脂肽类生物表面活性剂在微生物采油中的应用

随着科学技术的进步,越来越多的生物物质被运用到石油开采过程中,同时发挥着重要的积极作用。脂肽是生物代谢过程中产生的一种具有表面活性功能的活性剂,在提高原油采收率方面具有很好的发展潜力。本文主要是在分析脂肽类生物表面活性剂的结构与特性的基础上,探讨其在微生物采油中的具体应用。     

表面活性剂在提高油田采收率中的应用

我国对石油的需求量逐年增高,而国内各大油田的常规石油开采量持续下降.为了进一步开采低孔低渗、稠油油藏等难采的剩余油储层,表面活性剂得到了广泛应用.综述了不同表面活性剂的特点以及目前的研究情况,并对表面活性剂的未来发展方向提出了一些建议.     

一株脂肽类生物表面活性剂产生菌的性能及其影响因素研究

通过对实验筛选出一株产脂肽类生物表面活性剂的菌株BW-23,进行性能及其影响因素研究.结果表明:脂肽表面活性剂的CMC浓度为70 mg/L时,表面张力为31.0 mN/m;发酵液稀释10倍后,乳化指数仍为24.72％;在10～60℃间菌株BW-23所产的生物表面活性剂的耐热性较好;菌株BW-23在pH值为5.0～8.0时表面活性最好;当NaCl浓度小于15％时,菌株BW-23水溶液的表面张力变化幅度最小;当Ca2+浓度达到5000 mg/L时,菌株BW-23水溶液的表面张力为30.5 mN/m.     

4种脂肽类生物表面活性剂的性能及其影响因素研究

实验室培养石油耐生菌并分离出4种阴离子脂肽类生物表面活性剂A8、A10-EA、A10-MeOH和B3.采用铂金板法和液滴形状分析法分别测定其平衡表面张力和动态界面张力,并研究生物表面活性剂的乳化性能及其对芘污染土壤的淋洗作用.结果表明:A8、A10-EA、A10-MeOH和B3的临界胶束浓度(cmc)分别为1.014,...     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂的研究进展

脂肽类生物表面活性剂是一类由微生物产生的次级代谢产物,具有独特的化学结构,表现出优良的表面活性和生理特性。简介了脂肽类生物表面活性剂的产生菌及其种类,重点介绍了海洋微生物所产的脂肽类表面活性剂,并展望了其研究前景。     

磷酸酯类表面活性剂的合成及其在皮革加脂中的应用

磷酸酯类表面活性剂是分子中含磷酸酯基或磷酸酯盐这类亲水基的表面活性剂的统称。简述了磷酸酯类表面活性剂的性能特点,详细综述了磷酸酯类表面活性剂的各种合成方法,并比较了各方法的优缺点,对其在皮革加脂中的应用进行了介绍,最后对其研究前景进行了展望。     

脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂的性能及助剂

分离提取了枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis THY-8发酵产物中的生物表面活性剂,采用飞行时间质谱鉴定为鼠李糖脂和表面活性素、芬芥素等的混合物。考察了该混合型生物表面活性剂的性能,研究了其对油砂原油的驱油效率,并探索了合适的助剂种类及配伍浓度。结果表明,THY-8所产的脂肽-糖脂混合型生物表面活性剂具有良好的表面活性、热稳定性和乳化性,pH值为5.5时表面张力为27.59 mN/m,临界胶束浓度为15 mg/L;在70 ℃放置5天,表面张力基本不变;可将液体石蜡乳化形成粒径10～30 μm的乳液。正辛醇助剂与该混合生物表面活性剂复配后界面张力降低到10?3 mN/m,驱油效率提高3.2倍。含0.9 g/L生物表面活性剂的发酵液驱油效果与正辛醇-生物表面活性剂复配体系相当。     

新型表面活性剂疏水缔合聚合物提高原油采收率的性能研究

介绍了渤海海上油田二元复合驱驱油的设计与开发方案,以新型表面活性剂(非离子型表面活性剂:DMES-14、TX-100)和疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(HAPAM)为主。二元复合驱驱油体系主要需要双子表面活性剂双十四酸乙二酯双磺酸盐型表面活性剂(DMES-14),疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺以及取自海上油田平台的回注水。该体系同时对粘度和表面张力进行了研究。结果表明,该体系在不要求浓度的情况下可以达到超低界面张力2.48×10~(-3) m N/m,在油藏中粘度可达到55 m Pa;随后的岩心驱替试验表明,在水驱含水75%的状况下进行二元复合驱驱油效果可提高至38.6%以上。总之,该实验研究提供了非离子表面活性剂与疏水缔合水溶性聚合物驱油体系的实用信息以及可以在渤海海上油田进行大规模应用HAPAM。     

