Influence of pre-plastic deformation on thermal residual stress and yield st rength of SiCw/Al composites

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颗粒对铝基复合材料热残余应力的影响

采用有限元方法对SiCp/Al复合材料制备冷却后的热残余应力进行了数值模拟,建立平面应力单颗粒及多颗粒复合材料几何模型,研究了颗粒形貌及体积分数对复合材料热残余应力的影响。结果表明,复合材料中颗粒和基体的界面附近存在较大的热残余应力,球形颗粒模型热残余应力比方形颗粒模型热残余应力小,多颗粒模型中应力分布较复杂,复合材料热残余应力随颗粒体积分数增加而增大。     

Thermal residual stresses in co-continuous composites

The thermal residual stresses in two types of co-continuous composites copper/aluminum oxide (Cu/Al₂O₃) and aluminum/aluminum oxide (Al/Al₂O₃) were measured by neutron diffraction experiments. These stresses were generated during the cooling after high processing temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch of metal and ceramic phases led to significant amount of thermal stresses. In both the composites, the metallic phase was found to be under tension and aluminum-oxide phase under compression. Even though the magnitude of compressive stress in both the composites was similar; the two metal-phases had very different magnitude of tensile stresses. The difference in volume fraction, CTE, elastic stiffness and plastic flow properties led to this difference. The hydrostatic stresses were found to be predominant in both the phases. Finite element simulations were used to predict the stress distributions inside each phase and at the interfaces. A representative unit cell approach was considered to represent the composite. Concept of effective ΔT was utilized to simulate the thermal stress distribution inside the two phases in the unit cell. This model utilized the neutron diffraction measurements to predict the stress distribution inside each phase and at the interface. The simulations showed that significant amount of tensile stresses develop at the metal–ceramic interfaces.     

Effect of thermal stresses on the thermal expansion and damping behavior of ZA-27/aluminite metal matrix composites

When the fabrication of a metal matrix composite (MMC) involves its cooling from a high temperature, plastic-elastic residual deformation fields can be generated within and around the particle due to the differential thermal expansion between the particle and matrix metal. The present investigation is concerned with the effect of thermal residual stresses on the thermal expansion and damping behavior of aluminite particulate-reinforced ZA-27 alloy MMCs. Composites were prepared by the compocasting technique with 1, 2, 3, and 4 wt.% of aluminite reinforcement. Thermal expansion and damping properties have been studied experimentally as a function of temperature over a temperature range 30 to 300 °C both in the heating and cooling cycle. The thermal expansion studies exhibited some residual strain, which increased with the increase in the weight percent of the reinforcement. The damping capacity of both the composites and matrix alloy is found to increase with the increase in temperature during the heating cycle, whereas in the cooling cycle, damping behavior exhibits a maximum, which becomes more pronounced with the increase in the weight percentage of the reinforcement. The appearance of the maximum may be linked with dislocation generation and motion as a result of plastic deformation of the matrix at the metal/reinforcement interface. This phenomenon is attributed to the thermal stresses generated as a result of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the composite constituent phases. The thermal stresses have been estimated in both the cases using simple models.     

Sensitivity analysis of history dependent material mechanical models for numerical simulation of welding process

Abstract

Yield stress of 6013-T6 aluminium alloy was tested on Gleeble 1500D thermal–mechanical system at predesigned temperatures during different typical thermal cycles, in order to accurately reflect the influence of weld thermal history on material properties. The typical thermal cycles were referred to the temperature field simulation results of real welding process. The changes of yield stress were obtained directly from the stress–strain curves generated by the tensile tests. The tests were more accurate than previous publications, where only the yield stresses at room temperature after thermal history were tested or calculated from microstructure evolution model. Experimental results showed that the changes of yield stress during the cooling stage of typical thermal cycles followed one set of curves. These yield stress–temperature curves were different from those during the heating stage. Temperature and temperature history dependent material model M2 and M3 were established based on the experimental results. M2 model was perfectly plastic model while work hardening effect was considered in M3 model. Compared with conventional temperature dependent material model M1, the distributions of longitudinal residual stress and strain obtained with temperature and temperature history dependent models fit better with published results. Yield stress of the material at the weld zone decreased a lot after having experienced weld thermal history and longitudinal compressive plastic strain at the weld zone recovered to some extent during the cooling stage in M2 and M3 models. These were the main causes for lower peak longitudinal residual tensile stress in M2 and M3 models.     

