基于容积法的发动机油耗仪测控系统的设计

针对传统油耗仪可靠性差、测量精度低的问题,设计了一种新型发动机油耗仪测控系统.该油耗仪基于容积法测量原理,通过在测量容器中加入浮球,利用浮球遮光来检测液面信号的方法,有效地提高了传统油耗仪的测量精度和可靠性.     

采用QFP气动量仪检测整园轴瓦

一、概述 对内燃机整园轴瓦及各类衬套的测量,在目前轴瓦行业中一般都采用接触式机械通用量具和专用量具。由于轴瓦的减磨合金层质软极易在检测过程中划伤,不可避免带来深浅不一的测量痕迹。因而采用通用检具已不适应当前在精度上和效率上的需要了。 我厂从82年开始采用了Q F P浮标式气动量仪,达到了非接触测量的目的,并且提高了检测精度和检测效率。     

节能监测有关数据处理和抽样方法问题

<正> 1 测量误差 1.1等精度测量所谓等精度测量是指采用相同的测量基准、测量工具与测量方法,在同样的测量环境下,由同一个观测者进行的测量。由此所获得的一组数据,每个测量值都具有相同的精度,或者说同样可靠。实际上,如果上述条件基本相同,也可按等精度测量处理。节能监测中的数据测试大都属于等精度测量。 1.2最小二乘法最小二乘法实际上是使误差的平方和为最小,因此又叫“最小平方损失估计”。作为其典型应用,等精度独立测量某一量得一组数据x_1、x_2、…、x_n,用最小二乘法求得该量的最佳值,或     

基于图像识别的高温熔渣流量测量方法研究

熔渣流量是影响高温熔渣离心粒化效果的关键因素。为了测量熔渣流量,提出了一种流量测量方法,利用高速摄影机拍摄液柱流动图像,采用边缘检测、阈值分割等方法,获得液柱直径及流速,计算流量,采用常温甘油溶液作为测试对象进行实验,研究该方法测量精度的影响因素。结果显示,长曝光时间、合理的拍摄帧率、短物距有利于提高测量精度;同时,感兴趣区域（ROI）的位置为距管口2~5倍管径处、ROI长度为1/3~2/3倍管径时,测量精度较高。通过对实际高温熔渣流动过程的检测,其测量误差约9.0%,证明了该方法的实用性。     

车用发动机快速检测系统的测量研究

介绍了适用于快速检测发动机９项性能参数的ＥＦＴＳ－１检测系统。它具有高精度、快速测量、多功能综合检测等特点。并根据实际检测结果，对测量的精度进行了分析。     

600MW反应堆压力容器精度检测

压力容器制造精度采用坐标测量系统检测是新型检测技术。介绍压力容器上实体元素的测量 ,测量坐标系的建立与转换 ,以设计基准评定制造精度     

生物质的热转换技术和汽化装置的选择原则

固体燃料通过热化学转换后形成可燃气体的技术在一个世纪之前已经形成。它主要的应用范围是供热用的燃烧器和提供动力的内燃饥。生物质能在我国能源消耗结构中仍居第二位。根据1980年统计,约占总能耗量的25％,相当于每年175×10~6t的标准燃料。 30～40年代,甚至50年代中,我国曾广泛应用与发展过这一技术,并积累了十分可贵的经验。例如,城市车用白煤汽化炉就属于比较成功的一例。西南山区的木材、木炭汽化炉,华东     

汽车轴瓦壁厚分组和自动分选设备

轴瓦在工作中较小的油膜间隙可提升汽车发动机的动力,减小噪音,降低冲击和振动,降低故障率,提高发动机的可靠性.采用‘分组互换装配法’来控制相关零部件的备制和装配,不但可使轴瓦油膜间隙精度达到一个较高的水平,又可避免对零部件的加工设备提出更高的要求和加工成本的增加.轴瓦采用“分组互换装配法”需对轴瓦壁厚进行测量分组,采用轴瓦壁厚自动分选的方法来对轴瓦壁厚进行测量分组,可避免人工测量带来的测量误差大和效率低的问题.本文同时介绍一种轴瓦壁厚分组检测设备——轴瓦壁厚自动分选仪的工作原理,其测量精度和效率在使用中较为满意,能满足轴瓦生产、检测中的需求.     

