the seed coat had no protective role against the bruchids. Although all four resistant accessions evaluated are useful for mungbean breeding, V1128 and V2817 show complete resistance to both C. chinensis and C. maculatus. Thus, these two new resistant sources may be the most effective for breeding purposes.     

Evaluation of a new insecticide formulation (F2) as a protectant of stored wheat, maize, and rice

A new commercial formulation, F2, was evaluated as a protectant of stored wheat, stored maize, and stored rough (paddy) rice. This formulation comprises the technical active ingredients 0.03% deltamethrin, 0.37% piperonyl butoxide, and 0.95% chlorpyriphos-methyl, plus 10% mineral oil and 88.0% of the diatomaceous earth Protect-It^®. Tests were conducted with dust and slurry formulations at 50 and 100 ppm, 57% and 75% relative humidity, and 22°C, 27°C, and 32°C. On wheat, survival of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), ranged from 0% to 30.0%, survival of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), was 0-6.2%, and survival of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), was 0-97.5%. Few F₁ adults of any of the three species were found in the treated samples. Survival of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky), on treated corn was 0-32.5%, while survival of T. castaneum was 0-88.7% in the 50-ppm dust and slurry treatments, and 0-51.4% in the 100-ppm treatments. Again, few F₁ adults of either species were found in treated maize. Survival of R. dominica on treated rough rice averaged 0-4.1% and survival of S. oryzae on treated rice was 0-48.8%, but the majority of weevils that survived were in one replicate. F₁ adults in the treatments ranged from 0 to 24.4. Results show that the combination insecticidal product F2 was extremely effective on all three commodities at the rate of 100 ppm, as either a dust or slurry, and could be used as a commodity protectant.     

2, 5-Diketopiperazines (Cyclic Dipeptides) in Beef: Identification, Synthesis, and Sensory Evaluation

ABSTRACT:  Stewed beef and grilled dry aged beef were analyzed as part of an in-depth analytical program, with the aim of creating new flavors incorporating only compounds identified in the target foods and identifying new synthesis targets. In-house GC-MS analyses of several types of cooked beef have identified over 1000 volatile and semivolatile components; many for the 1st time. Among the semivolatiles detected were ten 2, 5-diketopiperazines (cyclic dipeptides) previously unreported in beef. These cyclic dipeptides are cis -cyclo( l -Ile- l -Pro), cis -cyclo( l -Leu- l -Pro), cis -cyclo( l -Pro- l -Pro), cis -cyclo( l -Pro- l -Val), cis -cyclo( l -Ala- l -Pro), cyclo(Gly- l -Pro), cyclo(Gly- l -Leu), cis -cyclo( l -Met- l -Pro), cis -cyclo( l -Phe- l -Pro), and cis- cyclo( l -Phe- l -Val). All 10 cyclic dipeptides were synthesized and evaluated organoleptically. Among them cis -cyclo( l -Leu- l -Pro), cis -cyclo( l -Met- l -Pro), and cis -cyclo( l -Phe- l -Pro) were found to be of particular organoleptic interest.     

Genetics of lindane resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

Dominant or partially dominant factors for resistance to lindane in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were demonstrated in linkage groups II, IV, V and VIII and a recessive factor was present in linkage group III. Linkage group VII and the X chromosome were also concerned in expression of the resistance.

A complex multifactorial type of inheritance is involved in lindane resistance in this species in Queensland.