测量电场的铌酸锂光传感器综述

铌酸锂(LiNbO3)光传感器具有灵敏度高,不受外部电磁场干扰的特性,吸引了越来越多科研工作者的注意。对基于不同类型传感器的制作工艺、传感原理和适用范围,介绍了3种用于测量电场的铌酸锂光传感器,它们分别是:基于Mach-Zehnder波导调制器与微多环天线的集成方位角铌酸锂光传感器;铌酸锂介质波导光传感器;室温直接粘接的铌酸锂晶体层高电压光传感器。     

用于粘连手写体汉字切分的二次寻点算法

离线手写体汉字的切分是离线汉字识别的基础,其中以粘连字体的切分最难。文章提出了一种对粘连手写体汉字粘连位置精确定位的算法。该算法包含两次寻点过程,第一步寻找波谷点,对粘连字的分割位置进行粗定位;第二步寻找理想切分点,即结合波谷点与波谷邻近特征点的综合位置,最终给出切分线定位,以实现粘连汉字的切分。     

Segmentation of external force field for automatic initialization and splitting of snakes

Active contours or snakes have been extensively utilized in handling image segmentation and classification problems. In traditional active contour models, snake initialization is performed manually by users, and topological changes, such as splitting of the snake, cannot be automatically handled.In this paper, we introduce a new method to solve the snake initialization and splitting problem, based on an area segmentation approach: the external force field is segmented first, and then the snake initialization and splitting can be automatically performed by using the segmented external force field. Such initialization and splitting produces multiple snakes, each of which is within the capture range associated to an object and will be evolved to the object boundary.The external force used in this paper is a gradient vector flow with an edge-preserving property (EPGVF), which can prevent the snakes from passing over weak boundaries. To segment the external force field, we represent it with a graph, and a graph-theory approach can be taken to determine the membership of each pixel. Experimental results establish the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Error-based segmentation of cloud data for direct rapid prototyping

This paper proposes an error-based segmentation approach for direct rapid prototyping (RP) of random cloud data. The objective is to fully integrate reverse engineering and RP for rapid product development. By constructing an intermediate point-based curve model (IPCM), a layer-based RP model is directly generated from the cloud data and served as the input to the RP machine for fabrication. In this process, neither a surface model nor an STL file is generated. This is accomplished via three steps. First, the cloud data is adaptively subdivided into a set of regions according to a given subdivision error, and the data in each region is compressed by keeping the feature points (FPs) within the user-defined shape tolerance using a digital image based reduction method. Second, based on the FPs of each region, an IPCM is constructed, and RP layer contours are then directly extracted from the models. Finally, the RP layer contours are faired with a discrete curvature based fairing method and subsequently closed to generate the final layer-based RP model. This RP model can be directly submitted to the RP machine for prototype manufacturing. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the efficacy of the approach.     

基于特征点和改进ICP的三维点云数据配准算法

在光学非接触三维测量中,复杂对象的重构需要多组测量数据的配准。最近点迭代(ICP)算法是三维激光扫描数据处理中点云数据配准的一种经典的数学方法,为了获得更好的配准结果,在ICP算法的基础之上,提出了结合基于特征点的等曲率预配准方法和邻近搜索ICP改进算法的精细配准,自动进行点云数据配准的算法,经对牙齿点云模型实验发现,点云数据量越大,算法的配准速度优势越明显,采用ICP算法的运行时间(194.58 s)远大于本算法的运行时间(89.13 s)。应用实例表明:该算法具有速度快、精度高的特点,算法效果良好。     

非特征点双目测距技术研究

提出了一种局部稠密匹配与人工干预相结合的测距方案,利用非特征点与特征点的位置关系,构建“最小矩形”以缩小匹配范围,再应用NCC（归一化互相关）算法对非特征点进行稠密立体匹配,最后根据双目测距原理直接获取非特征点的距离信息。该方法能任意选取图像上的非特征点进行实时距离测量,具有精度高、速度快和操作性强等优点。     

一种使用计算机提取人脸图像特征的阈值最优分层法

在人脸识别中,人脸图像对光照环境变化非常敏感,并严重地影响人脸图像的识别率。针对这一问题,提出了一种使用计算机提取人脸图像特征的阈值最优分层法。该方法依据定义的图象空间分割原理,将图像阈值的选取问题转化为阈值的最优化问题,对所设计的目标函数引入加权系数,并利用单纯形法进行寻优,使问题的求解更符合实际。采用ORL人脸数据库进行仿真实验,利用阈值最优分层法将人脸图象空间划分成不相重叠的子图象空间,使每层子图象空间象素数均匀分布。结果表明,该方法具有阈值自适应调节的特性,避免了固定阈值选取对光照环境变化非常敏感的缺点,对人脸图像的识别具有一定的意义。     

