进一步发展海水淡化产业的制约因素和对策建议

海水淡化作为非常规水资源利用的重要组成部分,对于缓解水资源紧张具有重要意义。近年来,我国日益重视海水淡化产业发展,海水淡化产业获得较大发展。但是,成本、技术、政策等方面的制约因素阻碍了海水淡化产业快速健康发展。为进一步促进海水淡化产业规模化发展,迫切需要制定海水淡化产业专项规划和综合规划,促进关键技术设备国产化,推广降低能耗的海水淡化新技术,出台促进海水淡化发展的产业政策和经济政策。     

短程反渗透海水淡化工艺在海岛中的应用

根据海岛海水淡化的应用环境,分析了海岛对集约型海水淡化工艺的需求,提出了短程反渗透海水淡化工艺,从工艺原理、技术特点及在海岛中的应用优势进行了阐述,并通过300m3/d的工程案例从反渗透产水水质、压差能量回收装置性能和系统能耗等方面考察了短程反渗透海水淡化工艺的运行效果,处理效果验证了该工艺的可行性和技术优势。     

浙江海水淡化产业发展“十二五”规划出台

作为水资源缺乏的沿海省浙江,正将目光锁定在性价比日益突出的海水淡化水上,欲将其作为支撑该省海岛和沿海缺水地区发展海洋经济的重要资源。近日,浙江省发改委下发了《浙江省海水淡化产业发展"十二五"规划》(以下简称"规划")。"规划"提出,到2015年,浙江省将建成杭州国家级海水淡化产业基地,参与国际竞争的能力明显增强,扶持发展若干个核心竞争力较强、国际知名的海水淡化产业龙头企     

海水淡化在舟山海岛地区的适用性分析

舟山作为一个资源型缺水严重的海岛城市,面临舟山经济社会的快速发展,要求加快海岛供水基础设施的建设,以水资源的可持续发展为经济社会可持续发展提供保障.海水淡化作为解决海岛地区水资源紧缺问题的有效途径之一,与大陆引水、本地水资源开发相比存在不同的优势和劣势。根据海水淡化与其他水源工程的供水成本和优、劣势比较,并通过海水淡化在舟山海岛地区的适用性分析,提出海水淡化发展应“因岛制宜,统筹规划,综合利用”的论点。     

舟山大中型海岛海水淡化技术研究

通过对海水淡化技术在舟山海岛地区的适用性分析,得出海水淡化是解决舟山大中型海岛缺水问题的有效途径的结论。然后以舟山本岛为范例,研究舟山市大中型海岛海水淡化的整个工艺流程,探讨了大规模取水工艺、大型海水前处理工艺、淡化处理装置、海水净化后处理和利用问题,为舟山市其他大中型海岛实施海水利用起到示范作用。     

两部门印发海水淡化利用发展行动计划

正为深入贯彻习近平生态文明思想,推进海水淡化规模化利用,促进海水淡化产业高质量发展,保障沿海地区水资源安全,近日,国家发展改革委、自然资源部印发《海水淡化利用发展行动计划(2021-2025年)》(发改环资[2021]711号)。《行动计划》明确,到2025年,全国海水淡化总规模达到290万m~3/d以上,新增海水淡化规模125万m~3/d以上,其中沿海城市新增105万m~3/d以上,海岛地区新增20万m~3/d以上。海水淡化关键核心技术装备自主可控,产业链供应链现代化水平进一步提高。海水淡化利用的标准体系基本健全,政策机制更加完善。     

海岛地区淡水资源的保护与开发

综述了解决海岛缺水问题的途径及存在的问题：节约用水和废水资源化提高了有限水资源的使用率，但不能增加淡水总量；修建水库、开采地下水、收集雨水和大陆引水虽然能为海岛居民补充淡水，但受地质、气候、经济等因素影响较大，只有具备条件的海岛才能采用；进口虚拟水是补充海岛淡水的新颖方式，也只能在一定程度上缓解海岛缺水问题。与上述方式相比，海水 淡化以海水为水源，是解决海岛水资源匮乏问题、实现海岛水资源可持续发展的最佳途径。随着海水淡化技术的提高，将海水淡化与移动水处理技术相结合，应用在海岛地区，必将为海岛水资源的可持续发展提供广阔的前景。     

