形变热处理对Mg-4Al-1Si-1Gd合金组织及性能的影响

为改善Mg-Al-Si系(AS系)变形镁合金因第二相粗大、分布不均而性能较低的现状,在200℃下对挤压态Mg-4Al-1Si-1Gd合金分别进行不同时间(5 h、10 h、15 h)的等温时效和等通道挤压(ECAP)处理,并利用光学显微镜、扫描显微镜和拉伸实验分析其组织及拉伸性能.结果表明:随着等温时效时间的延长,晶粒尺寸增大,晶界处析出少量聚集的大尺寸Mg17 Al12相,时效10 h后合金的室温拉伸性能较优,但与挤压态相比强塑性明显降低.而形变时效提供的热变形能和应变累积量促进了动态再结晶的充分进行,晶粒尺寸由挤压态的10.68μm减小至2.20μm,Mg2 Si相和Si3 Gd5相碎化完全且分布更均匀,晶界处析出了大量颗粒状Mg17 Al12相,基面织构明显弱化,形成了新的非基面织构组分,抗拉强度、屈服强度和延伸率与挤压态相比分别提高了11.7％、33.7％和19.9％.经计算,细晶强化对屈服强度的贡献值为42.8 MPa,Orowan强化的贡献值为4.25 MPa.     

高Ca/Al比的Mg-Al-Ca合金的超塑性

针对3种高Ca/Al比的Mg-Al-Ca合金(Mg-3.7Al-3.8Ca,Mg-4.4Al-4.5Ca和Mg-4.9Al-5.0Ca)的超塑性行为展开研究,研究结果表明,铸态镁合金具有二次相Al2Ca分布于晶界的枝晶结构。经挤压后,合金的晶粒被细化,二次相也被细化为更小的粒子。这些合金在400℃时表现出很高的伸长率,Mg-4.9Al-5.0Ca在400℃时3.6×10-4 s-1应变速率下获得最大伸长率572%。超塑性流变的变形机制为晶格扩散(DL)控制的晶界滑移(GBS)。对于挤压态Mg-4.9Al-5.0Ca合金,大部分高温稳定相Al2Ca粒子尺寸为80nm,对晶粒长大的抑制作用强烈,在晶界滑移时协调变形,因此在3种合金中Mg-4.9Al-5.0Ca具有最好的超塑性。     

Sr对AM50显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了不同含量Sr对AM50合金微观组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,添加Sr后,AM50合金铸体组织β-Mg17Al12变得细小,晶粒明显细化;Sr基本上与Al结合生成高熔点、高稳定的Al4Sr相,能够强化晶界并阻碍位错滑移,从而强化合金.适量的Sr明显提高了室温下合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度,而且不影响合金的延伸率,而过量的Sr会导致AM50延伸率和轻度的降低.含0.5%Sr的铸态合金可得到最高抗拉强度233MPa,屈服强度90MPa,延伸率16.3%的性能.     

铸态AZ81镁合金ECAP态组织与性能研究

采用自制的90°模具,经Bc路径在温度为300℃下研究对比了铸态及不同道次的等通道挤压(ECAP)态AZ81镁合金微观组织和力学性能.结果表明ECAP随着挤压道次的增加,AZ81镁合金显微组织和力学性能发生显著变化.当挤压到4道次,平均晶粒尺寸由原来铸态的145um细化为9.6um,拉伸断口韧窝明显增多;抗拉强度从180 MPa提高到306 MPa,延伸率和硬度分别达到15.8%和142HL.分析表明,AZ81镁合金在高温挤压过程中Mg17Al12相粒子被破碎,并部分溶入基体,$-Mg基体与%-Mg17Al12相互相阻碍其晶粒长大,获得细小晶粒组织.     

Si对AM30变形镁合金组织和力学性能的影响

为了提高Mg-3Al-0.4Mn合金的常温力学性能,研究了铸态和挤压态下Si含量对AM30合金的组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,增加Si的添加量会生成粗大的汉字状的Mg2Si相,不利于提高合金的力学性能;但经过挤压后,呈汉字状Mg2Si相破碎,变成颗粒细小的Mg2Si相,晶粒细化,有利于提高合金的性能.     