城市航空影像中建筑群的FCM聚类分割方法

在低分辨率城市航空影像中建筑群由于阴影的存在造成其灰度呈现明暗变化,采用基于像素级的分割方法以及阈值分割方法均不能得到好的结果。为了充分利用这种明暗变化的信息,讨论了一种以图像子块灰度的标准差和直方图的墒作为特征矢量,采用基于模糊C-均值(FCM)的分块聚类方法用于建筑群的粗略分割,由于分块有重叠,造成边界块的归属不明确,因此根据包含边界块的子块的隶属度来确定边界块的归属,从而得到了正确的边界区域,并利用区域生长和闭合运算对边界进行细化。对实际图像进行实验结果表明,该方法是有效的。     

用于网络搜索引擎的中文分词消岐算法

在正向最大匹配法的基础上,提出了一种便于在网络搜索引擎上使用的消除歧义的方法.通过利用单字词和二字词的高频特性以及不同词条的词频特点,再加上长词优先的原则,来消除在分词中可能会出现的交集型歧义和组合型歧义.实验结果表明:改进的回溯算法,比最大正向匹配法和回溯法的消歧更加有效.对高频交集型歧义字段取样分析结果表明,改进的...     

用于空间的三反射镜光学系统设计

现代空间光学的发展需要很大的线视场、像质接近衍射极限或很大相对口径的无中心遮拦反射系统。能满足这些要求的非三反射系统莫属,虽然现在已有功能十分齐全的光学系统自动优化软件,但求出一个合理的初始结构尺寸还是十分重要的。文章主要探讨了用于空间的三反射镜光学系统设计方法。     

Unified optical flow field approach to motion analysis from a sequence of stereo images

In this paper a new approach to motion analysis from stereo image sequences using unified temporal and spatial optical flow field (UOFF) is reported. That is, based on a four-frame rectangular model and the associated six UOFF field quantities, a set of equations is derived from which both position and velocity can be determined. It does not require feature extraction and correspondence establishment, which are known to be difficult, and only partial solutions suitable for simplistic situations have been developed. Furthermore, it is capable of detecting multiple moving objects even when partial occlusion occurs, and is potentially suitable for nonrigid motion analysis. Unlike the current existing techniques for motion analysis from stereo imagery, the recovered motion by using this new approach is for a whole continuous field instead of only for some features. It is a purely optical flow approach. Two experiments are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach.     

Dynamic estimation of optical flow field using objective functions

Optical flow (image velocity) fields are computed and interpreted from an image sequence by incorporating knowledge of object kinematics. Linear and quadratic objective functions are defined by considering the kinematics, and the function parameters are estimated simultaneously with the computation of the velocity field by relaxation. The objective functions provide an interpretation of the dynamic scenes and, at the same time, serve as the smoothness constraints. The computation is initially based on measured perpendicular velocity components of contours or region boundaries which, due to the ‘aperture problem’, are theoretically not the true perpendicular velocity components. This difficulty is alleviated by introducing a dynamic procedure for the measurement of the perpendicular components. Experiments on using objective functions for synthetic and real images of translating and rotating objects generated velocity fields that are meaningful and consistent with visual perception.     

A multi-spectral non-local method for retrieval of boundary layer cloud properties from optical remote sensing data

A multi-spectral non-local (MSN) method is developed for advanced retrieval of boundary layer cloud properties from remote sensing data, as an alternative to the independent pixel approximation (IPA) method. The non-local method uses data at both the target pixel and neighboring pixels to retrieve cloud properties such as pixel-averaged cloud optical thickness and effective droplet radius. Radiance data to be observed from space were simulated by a three-dimensional (3D) radiation model and a stochastic boundary layer cloud model with two-dimensional (horizontal and vertical) variability in cloud liquid water and effective radius. An adiabatic assumption is used for each cloud column to model the geometrical thickness and vertical profiles of cloud liquid water content and effective droplet radius, neglecting drizzle and cloud brokenness for simplicity. The dependence of radiative smoothing and roughening on horizontal scale, optical thickness and single scattering albedo are investigated. Then, retrieval methods using 250-m horizontal resolution data onboard new generation satellites are discussed. The regression model for the MSN method was trained based on datasets from numerical simulations. The training was performed with respect to various domain averages of optical thickness and effective radius, because smoothing and roughening effects are strongly dependent on the two variables. Retrieval accuracy is discussed here with datasets independent of those used in the training, towards assessing the generality of the technique. It is demonstrated that retrieval accuracy of cloud optical thickness, which is often retrieved from single-spectral visible-wavelength data, is improved the most using neighboring pixel data and secondly using multi-spectral data, and ideally with both. When the IPA retrieval method is applied to optical thickness and effective radius, the root-mean-square relative errors can be 15-90%, depending on solar and view directions. In contrast, the MSN method has errors of 4-10%, which is smaller than IPA by a factor of 2-10. It is also suggested that the accuracy of the MSN method is insensitive to some assumptions in the inhomogeneous cloud input data used to train the regression model.     