我国海水淡化产业发展趋势与探讨

海水淡化作为我国新兴产业,受到了各方面高度关注。文中通过对中国国内海水淡化发展现状以及多年来开展工作情况的收集、分析和整理,基本掌握了我国海水淡化产业发展规模、行业分布、技术特点、建设管理、投融资渠道和成本效益等方面情况。以此为基本资料分析了国内海水淡化存在的问题,提出促进海水淡化发展的建议和意见。     

小型反渗透海水淡化简易预处理方案设计与应用

海水淡化是解决海岛供水的重要途径,海水预处理是海水淡化技术的关键环节,完善的预处理方案可以保证反渗透海水淡化系统的正常运行,延长反渗透膜的使用寿命,降低海水淡化成本。本文针对小型海水淡化系统的预处理技术的应用,比较分析不同取水方式条件下的预处理方案,并结合福建东门屿独立新能源海水淡化项目的具体应用,对海岛小型海水淡化系统预处理技术的应用展开研究,在试运行过程中积累了一定的经验,可为类似工程提供借鉴和指导。     

我国膜法海水淡化技术现状与发展前景

本文介绍了我国利用膜技术进行海水淡化的进展,以及海岛地下苦咸水淡化的现状.还展望了海水淡化在我国进一步发展的前景.     

天津近岸海水淡化问题的探讨

天津地处渤海湾，是我国水资源严重短缺城市之一，发展海水淡化产业可有效缓解淡水资源的不足。当前海水淡化工艺技术还存在一些不尽如人意之处，需要下力气进行技术攻关，研究解决相关问题，实现海水淡化产业链．切实实现海水的综合利用。     

北京水资源战略——三位一体的海水淡化生态技术

通过对输水成本、供水安全的分析,指出"南水北调"工程未必是从根本上解决北京水资源短缺问题的最佳战略选择。根据生态经济学原理,提出将海水淡化、风力发电、盐业化工三种行业有机结合,集成一种三位一体的生态经济技术。这种战略构想目的在于贯彻全球普遍倡导的可持续经济发展战略以及落实我国目前实施的"循环经济"政策,从而一劳永逸地解决北京水资源的短缺问题。清洁的风电为反渗透海水淡化提供动力需要,反渗透产物不仅仅产生淡水,同时又为海盐等化工生产创造了浓缩液条件,集成这3种行业可以形成一种污染物零排放的可持续清洁生产技术。     

城市水资源开发利用措施综合效益评价模型研究

本文运用层次分析法原理建立了城市水资源开发利用措施综合效益评价模型,根据可持续发展观与循环经济理念,从能源节约、水资源良性循环、生态环境保护、社会公平等角度出发,提出了综合反应社会、经济与环境效益的评价指标体系.以建立的模型与指标体系对天津市的污水回用措施、海水淡化措施与南水北调措施做了综合效益评价,结果表明,污水回用措施的综合效益高于南水北调措施和海水淡化措施,南水北调措施的综合效益又高于海水淡化措施.     

