The Effect of a Bandpass Nonlinearity on Signal Detectability

When an angle-modulated signal plus noise constitute the input to a bandpass device exhibiting a nonlinear input-output power characteristic and AM to PM conversion, the noise component of the output has altered first- and second-order statistics. A method of evaluating the two-dimensional first-order statistics of this noise is presented. The effect on signal detectability of a nonlinearity inserted between two channel noise sources is studied; expressions for the mean square received phase error and probability of error (for coherent digital phase modulation) are derived. The hard limiting satellite channel, with Gaussian noise on the up and down links, is examined in detail, and it is demonstrated that the limiter can significantly affect signal detectability.     

On the Performance of Digital Communication Systems With Bandpass Limiters--Part II: Two-Link System

This paper examines the performance of a two-link digital communication system operating in the presence of Gaussian noise on both links when bandpass limiters are inserted into the system. The product of the signal time duration and the noise bandwidth for the systems under consideration is small. It is concluded that under certain conditions, the presence of a limiter can improve the performance of the system. Also, a simplification of previous work is presented when an infinite clipper is introduced at baseband in the detector.     

Amplitude demodulation of filtered AM/PM signals

The input signal is assumed to be simultaneously amplitude and phase modulated (AM and PM), and the bandpass filter may be unsymmetrical and mistuned. The demodulator output is the magnitude of the filtered signal for an AM receiver or its phase for a PM receiver. For such a system with amplitude demodulation, the results are found and presented in the form of an expansion in which the leading term is the linear (i.e., undistorted) reproduction of the input AM and the successive terms represent the distortion and crossmodulation. The significant effects are given by the first few terms of the expansion because the applications of interest are those in which the distortion is small. A spectral analysis is performed on the output of an AM receiver. The leading DC, linear, and nonlinear terms of the output power spectrum are derived by assuming that the amplitude- and phase-modulating signals are uncorrelated zero-mean random Gaussian processes     

Improvement of signal-to-noise ratio in an ideal bandpass limiter with a hysteresis

A sinusoidal signal and Gaussian noise lying in a narrow bandpass through an ideal limiter with a hysteresis, followed by a filter that confines the output to the vicinity of the input frequencies. It is indicated by experiments that a significant improvement in the output SNR at low input SNR can be achieved by this nonlinear device.     

An efficient baseband modem technique for data transmission overanalog FM links

In mobile radio where data are transmitted over existing analog FM systems, the receive bandpass bandwidth, which is adapted to the analog speech transmission, is larger than would be required by data transmission. This results in poor error performance. A novel baseband modem technique which drastically improves the error performance is proposed and analyzed. A smearing filter is used to convert the compound baseband noise at the limiter discriminator output to approximately Gaussian noise. This optimizes the performance at large carrier-to-noise ratios (CNRs). A baseband click detection and elimination scheme, which improves the performance at small CNR is proposed. Simulation results show that this system requires 3.8 dB less CNR than the conventional digital FM system to achieve a bit error probability of 10^-4. It is concluded that the technique is attractive for data transmission over analog FM links     

Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation of Binary Sequences Transmitted Over Bandlimited Nonlinear Channels

The problem of designing and evaluating the performance of a maximum likelihood sequence receiver for binary PSK transmission over bandlimited nonlinear channels is considered in this paper. The effects of intersymbol interference followed by AM/AM and AM/PM conversions are taken into account while optimizing the performance in the presence of white Gaussian noise. A new representation for the output of a bandpass nonlinearity is given when the input consists of a carrier signal modulated by a sum of binary overlapping pulses. The structure of a maximum likelihood sequence receiver for a bandlimited nonlinear channel is derived using this representation. The receiver uses a modified Viterbi algorithm to determine the most likely sequence of data symbols transmitted. An upperbound on the probability of symbol error for this receiver is obtained. Numerical results illustrating the applicability of the present work to optimizing the performance of a digital satellite communications link are also presented.     

An analytic expression for the magnitudes of the signal and intermodulation outputs of an ideal hard limiter,assuming n input signals plus gaussian noise

An expression is derived that gives the output fundamental and intermodulation product magnitudes for an ideal hard limiter, for the case of n input signals plus Gaussian noise. The expression is derived by building upon previous work by Shimbo⁴ to account for the Gaussian noise input. The expression is implemented in a computational tool. Results are generated and are compared with data generated by Jain⁵ for three-signal suppression, and by Blachman¹¹ for the functional relationship between the output and input SNR for a bandpass limiter. In all cases, the data generated agree extremely well with published results.     