基于闭环运动过程智能交流接触器位置检测方法研究

交流接触器分合闸过程中产生的电弧和触头的碰撞是影响其电气寿命的主要因素,通过调节励磁电流使其按照规划速度运行的闭环随动控制是实现其低速无弹跳闭合和快速无电弧分断的有效途径,因此速度实时准确地检测是实现其闭环控制的关键因素。针对现有速度检测装置测量精度低、测量量程小、结构复杂,不能在接触器上得到良好应用的问题,提出了一种新的速度检测方法和装置。分析计算了影响速度准确性的关键因素是磁链的准确计算,采用磁路解析法建立等效模型及仿真系统,利用有限元法分段计算铁心磁压降和漏磁对磁链计算的影响,相应地通过线性气隙补偿法使气隙磁感应强度保持恒定值,很大程度地提高了装置检测精度。仿真和实验表明,该检测方法具备较高的测量精度、响应快等优越性,能够很好地满足接触器运动速度的检测。     

座标测量机发展趋势

三座标测量机各零部件不断完善,测量功能不断提高。能测量各种复杂的几何形状,包括角度组合的测量。测量机的基本形状照旧,但用材却有了很大的发展,如从动力学研制出碳纤维层压材料、技术陶瓷材料、防止热膨胀的阳极处理轻质合金材料,还采用预应滚针导向机构等先进手段来提高测量机的精度,以适应高速的需要。传感器的精度特别高,为了适应各种不同几何形状的检测,三座标测量机需要各种不同的传感器,在多数情况下采用接触式传     

Estimation and projections of demand for crude petroleum and refined petroleum products

The purpose of this article is to estimate the demand and supply relationships of the US petroleum market. By measuring the elasticities and cross-elasticities of demand, the relative responsiveness of changes in prices and income and the possibility of substitution of alternative energy resources for petroleum are determined. The demand for refined products is also estimated. Finally, through projection of the demand for, and the domestic supply and imports of crude petroleum under alternative assumptions, a measure of the magnitude of physical reserves and capital requirements is obtained for policies of self-sufficiency and free trade.     

CHP development in Denmark Role and results

Energy conservation and restructuring towards more energy-efficient technology have been keywords in Danish energy policy in the 1970s and 1980s. This has been reflected especially in domestic heating, where gross energy consumption per square metre has dropped approximately 45% from the early 1970s onwards. This drop is directly related to the massive expansion of combined generation of heat and power (CHP) effected in the same period. Consequently, some 30% of Danish heat requirements are now met by CHP. The intention is to increase this share by a further 7% over the next decade, resulting in a 37% share of Denmark's total heat requirements by CHP in the year 2000.     

一款通用汽油机的排放优化

随着美国EPA对19kW以下的通用小型火花点燃式汽油机第三阶段排放法规的实施,现有的通机要达到该标准通常采取的技术方案是对汽油机进行优化和增加催化器。这种方案虽然能达到标准要求,但是汽油机的制造成本增加较多,大大降低了产品在美国市场的竞争力。在这种情况下国内迫切需要能够在不增加或很少增加成本的条件下,达到美国EPA第三阶段排放要求的解决方案。通过对现有产品排量的提升、进排气道的改造、活塞组的改制、点火提前角的匹配等方案的实施,使该机型达到了美国EPA第三阶段的要求。采用的是最终验证结果,对于过程中的无效或影响较小的方案没有进行描述。     

新型全绝缘熔断器在配电变压器中的应用

新型全绝缘高压喷射式熔断器是广泛应用在10kV架空配电开关柜的保护和开关设备,目前广泛采用的跌落式熔断器具有触头裸露、绝缘水平低、拉合操作有一定危险性等弊端,基于此,研发了适用于国内要求的熔断器,将绝缘防护性能和操作安全性均较常规的熔断器进行了较大改进,并按国内要求大幅提高了开断能力和耐压水平,可以拉合负荷电流,结合实际要求提出了全面的试验标准,并成功地通过了试验挂网运行。     

机车柴油机气门失效及新型气门研究

通过对柴油机气门材料和结构的对比分析,指出在目前国内机车柴油机上所使用的气门在材料和结构上不能满足使用要求。介绍了新材料气门的结构、性能和装机试验的情况。     

Factors influencing the technology upgrading and catch-up of Chinese wind turbine manufacturers: Technology acquisition mechanisms and government policies