一株产脂肽类生物表面活性剂菌株的分离及代谢产物分析

采用多次富集培养、血平板筛选方法,从新疆克拉玛依油田油水样中分离得到产生物表面活性剂菌株L1。该菌株与已培养的土壤芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus agri)的16S rDNA序列同源性达到99%;其代谢产物具有降低表面张力的作用,可以将发酵液表面张力从最初的69.56 mN.m-1降到29.36 mN.m-1;菌株代谢产物经薄层层析分析初步鉴定为脂肽类生物表面活性剂,红外光谱定性该生物表面活性剂属于环脂肽类表面活性剂。     

两性表面活性剂的合成及其在洗涤化妆品中的应用

系统介绍了两性表面活性剂在洗涤化妆品中的合成 ,应用 ,以及各自的优缺点 ,对开辟或拓宽两性表面活性剂的应用及研究和实际生产中选择何种两性表面活性剂提供了参考     

三次采油化学驱油技术现状与展望

介绍了几十年来采油技术的发展概况,概括了三次采油的种类,以及采油作用原理。针对化学驱采油的分类,详细阐述了表面活性剂驱和聚合物驱油采油所使用到的化学原料,并对化学驱油采油技术的发展要求和发展方向进行了展望。     

A Review of Gemini Surfactants: Potential Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery

Gemini surfactants are a group of novel surfactants with more than one hydrophilic head group and hydrophobic tail group linked by a spacer at or near the head groups. Unique properties of gemini surfactants, such as low critical micelle concentration, good water solubility, unusual micelle structures and aggregation behavior, high efficiency in reducing oil/water interfacial tension, and interesting rheological properties have attracted the attention of academic researchers and field experts. Rheological characterization and determination of the interfacial tension are two of the most important screening techniques for the evaluation and selection of chemicals for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). This review deals with rheology, wettability alteration, adsorption and interfacial properties of gemini surfactants and various factors affecting their performance. The review highlights the current research activities on the application of gemini surfactants in EOR.     

A Zwitterionic Surfactant Bearing Unsaturated Tail for Enhanced Oil Recovery in High‐Temperature High‐Salinity Reservoirs

High‐temperature/high‐salinity (HTHS) reservoirs contain a significant fraction of the world's remaining oil in place and are potential candidates for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Selection of suitable surfactants for such reservoirs is a challenging task. In this work, two synthesized zwitterionic surfactants bearing a saturated and an unsaturated tail, namely 3‐(N‐stearamidopropyl‐N,N‐dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate and 3‐(N‐oleamidopropyl‐N,N‐dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate, respectively, were evaluated. The surfactant with the unsaturated tail showed excellent solubility in synthetic seawater (57,643 ppm) and in formation brine (213,734 ppm). However, the unsaturated surfactant with a saturated tail showed poor solubility, and therefore it was not evaluated further. The thermal stability of the synthesized unsaturated surfactant solution in seawater was evaluated by heating the solution at 90 °C in a sealed aging tube for 2 weeks. The thermal stability of the unsaturated surfactant was confirmed by FTIR and NMR analysis of the aged samples at such harsh conditions. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the synthesized unsaturated surfactant in seawater was 1.02 × 10^?4 mol L^?1, while the surface tension at CMC was 30 mN m^?1. The synthesized unsaturated surfactant was able to reduce the oil–water interfacial tension to ~10^?1 mN m^?1 at different conditions. A commercial copolymer of acrylamide and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (AM‐AMPS) was tested for EOR applications in HTHS conditions. The addition of the synthesized unsaturated surfactant to the AM‐AMPS copolymer increased the viscosity of the system. The increase in oil recovery by injecting the unsaturated surfactant solution and the surfactant–polymer mixture in solution was 8 and 21%, respectively. The excellent properties of the synthesized unsaturated surfactant show that surfactants with an unsaturated tail can be an excellent choice for HTHS reservoirs.     

Gemini表面活性剂的结构特点及在采油中的应用

文章简要地介绍了Gemini表面活性剂的结构特点；从表面活性剂的作用原理出发，介绍了Gemini表面活性剂的优良性能：如表面张力、泡沫力、润湿力、优异的协同效应、耐温抗盐性等；在此基础上，阐述了该类表面活性剂在油田三次采油上的应用前景。     

Spontaneous Imbibition Experiments of Enhanced Oil Recovery with Surfactants and Complex Nano-Fluids

Two types of porous media were analyzed with the intention of exploring alternative enhanced oil recovery methods. Core samples were taken from the Tensleep Formation of the Black Mountain Field in Hot Springs County, WY. The lithology is mainly sandstone and dolomite. The measured effective porosity values ranged from 13.0 to 18.0%, and permeabilities from 19 to 68 md. Production from the Tensleep and Phosphoria formations using conventional methods has resulted in a low secondary recovery factor, possibly due to high capillary forces and an oil-wet formation. Different surfactants were investigated to determine the viability of a possible enhanced oil recovery process using a spontaneous imbibition process in Amott cells. A very high enhanced recovery factor of more than 89% was achieved using a complex nano-fluid that consists of a mixture of surfactant, solvent, co-solvent and water. These recovery factors compared with 13% by brine imbibition and up to 21% using commercial surfactants. At the other end of the scale, very high porosity volcanic pumice was also subjected to the same tests. For this rock the porosity values ranged from 65 to 90% and permeabilities were 2.0–2.7 d. Secondary recovery showed values up to 81% on spontaneous imbibition and up to 91% when surfactants were employed. These experimental results indicate that pumice has favorable reservoir characteristics, but, due to its weak brittle nature, it would not be expected that it could withstand the overburden stress at any significant depth. However, it does represent a useful laboratory specimen.     