几何特征对SiC颗粒增强Al基复合材料力学行为的影响

利用有限元方法建立三维模型分析SiC颗粒在不同形状、不同体积分数和不同尺寸时对Al基复合材料力学行为的影响,并进行拉伸试验研究.结果表明,颗粒形状比颗粒尺寸和颗粒体积分数对材料的应力、应变分布及材料韧性的影响大.颗粒尖角附近有严重的应力集中现象,在外力方向上颗粒端部附近的基体上的应变也有集中现象.随颗粒角度的减小,颗粒的应力很快增大而韧性减小,材料的弹性模量有增大的趋势.随颗粒体积分数的增大,颗粒的应力有减小趋势,材料的弹性模量呈增大趋势.颗粒尺寸较小时(平均尺寸为5 μm),颗粒尺寸对材料的应力及应变的影响小.     

颗粒增强金属基复合材料热错配应力分析

基于弹塑性力学理论,分析了颗粒增强金属基复合材料在降温及升温循环过程中的热错酸应力,结果表明：降温期间复合材料基体发生了热错配塑性应变,升温期间则经历卸载过程;在升温期间存在一特定温度,此温度复合材料基体平均错配应力为零,在零应力温度下,热错配应力分布不均匀程度有所减小,零应力温度受复合材料冷却温度的影响,利用低温处理方法可以调整复合材料的零应力温度。     

Stress-Strain Behaviors Simulation of High Chromium Steel at Elevated Temperatures

It is important but difficult to study the constitutive equations describing the mechanical properties of steels. In this work, a thermal/mechanical simulator was used in conjunction with the Anand model to obtain the stress-strain curves for a high chromium steel associated with different temperature/strain rate pairs. The finite element software, ANSYS, was used to simulate the stress-strain behavior of a high chromium steel during casting at the strain rates of 1, 0.1, and 0.01 1/s, and to validate the Anand model. The results show that the high-temperature deformation is mainly plastic and the von Mises stresses are small, the stresses introduced at elevated temperatures have little effect on the residual stress fields, and the simulation of the mechanical behavior of steels using an elastic-plastic model at low temperatures during cooling is acceptable.     

WC-Co梯度硬质合金的本构关系及应用

功能梯度硬质合金实现了高硬度与高强度的完美结合. 然而, 由于材料成分及物性的梯度变化使得材料内部的残余热应力影响了产品的性能. 为了分析制备及服役过程中梯度硬质合金中残余应力的影响, 通过定义弹性约束因子和引入塑性约束因子得到了材料的弹塑性本构关系. 将此本构模型结合有限元方法得到了梯度硬质合金内部残余热应力的分布. 数值计算结果表明: 残余热应力主要集中在样品近表面的梯度区. 在富钴区出现了拉应力, 而在表明出现了压应力, 表面最大压应力有380MPa. 同时, 采用X射线衍射法测试了样品的表面应力, 得到的结果是-379.75Mpa. 实验观测与数值模型符合较好.     

真空压力浸渗制备CF/Al复合材料热收缩与残余应力数值模拟与实验研究

针对连续碳纤维增强铝基复合材料(CF/Al复合材料),采用细观力学数值模拟与热性能试验结合的方法,研究了真空压力浸渗制备过程中的热收缩行为和热残余应力分布。结果表明,复合材料的横向热收缩应变量远大于轴向热收缩应变量,且具有横观各向同性,纤维随机分布的单胞有限元模型能够准确地预测复合材料轴向与横向热收缩行为曲线;复合材料制备完成后纤维和基体合金分别处于压应力和拉应力状态,基体和纤维的横向残余应力均小于其轴向残余应力,且均表现出横观各向同性;基体合金在轴向残余拉应力作用下会出现不同程度的损伤现象,特别是纤维间距较小部位过高的残余应力会引发界面的局部失效,从而不利于发挥复合材料承载性能,减少纤维局部偏聚是进一步改善提高复合材料力学性能的重要技术手段。     