我国海水淡化行业标准化现状分析

随着我国海水淡化产业的逐步形成,行业标准化工作的重要性日益突显。现行海水淡化标准44项,在编标准8项,待发布标准2项,各标准内容合理,关系协调,标龄分布相对适宜,但与海水淡化产业发展需求之间仍存在错位,在一定程度上制约了海水淡化产业的发展进程。因此需进一步完善海水淡化标准体系,为海水淡化产业的迅速崛起提供基础保障。     

Economic Analysis of Environmental Issues Regarding Seawater Desalination

Abstract

Desalination of seawater is becoming an important source of drinking water in many cities and towns, where the demand for water continues to increase, while the supply of fresh water is limited. We examine the economic aspects of several environmental issues that arise during consideration of desalination projects. We present a conceptual framework that demonstrates the differences between public and private objectives, and we use that framework to describe policies that can encourage firms and consumers to consider environmental impacts. Public policies can be implemented also to stimulate technological developments that will reduce the environmental impacts of desalination. We also examine the potential growth inducement effects of seawater desalination by describing the likely impacts of desalination on both the demand and supply components of the market for municipal water in a coastal area.     

加快建立我国农业节水保障体系的对策和建议

全面推进农业节水快速发展的关键是建立适应我国市场经济和现行农业经济体制条件下发展农业节水的保障体系。针对目前制约我国农业节水发展的主要问题，从科学规划，管理体制，投资机制，水价政策，科技创新，技术推广以及政策法规等方面提出了一些意见和建议。     

舟山群岛新区多源供水模式研究

根据舟山群岛新区水资源特点及开发利用现状,结合群岛新区城市及产业布局,提出解决水资源矛盾的基本思路:在加强节约用水的基础上,以本地水源、大陆引水水源为主体,海水淡化及其他水源为补充,构建多水源统一调度的供水模式,以提高水资源的供给保障能力。研究成果可为类似地区供水模式提供参考。     

Integrated Management of Non-conventional Water Resources in Anhydrous Islands

Anhydrous islands are dependent either on non-conventional water resources, such as desalinated seawater or reclaimed water from wastewater, or on water importation from the mainland. The latter option is often expensive and non-sustainable. Desalinated water can be used for potable and non-potable water applications, while reclaimed water can be used for non-potable water applications. Thus all water needs can be satisfied by an optimal blend of desalinated and reclaimed water. It is important to calculate the optimal capacities and locations of seawater desalination plants, wastewater treatment plants and water reclamation plants, and to estimate the water/wastewater conveyance system, in order to minimise water production and distribution costs. Mathematical modelling and optimisation techniques can be employed for calculating the optimum scenario: the satisfaction of all water needs at minimum cost. In this article, we have estimated the water demands taking into account water quality for the anhydrous Greek island of Syros, in the Aegean Sea. Syros has been subdivided into 6 regions, taking into account geographical and population distribution criteria. All water needs are to be satisfied by desalinated seawater and reclaimed water. A mixed-integer linear programming algorithm is used here to calculate the optimal scenario (location and capacities of desalination plants and wastewater treatment and water reclamation plants, as well as the desalinated water, reclaimed water and wastewater conveyance infrastructure needed) by minimising the annualised total cost including capital and operating costs.     

Conjunctive use of Inter-Basin Transferred and Desalinated Water in a Multi-Source Water Supply System Based on Cost-Benefit Analysis

Water shortage has forced coastal cities to seek multi-source water supply with a focus on inter-basin water and desalinated seawater. The differences of water supply costs pose a challenge in the optimal use of multiple water resources. This paper aims to understand the impact of desalinated seawater’s variable costs on multi-source water supply through a cost-benefit analysis method based on a multi-objective optimization model, considering different combination scenarios of desalination yield, streamflow condition, seawater desalting plant (SDP) scheme, water shortage index and utilization ratio of the SDP. The application in the coastal city Tianjin, China shows that the desalination yield has an impact on the tradeoff between the water shortage index and the total water supply cost and an optimal desalination yield can be determined at a turning point. And where the turning point appears is influenced by the utilization ratio of the SDP and streamflow conditions of inter-basin water. Moreover, a single centralized SDP is found to have an overall lower water supply cost than several decentralized small-sized SDPs. Lower water shortage index leads to higher cost, and the unit decrease of shortage index will need more added cost when the shortage index is very low. This method is proven to be effective in identifying the best conjunctive use of inter-basin water and desalinated seawater, which can contribute to relieve urban water shortage.