This paper uses firm level data for the Chinese wind turbine manufacturing industry from 1998 to 2009 to quantify the effects of technology acquisition mechanisms – purchasing production licenses from foreign manufacturers, joint design with foreign design firms, joint-ventures and domestic R&D – on wind turbine manufacturers' technology levels (as measured by turbine size, in megawatts). It also examines the impacts of government policies on manufacturer technology levels. Technology upgrading (measured by increase of turbine size) and catch-up (measured by decrease in the distance to the world technology frontier in terms of turbine size) are used to measure advances in technology level. Results from econometric modeling studies indicate that firms' technology acquisition mechanisms and degree of business diversification are statistically significant factors in influencing technology upgrading. Similar results were found for the catch-up variable (i.e., distance to the world technology frontier). The influence of government policies is significant for technology upgrading but not catch-up. These and other modeling results are shown to have implications for both policymakers and wind turbine manufacturers.     

An assessment of optimal gas pricing in Russia: A CGE approach

Domestic gas prices in Russia are administratively regulated, and they are substantially lower than export netback prices. The administrative price regulation operates as an implicit subsidy on domestic gas consumption. The Russian government aims to liberalise domestic wholesale gas prices in the long term. While the “export netback parity” is defined as a political objective, it seems not to be a necessary target anymore. The export netback parity is not economically rational for Russia because the average export netback price of gas is higher than the marginal cost due to Gazprom's market power in export gas markets. An optimal domestic gas price is still not well-defined. This paper addresses this question by employing a comparative static, single-country, multi-sector Computable Generation Equilibrium model (CGE). The administrative regulation of domestic gas prices is explicitly modelled. The main findings are as follows. An increase in the domestic gas price provides economic efficiency gains: the more elastic the export and domestic demand for gas, the larger the welfare gains. The optimal domestic gas price should be approximately 55% of the export netback price. Increasing the domestic gas price provides additional government revenues, which can be used to reduce distortionary taxes. On sectoral effects, the structure of the Russian economy shifts from energy toward non-energy intensive sectors in response to an increase in the domestic gas price. There is an increase in the export supply of gas. Furthermore, an increase in the domestic gas price leads to a reduction in total CO₂ emissions.     

燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术的研究分析

本文综述了我国锅炉烟气脱硫技术研究历史、现状及近年来引进的烟气脱硫技术示范工程应用情况,分析了各种烟气脱硫技术的特点及存在的不足,提出了对于大型电站燃煤锅炉,可采用石灰石／石膏回收法等先进的烟气脱硫装置,但投资大;对于大量的中小型燃煤锅炉,由于烟囟较低,其排放的二氧化硫对地面的贡献率高达45％,急需研究开发一种价格适,脱硫效果达标,适合中国国情的实用烟气脱硫装置,推动我国的燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫技术的发展。     

高压共轨、单体泵和泵喷嘴燃油喷射系统分析

现代柴油机对燃油喷射系统的要求主要是要有高的喷射压力并全工况范围内可调、喷油定时灵活可调、高精度的油量控制包括预喷和后喷、以及喷油率在全工况范围内实时灵活可调。为满足上述对燃油喷射系统的要求,通常采用的主要技术措施包括:电控高压共轨技术、电控泵喷嘴技术、电控单体泵技术等。以上3种技术中,电控高压共轨技术已经基本成为国内应用开发的主流。     

Decision support system for exploiting local renewable energy sources: A case study of the Chigu area of southwestern Taiwan

The topic of climate and energy policy has drawn new attention since the Kyoto Protocol has now come into force. It is hoped that strengthened use of renewable energy sources can meet new international environmental requirements and provide self-sufficient domestic energy supplies. The decision support system established in this study integrates potential evaluations, cost analyses, legal incentives, and analysis of returns on investments with the aid of a geographic information system (GIS). This system can provide insights for policymakers into where and the extent of the potentials, for lawmakers into whether the current legal incentives are sufficient to encourage private investment, and for investors into whether investments in exploiting local renewable energy sources are economically feasible. Under the current incentive framework in Taiwan, the amortization periods of investment on renewable energy are generally longer than the period over which the investment is to be recovered. This presents an unfavorable condition for attracting investments to and for developing renewable energy. An increase in remuneration through legal revisions is needed before domestic investment in renewable energy will actively expand.