Ti2AlNb金属间化合物喷丸强化残余应力模拟分析与疲劳寿命预测

目的 研究经喷丸强化处理后Ti2AlNb材料表层残余应力的分布特征,并预测残余应力对材料疲劳性能的影响规律。方法 通过贴应变片逐层钻孔法,对使用喷丸强化处理后的Ti2AlNb试样进行残余应力测试分析,得到引入残余应力场各方面的测试数据,结合ABAQUS数值模拟方式,对比分析试验与模拟残余应力场结果,获取材料的最终残余应力梯度。利用FE-SAFE软件,通过叠加残余应力场的方式,预测喷丸强化前后试样的疲劳寿命。结果 在文中加工参数下,实验测试和软件模拟结果的重合度良好。喷丸强化可在Ti2AlNb金属间化合物靶材内引入300 MPa左右的最大残余压应力,深度达到了0.12 mm左右。材料表面塑性应变分布不均匀,且造成的塑性应变距表面深度可达0.1 mm。通过喷丸强化引入残余压应力,预测的Ti2AlNb材料疲劳极限可提高12%,高低周疲劳寿命均有明显的延寿效果。结论 验证了有限元数值模拟此材料喷丸强化的准确性和可靠性,得到了Ti2AlNb材料喷丸强化的残余应力场。由于塑性变形诱发机制的限制,喷丸造成塑性应变分布不均匀,塑性应变层深小于残余压应力层深。此外,强化后材料的疲劳性能显著提高,疲劳极限有可观的提升,且高低周疲劳均有较好的延寿效果。     

Ti-6Al-4V电弧熔丝增材轧制复合制造的有限元模拟

增材制造过程中由于在凝固及随后的冷却阶段易产生残余应力,从而影响部件的成形和使用。在增材过程中引入轧制工序,可望降低宏观残余应力,从而降低部件的变形。本文通过建立Ti-6Al-4V钛合金电弧熔丝增材与层间轧制复合成形过程的有限元模型,研究圆柱形轧辊条件下不同压下量对部件温度、应力、应变及残余应力分布的影响规律。结果表明,层间轧制可显著降低沉积层金属中的残余宏观应力;同时降低对基板的整体应力。采用圆柱形轧辊并增加压下量可显著降低宏观残余应力,还可以通过塑性变形改变材料的微观组织,提高材料性能,为复合增材工艺的优化指明了方向。     

Effect of Residual Stresses and Prediction of Possible Failure Mechanisms on Thermal Barrier Coating System by Finite Element Method

This work is focused on the effect of the residual stresses resulting from the coating process and thermal cycling on the failure mechanisms within the thermal barrier coating (TBC) system. To reach this objective, we studied the effect of the substrate preheating and cooling rate on the coating process conditions. A new thermomechanical finite element model (FEM) considering a nonhomogeneous temperature distribution has been developed. In the results, we observed a critical stress corresponding to a low substrate temperature and high cooling rate during spraying of the top-coat material. Moreover, the analysis of the stress distribution after service shows that more critical stresses are obtained in the case where residual stresses are taken into account.     

焊接应力场与应变场的计算与讨论

经典的观点认为焊缝存在残余压缩塑性应变,而目前有学者认为焊缝是在冷却的过程中形成的,与加热过程无关,认为焊缝只存在拉伸塑性应变,而不存在压缩塑性应变.针对这一对传统残余塑变理论的质疑,采用有限元方法对薄板熔焊对接接头纵向应力和应变的瞬态变化以及由焊缝中心到母材边缘的纵向应力和应变分布情况进行了计算.结果表明,焊缝及近缝区存在着残余压缩塑性应变,应力状态为拉应力,由焊缝中心到母材边缘其纵向应力由拉应力转变为压应力,纵向压缩塑性变形量逐渐下降,离焊缝较远受温度场影响较小的母材不产生塑性变形.     

Evaluation of residual stress development in FRP-metal hybrids using fiber Bragg grating sensors

This paper presents experimental measurement methods for the determination and evaluation of process related thermal residual stresses in fiber metal laminates. A cure monitoring system with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors is used to measure the in-plane strains during processing of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)-steel laminates. The simultaneous measurement captures the thermal expansion during the heating stages, the cure shrinkage, and the cooling thermal shrinkage. The results enable the characterization of the co-cure bonding process and the stress transfer between the metal and FRP-layers during the creation process. The residual strains, which are used for calculation of the residual stresses, are recorded at room temperature after manufacturing. In addition, an advanced method using FBG-sensors and the deflection of asymmetric hybrid specimens is developed to validate the gained residual stress data. Asymmetrical specimens are created by removing selected layers after cure. Quantitative evaluation is achieved by determination of their curvature and measuring the strain changes with the embedded FBG-sensors. For validation, the methods were successfully demonstrated on two different curing cycles with different resulting residual stress levels. The simultaneous strain measurement enables the investigation of stress development and delivers more in-depth process knowledge for further optimization of the manufacturing process.     