三元复合驱乳化作用对提高采收率影响研究

通过系统的室内实验 ,研究了不同机械搅拌力、不同含水率条件下 ,表面活性剂、碱、聚合物组成的一元、三元溶液与原油的乳化能力、形成乳化液的类型、稳定性和相关性质 ,揭示了影响三元复合驱乳化的主要因素是油水比、化学剂类型及浓度、外力 ,且上述各种因素是综合起作用的。同时揭示了大庆油田三元复合驱矿场试验中井口采出液乳化产生的原因。乳化携带及乳化调剖等乳化作用是三元复合驱提高洗油效率、扩大波及体积的机理之一。通过室内物理模拟实验 ,得出三元复合驱原油乳化调整了层间、层内矛盾及三元复合驱原油乳化 ,在一定条件下有利于提高采收率的结论     

鱼下脚料中胶原蛋白的提取与应用

介绍了目前鱼下脚料的加工现状,综述了从鱼下脚料中提取胶原蛋白的方法以及胶原蛋白的应用.     

Improvement of the Selection Method of Surfactants and Their Mixtures for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery

Our research focuses on the evaluation of various surfactants by several test methods in order to develop the effective surfactants or their mixtures for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery (CEOR) and to characterize the most important surfactant properties.

Previously no correlation was found between the specific characteristics. Therefore, a complex evaluation (CE) method was developed to select the surfactants (Nagy et al., 2015 Nagy, R., Kothencz, R., Sallai, R., and Bartha, L. (2015). An improved method for the determination of HLB properties of nonionic surfactants, Int. J. Sci. Eng. Res., 6, 3. [Google Scholar]). A weak correlation was observed using the CE method. Thus, developments were needed to contribute significantly to the selection of nonionic surfactants and their mixtures for EOR applications. A new solubility property was incorporated to the screening method; therefore the correlation improved. A relationship was found between the additional oil yield and the solubility properties of anionic and nonionic surfactants. Therefore, the new evaluation method (CRE-complex rigorous evaluation) has a more accurate relationship with additional oil yield. This developed method can reduce the cost and time required for the applied screening method.     

Ultrasound- and Microwave-Assisted Extractions Facilitate Oil Recovery from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) By-Products and Enhance Fish Oil Quality Parameters

This research aimed to analyze ultrasound (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) as novel technologies for utilizing gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) by-products to produce high-quality fish oil for human consumption. The impacts of extraction parameters, namely, temperature, time, solvent-to-solid ratio, and their interactions on the extraction yield, are investigated using response surface methodology (RSM), and a central composite rotatable design. The optimized conditions are 15.47 mL g⁻¹ of solvent-to-solid ratio, 38 min, and 42 °C for UAE and 15.84 mL g⁻¹ of solvent-to-solid ratio, 18 min, and 40 °C for MAE. Under optimal conditions, the maximum extraction yields are 38.40 and 36.70% (g/g) for UAE and MAE, respectively. Both UAE and MAE have significantly higher mass transfer rates (61.70 and 121.58 g h⁻¹, respectively) than Soxhlet extraction (10.78 g h⁻¹). The fatty acid composition, physicochemical, and oxidation analyses of fish oils confirm the suitability of both UAE and MAE for the recovery of high-quality oils from fish processing by-products. The valorized oils mainly include unsaturated fatty acids (≈75%) and are rich in oleic acid. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy analysis reveals that the key driving force for fast oil extraction is the structural degradation of fish by-products caused by ultrasound and microwave. Practical Applications: Due to environmental and economic viewpoints, the validation of fish oil from fish industry by-products has become a popular research topic recently. Alternative recovery techniques such as ultrasound- (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) protocols may have additional benefits in producing functional oils. Interactive effects of process parameters determine the success of the extraction technique; therefore optimization is a critical approach when applying the extraction protocols. This study shows that UAE and MAE techniques significantly enhanced oil extraction rate from gilthead seabream (Sparus aurota) by-products at lower temperatures and by using lower amounts of solvent. UVA and MAE increase oxidative stability and do not change the fatty acid composition. Hence, the by-product of the gilthead seabream can be a sustainable and food-grade fish oil source and UAE and MAE can be a good alternative to the conventional (Soxhlet) extraction by providing high yield and quality oil.     

老化油回收处理技术及其在大庆油田的应用

老化油的及时回收与高效处理,对于节约能源,减轻污水处理和集输系统的压力,解决污水水质恶化超标,降低安全和环境隐患,具有重要意义。并介绍了大庆油田老化油回收处理技术使用或现场试验情况。