铸态Mg-4Al-2Si合金的显微组织与力学性能

采用重力铸造法制备Mg-4Al-2Si(AS42)镁合金,研究了铸态合金的显微组织和室温力学性能。结果表明:铸态AS42合金主要由α-Mg基体、β-Mg17Al12相及Mg2Si相组成;β-Mg17Al12相呈网状和棒状分布于晶界上,粗大的汉字状Mg2Si相沿晶界或穿晶分布,多边形块状Mg2Si相随机分布于基体组织中。铸态合金的硬度为64.5 HV,室温抗拉强度为113.5 MPa,屈服强度为86 MPa,伸长率为4.1%;拉伸断裂形式为准解理脆性断裂。     

第二相粒子对ECAP挤压的2A12铝合金晶粒细化的影响

采用等径角挤压技术对2A12铝合金在室温下进行挤压,成功制备了亚微米尺度的块体铝合金材料.挤压前材料的平均晶粒尺寸约5μm,两次挤压后,平均晶粒尺寸细化至200nm左右.合金中的Al2Cu相在挤压过程中由针状变成了块状颗粒,而Al2CuMg相在挤压过程中晶粒大小基本不变.研究发现,硬颗粒Al.2CuMg对基体α-Al有剪切和割裂作用,可以促进基体的晶粒细化过程,并初步给出了晶粒细化的模型.     

Zr含量对铸造AlSi7Mg0.4合金力学性能的影响

研究了添加Zr元素的重力铸造AlSi7Mg0.4合金的微观组织和力学性能.结果 表明,在含Zr的铸态合金中生成了(Al,Si)3(Zr,Ti)和π-Fe相,Zr的添加使合金的晶粒尺寸减小;经过T6热处理后富Fe相中的Mg和少量粗大的(Al,Si)3(Zr,Ti)相重溶到基体中,减小了金属间化合物的尺寸,生成了与基体有共...     

不同B含量的Pb-Mg-Al-B合金在Cl~-中的腐蚀行为

采用模拟海水浸泡实验、析氢腐蚀、中性盐雾腐蚀试验、电化学法测试,并采用静态腐蚀失重法测定计算合金腐蚀速率,研究了具有核屏蔽性能的Pb-Mg-Al-B合金在3.5wt.%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,并利用SEM、XRD以及XPS对腐蚀前后合金的表面形貌和腐蚀产物进行分析。结果表明:B含量为1.5%时合金的耐腐蚀性能最好;第二相Mg17Al12以网状形态分布于晶界时对合金腐蚀有明显的阻碍作用;XRD表明腐蚀产物主要为Mg2Pb、PbO、Pb、以及Al2O3、Mg17Al12和含B相AlB2,几乎没有Mg的衍射峰;造成耐蚀性差异的主要原因在于不同元素金属含量对合金微观组织结构的影响。     

固溶处理对AM60B+XRE及AZ91D+XRE 镁合金性能的影响

研究了添加少量富铈混合稀土的AM60B+xRE及AZ91D+xRE合金(x=0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6和2.0%,质量分数)固溶处理后的显微组织与机械性能.结果表明,添加混合稀土能显著提高合金的抗拉强度σb和屈服强度σ0.2,固溶处理明显提高AZ91D+xRE合金的强度;AM60B+xRE及AZ91D+xRE合金的铸态组织由α(Mg)固溶体、杆状Al11RE3相、颗粒状Al10Ce2Mn7相以及网状Mg17Al12相组成,经过固溶处理后,网状Mg17Al12相完全溶解,只剩下热稳定性较高的Al11RE3相和Al10Ce2Mn7相,随固溶时间的延长,其形态略有改变.AM60B+xRE合金拉伸试样断口呈带局部韧窝的准解理断裂形式,而AZ91D+xRE合金则呈现沿晶断裂+解理断裂的混合断口形态.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.