AM suppression with low AM-PM conversion with the aid of avariable-gain amplifier

This paper proposes the use of a variable-gain amplifier instead of a hard limiter for amplitude modulation (AM) suppression with low AM-PM (phase modulation) conversion. A hard limiter shows phase shift variations through input-amplitude dependent changes in output waveform, combined with bandwidth limitations. It is shown that these can be kept small only for limiter bandwidths much larger than the input frequency. A linear amplifier with variable gain used for AM suppression does not suffer from this problem. A CMOS variable-gain amplifier with gain-insensitive phase shift has been designed for this purpose. The benefits and limitations of the technique are explored with reference to an experimental 2.5 μm BiCMOS chip for a television IF demodulator. Experimental and simulation results indicate that the AM-PM conversion can be kept below 0.5° at 40 MHz over an input amplitude range of 20 dB, where typical hard limiters show 3-5°. This is achieved with an amplifier bandwidth of 80 MHz, while a hard limiter would need a bandwidth of more than 600 MHz to obtain similar results     

Limiter-differential detection of a frequency-hopped CPFSKdiversity system in partial-band jamming

The error probability achieved by a differential detector with a bandpass limiter preceding the receiver is analyzed for a slow-frequency-hopped CPFSK diversity waveform transmitted over a partial-band noise jamming channel, and is compared to the system's performance without the bandpass limiter. The system's thermal noise is not neglected in the analysis. In principle, each bit is repeated on L different hops, and for the FH/CPFSK system analyzed, these repetitions are combined to yield a soft decision. The main result is that a diversity gain for error rate improvement in worst-case partial-band jamming is realized with the detector preceded by a limiter, but not without the limiter. This is shown by considering the error probability for L=2 in comparison with that for L=1     

Synthesis of bandlimited signals with independent amplitude and phase modulation

The synthesis of a bandpass bandlimited signal with independent AM and PM channels is considered, where the bandwidth of each of the two information signals is required to be less than or equal to half the bandwidth of the bandpass signal. A simple iterative algorithm for generation of the bandpass signal is proposed, and sample results are presented. It is shown that this approach may be useful in simultaneous amplitude phase transmission systems even when the number of iterations is small.     

一种具备高镜像抑制比的带通滤波器设计

介绍一种高镜像抑制比的带通滤波器的设计。在音频领域里所接触的大多为实数滤波器,滤波器的频率点具备对称性的特点,这就对信号处理领域带来很大的麻烦,如AM、FM中频滤波时产生的镜像频率,会对正常的搜台产生很大的干扰。此设计利用复数滤波器的特点,设计出一种具备高镜像抑制比的带通滤波器,应用于数字调谐收音机解调系统里面。由于采用的是全集成的复数带通滤波器,节省了传统的外部中频滤波器的成本及空间;实测镜像抑制比达40 dB,大大降低了搜台的误操作,提高了整机系统的信噪比,在信号处理领域有一定的借鉴意义。     

Effects of One Large Signal on Small Signals in a Memoryless Nonlinear Bandpass Amplifier

The theoretical relationships are presented for determining the output amplitude and phase of each small signal when commonly amplified with a large signal by a memoryless nonlinear amplifier. Both the amplitude and phase of each output small signal depend on the input amplitude of the large signal and on the AM/AM and AM/PM characteristics of the nonlinear amplifier. If the nonlinear amplifier is a hard limiter without AM/PM conversion, then the well-known result can also be derived from a general formula developed in this paper. A numerical example is given and confirmed by laboratory measurement.     

Performance of Coherent PSK and DSPK Systems in an Impulsive and Gaussian Noise Environment

General probability of error expressions of coherent PSK and differentially coherent DPSK systems in the presence of both impulsive and Gaussian noise are derived. The presented impulsive and Gaussian channel disturbance is a first-order approximation to operational multichannel satellite and terrestrial microwave systems in which in addition to front-end Gaussian noise, out-of-band intermodulation noise is also present. Our analysis contains an extension of the method developed by Bello and Esposito [1], [2] to include the Gaussian as well as the impulsive noise environment. Computed results are presented for a one-pole bandpass filter and a lognormal impulse amplitude distribution. The numerical results show that a welldefined threshold region exists, above which the effect of the impulsive noise on the system performance is predominant. A comparative study of system performance having integrate-sample-and-dump receivers with sample-only receivers is presented.     