纤维增强金属基复合材料中轴向热残余应力分析

采用ANSYS有限元分析软件,通过显微复合材料模型,系统地分析了纤维直径、TiC 中间层厚度、纤维体积分数和制备温度等因素对SiC纤维增强Cu基复合材料轴向热残余应力的影响特征.结果表明,纤维直径的变化并不影响热应力的人小,但直径越小应力梯度越大;TiC中间层的厚度变化对自身及基体中的应力影响较小:但制备温度的变化对TiC层中的热应力影响较大;纤维体积分数的变化对纤维和基体中的热应力也有着非常显著的影响.     

SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的热循环行为研究

基于材料微观组织建立了视场胞元模型,并采用商用有限元软件ABAQUS对胞元模型进行温度循环的数值模拟,着重分析热循环中基体和增强颗粒的等效应力分布规律,及主应力σ_(11)和σ_(22)的分布规律.结果表明:在热循环的升温阶段,基体的主热应力整体表现为压应力,增强颗粒表现为拉应力;在降温阶段,基体表现为拉应力,增强颗粒表现为压应力;在模拟中,对3次循环中的主热应力σ_(22)做了统计,发现不论是基体还是增强颗粒,从第2次循环开始,热应力就开始趋于稳定.通过改变单元胞中颗粒的体积分数进一步分析体积分数变化对颗粒增强金属基复合材料热循环的影响,结果发现体积分数减小之后,基体和增强颗粒应力分布变得均匀,并且各次循环中的热应力相差不大,比较稳定.最后对热循环中的应变滞后回线进行了分析,表明高体积分数下的复合材料具有高的热稳定性.     

Determination and Relaxation of Residual Stress in 2024 Al-30 vol.% Magnesium Borate Whisker Composites

Residual stresses in 30 vol.% magnesium borate whisker-reinforced 2024 aluminum matrix composites have been determined by a nanoindentation method which takes into consideration pile-up and sink-in effects on indentation contact depth. Owing to the thermal mismatch and the large difference in elasticity modulus between the Al matrix and MBO whiskers, tensile residual stress was introduced to Al matrix material during fabrication. It was found that the solution treatment reduced the tensile residual stress by producing interfacial component and dislocations in the composites. Cryogenic cooling released the stress via reversing the tensile residual stress to compression in the matrix, which was more effective than solution treatment to release the tension stress in the composites. The combination of the solution treatment and the cryogenic cooling provided the most effective procedure to release the residual stress in the composites, which reduced the tensile residual stress from 232.6 to 56.5 MPa, i.e., 76% reduction. Meanwhile, no cracks were observed in the composite when processed with such sudden thermal shocking.     

Cracking mechanism in as-cast GH4151 superalloy ingot with high γ′; phase content

The fundamental mechanism of the cracking formation was investigated for the as-cast GH4151 superalloy. By analyzing the characteristics of cracking, the cracking mechanism was determined to be the cold crack formed during the cooling process. And cold cracking is closely related to severe segregation, complex precipitates and uneven γ' phase distribution. During cooling process, cracks were generated around the precipitates due to their different linear shrinkage coefficients. The annealing treatment process controlling the residual stress, the size and morphology of γ' phase was proposed. The annealing treatment plays a role in reducing residual stress through decreasing the thermal gradient and controlling the size distribution of γ' phase to reduce the strain concentration around the precipitate phases.     

Isothermal and thermomechanical finite-element analysis of the tube drawing process using a fixed tapered plug

Quality is a very important feature in the manufacturing of products such as tube. Nonhomogeneous deformation, common to most metalforming operations, leaves the product in a cold worked state, resulting in a pattern of residual stresses. Depending on the nature and magnitude of residual stresses, they may be detrimental or beneficial to the strength and reliability of the product. To evaluate the residual stresses in the product, a complete stress analysis of the workpiece throughout the deformation history is required. In this study, a large deformation, nonlinear, elastic-plastic finite-element code was used to investigate the effect of friction, drawing speed, degree of plastic work (reduction in area), and the die/plug geometry on the extent of temperature increase, induced residual stresses, and the required drawing load in the drawing of oxygen-free high-conductivity (OFHC) copper tube using a fixed, tapered plug. Complete simulations of the tube drawing process were conducted by tracing its deformation history from the point at which it entered the die area until it exited the die. The resulting thermal effects were then used to determine the required drawing loads and induced residual stress distributions throughout the tube wall thickness. Similar simulations were conducted without taking into account the thermal effects. Equivalent plastic strain, equivalent stress, longitudinal stress, and circumferential residual stresses are presented and compared for both the isothermal and the thermally coupled analysis.