新型电场传感器应用于输电线电场测量

基于高性能的微电子机械系统(MEMS)工频电场传感器系统开展了高压架空输电线下电场测量应用研究.为了获得电场分布规律,基于模拟电荷法,建立了输电导线的二维电场计算通用模型.传感器系统核心敏感芯片基于电荷感应原理,采用MEMS技术加工制作.在0~1000kV/m工频电场范围内,传感器系统的总不确定度为1.53%,分辨力达到了20V/m.仿真与测试结果表明:35kV与10kV输电线下的电场计算结果与传感器系统的测量结果偏差分别为6%和10%,并与传统的Narda EFA-300电磁场分析仪测量结果具有较好的一致性.     

一种光斑图像的阈值分割和光斑中心坐标的计算方法

工业测量中经常需要从获取的光斑图像中提取光斑区域,计算光斑中心的坐标。针对光斑图像具有背景区域较暗且面积大,目标(光斑)区域较亮且面积小的特点,提出了一种适用于光斑图像的阈值分割方法,计算单个光斑中心坐标的重心法,以及采用连通区域标记和区域大小排序计算多个光斑中心坐标的方法。与其他阈值分割方法比较后的实验结果表明,所提出的方法可更好地分割光斑图像,与期望的人工选取的阈值最接近,计算得到的光斑中心坐标准确,且运行时间较短。     

一种光斑图像的阈值分割和光斑中心坐标的计算方法

工业测量中经常需要从获取的光斑图像中提取光斑区域．计算光斑中心的坐标。针对光斑图像具有背景区域较暗且面积大,目标（光斑）区域较亮且面积小的特点,提出了一种适用于光斑图像的阈值分割方法．计算单个光斑中心坐标的重心法．以及采用连通区域标记和区域大小排序计算多个光斑中心坐标的方法。与其他闽值分割方法比较后的实验结果表明,所提出的方法可更好地分割光斑图像。与期望的人工选取的闽值最接近．计算得到的光斑中心坐标准确．且运行时间较短。     

平面点集Delaunay三角剖分的分治算法

为发展图形网格化技术,研究了平面点集的三角剖分算法.根据经典算法中在实际应用中遇到的共性问题,提炼了3个工具算法;为了更好地表示平面区域划分的拓扑信息,引入了双链接边表(DCEL)的数据结构.在此基础上,设计并实现了平面集Delaunay三角剖分分治算法,并对特殊退化情况进行了处理,通过计算表明了该算法时间复杂度为0(N* logN).实验数据结果验证了该算法的正确性、健壮性.     

LHC光纤数据链路传输中LOCic系统编解码延时测量

在高速数据传输中,数据传输延时是表征编解码系统性能的重要参数,特别是在欧洲核子中心LHC(大型强子对撞机)ATLAS(超环面仪器实验)探测器读出系统里尤为重要.针对将用于LHC ATLAS实验升级中的LOCic(线码在芯片专用集成电路)线性编码系统的FPGA实现给出了其延时参数测量的设计方法和实现过程.准确地测得了延时大小,说明了LOCic线性编码的低延时特性,为用于ATLAS实验升级中对该线性编码系统性能标定提供了依据.     

Assessment of apparent and inherent optical properties derived from SeaWiFS with field data

The knowledge of the absorption and scattering characteristics of the ocean supports diverse applications for studying biological and physical processes of marine ecosystems. The determination of the related inherent optical properties from remote sensing is addressed for a site located in the northern Adriatic Sea using coincident SeaWiFS images and field measurements. The proposed methodology first combines regional algorithms to determine the spectra of irradiance reflectance and diffuse attenuation coefficient from the normalized water leaving radiance by accounting for the bidirectional structure of the light field. These spectra are then used as inputs to an inverse model that yields the absorption, scattering, and backscattering coefficients of seawater (considered without the contribution of pure water). The uncertainties associated with the different steps in the sequence of calculations are quantified and discussed. Specifically, the analysis of 48 match-ups comparing in situ irradiance reflectance with that derived from remote sensing water leaving radiance shows mean absolute differences below 20% between 490 and 555 nm and approximately 30% at 443 and 670 nm. Lower discrepancies are obtained if more stringent criteria for the selection of match-ups are implemented (12-15% and 20-22%, respectively). The results obtained with 42 match-ups show a reasonable agreement for the absorption coefficient from 412 to 490 nm (approximately 35%), the scattering coefficient from 443 to 555 nm (approximately 30%), and the attenuation coefficient in the spectral range 412-555 nm (approximately 30%). Based on 17 match-ups, the comparison for the backscattering coefficient gives mean absolute differences in the range of 31-53%. The comparison between field and derived scattering properties suggests that the particulate scattering phase function inherent to the inverse model is not appropriate for the site considered. Finally, in the framework of the selected inversion scheme, uncertainties associated with the satellite derived irradiance reflectance in the blue and the determination of K_d at 490 nm through an empirical band ratio algorithm appear as the elements where improvements would be particularly needed to derive high quality spectra of inherent optical properties.