Polarization-insensitive frequency-shift-keying optical heterodynereceiver using discriminator demodulation

A polarization-state-independent binary frequency-shift-keying optical heterodyne receiver, achieved by splitting the received signal between two orthogonal polarization axes and combining the signals after demodulation, is described. The authors consider various receiver configurations, using a discriminator with a limiter for applications in which received-signal-envelope fluctuations cannot be ignored, and without a limiter when the fluctuations are negligible. For applications that require the limiter, a diversity method or a variable-gain limiter that improves the performance of the limiter/discriminator receiver is proposed. Numerical results indicate that with diversity and a limiter/discriminator structure, polarization independence can be achieved with a system performance which is nearly that of an ideal receiver. Using a discriminator without a limiter, when there is no source of envelope fluctuations other than those due to Gaussian noise, the receiver performance degradation compared to the ideal baseline receiver is 0.5 dB     

An Analysis of a Real-Time Transform Domain Filtering Digital Communication System--Part I: Narrow-Band Interference Rejection

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the performance of systems recently proposed by various authors in which the received signal is Fourier transformed in real time (usually with a surface acoustic wave device) and then filtered by a multiplication of the transformed signal by an appropriate transfer function. We shall refer to this operation as transform domain filtering. General expressions for the output waveforms of the system will be derived, and a specific example illustrating the performance of the system when operating in the presence of a narrow-band interferer plus additive white Gaussian noise will be presented. It will be shown that certain filtering techniques not feasible in conventional systems, such as filtering with ideal bandpass filters, become straightforward using transform domain filtering. Finally, a receiver will be described which will eliminate that intersymbol interference between adjacent data symbols due to filtering at the receiver.     

BPSK and QPSK non‐linear satellite communication system performance in the presence of cochannel interference

Taking the uplink and downlink cochannel interference and noise into account, the analytical expressions are derived for determining the bit error probability in detecting a binary phase‐shift‐keying (BPSK) and a quaternary phase‐shift‐keying (QPSK) Gray coded signal, transmitted over a satellite system exhibiting amplitude modulation‐to‐amplitude modulation (AM/AM) conversion effects and amplitude modulation‐to‐phase modulation (AM/PM) conversion effects. On the basis on the derived theoretic formulae, using real‐life system parameters, numerical results are obtained and presented. We point out the explicit comparisons of satellite communication system performance obtained when a satellite transponder amplifier is modelled by a hard‐limiter and those obtained when both AM/AM and AM/PM non‐linearities of the satellite transponder amplifier are taken into consideration. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the Threshold Performance of a PCM/FM Receiver

Studies for the Skylab PCM links reveal that for a binary PCM/FM communication receiving system with a rectangular predetection bandpass filter, an ideal limiter discriminator and an ideal integrate-and-dump postdetection filter, suboptimal system performance can be achieved by choosing the largest possible value of deviation index which lies approximately at0.7 + 2n, wheren = 0,1,.. ,k. The upper limitkofnis partially determined by the reconstructability of the PCM signal after passing through the bandpass filter. Experimental data support favorably the theoretical result.     

Binary CPSK Performance Analysis for Saturating Band-Limited Channels

An expression is derived for the error probability of binary CPSK signals received over a soft-limited channel in the presence of pre- and post-limiter additive Ganssian noise. Although this expression is not in closed form, it may be efficiently evaluated to any desired accuracy using a recurrence method developed in the appendix. System performance is also evaluated when the signals are subjected to bandlimiting as well as Gaussian noise preceding the limiter. Moment space techniques are used to obtain upper and lower bounds on the errorrate in terms of the error-rate in the presence of Gaussian noise alone. Numerical examples are presented for a channel which includes a Chebyshev filter preceding the limiter. These illustrate that the bounds are tight enough for most practical purposes.     

Circularly complex Gaussian noise--A price theorem and a Mehler expansion (Corresp.)

In this correspondence, the Price theorem forn-dimensional circularly complex Gaussian noise is given and examples of its use are presented. The Mehler expansion for two-dimensional circularly complex Gaussian noise is derived. Some properties of the complex Hermite polynomials required in this expansion are presented. The use of the complex Hermite polynomials is illustrated. These results ease some of the calculations involved with bandpass signals and noise.