Displacement measurement using digital speckle multi-frequency harmonic wave correlation method

In the displacement measurement using digital speckle correlation method, significant measuring error due to the multi-peak nature of the correlation coefficient function is a critical issue as sometimes the secondary peak can be wrongly determined as the maximum instead of the highest peak. In the multi-frequency harmonic wave correlation method (MHCM) as proposed in this work, for speckle patterns before and after the displacement, correlation calculations were performed on corresponding sets of data matrices assembled by amplitudes/intensities obtained from harmonic waves with different frequencies. The calculated maximum correlation coefficients were compared with each other to locate the maximum in order to measure the displacement. Both ultrasonic speckle MHCM and laser speckle MHCM were applied to the displacement measurement respectively. Measured results indicated that MHCM effectively helps to ensure the correct determination of the maximum correlation coefficient, to avoid random errors caused by other factors and improves the measurement accuracy in the meanwhile.     

非接触应变测量的数字散斑相关方法的研究

针对传统接触式应变测量的局限性,探讨了基于数字图像处理技术的非接触式应变测量方法--数字散斑相关方法(Digital Speckles Correlation Method,DSCM),并用单向拉伸实验对该方法进行了验证,结果表明,该方法是一种实用快速、高精度的变形测量方法.     

Evaluation of surface roughness based on monochromatic speckle correlation using image processing

The measurement of roughness on machined surfaces is of great importance for manufacturing industries as the roughness of a surface has a considerable influence on its quality and function of products. In this paper, an experimental approach for surface roughness measurement based on the coherent speckle scattering pattern caused by a laser beam on the machined surfaces (grinding and milling) is presented. Speckle is the random pattern of bright and dark regions that is observed when a surface is illuminated with a highly or partially coherent light beam. When the illuminating beam is reflected from a surface, the optical path difference between various wavelets with different wavelength would result in interference showing up as a granular pattern of intensity termed as speckle. The properties of this speckle pattern are used for estimation/quantification of roughness parameters. For measurement of surface roughness, initially the speckle patterns formed are filtered in the spatial frequency domain. The optical technique, namely spectral speckle correlation (autocorrelation) is utilized in this work for the measurement of roughness on machined surfaces. It has been observed that the pattern formed is dependent on the roughness of the illuminated surface. For example, a rough surface (milled) shows a small central bright region with a rapid decrease in intensity towards the edges, while a smooth surface (ground) shows a large central bright region with gradually decreasing intensity towards the edges. The complete methodology and analysis for quantification/estimation of surface finish of milled and ground surfaces based on speckle images that could be implemented in practice, is presented in this paper.     

Measurement of surface roughness on rough machined surfaces using spectral speckle correlation and image analysis

A speckle pattern is formed when a rough surface is illuminated with coherent light. The properties of this pattern can be used in the calculation of roughness parameters. Spectral speckle correlation (SSC) is a technique applicable to the measurement of roughness on rough machined surfaces. This paper presents the SSC obtained from measurements on specimens with a surface roughness in range R_a = 0.5–5 μm. The measurement results correspond to reference measurements made using a stylus instrument, Form Talysurf.     

Determination of flow stress of thin-walled tube based on digital speckle correlation method for hydroforming applications

The flow stress, used to describe the plastic deformation behavior of thin-walled tube, is one of the most important parameters to ensure reliable finite element simulation in the tube hydroforming process. In this study, a novel approach of on-line measurement based on digital speckle correlation method is put forward to determine flow stress of thin-walled tube. A simple experimental tooling is developed and free-bulged tests are performed for 304 stainless steel and H62 brass alloy tubes. An analytical approach is proposed according to the membrane theory and the force equilibrium equation. The developed method is validated by means of FE simulations. The results indicate that the present method is acceptable to define the flow stress in the tube hydroforming process.     

Measuring the neutron spectrum of the accelerator-based source using the time-of-flight method

The time-of-flight technique with a new method for generating short radiation bursts has been used to measure the neutron spectrum of the accelerator-based source with a stationary proton beam. Specific problems arising thereby and methods for solving them are described. The measured spectrum of neutrons in the reaction ⁷Li(p, n)⁷Be at a proton energy of 1.915 MeV is presented and compared to the calculation. This spectrum is shown to comply with the requirements for the neutron beam used in neutron capture therapy.     

Monitoring trabecular bone microdamage using a dynamic acousto-elastic testing method

Dynamic acousto-elastic testing (DAET) is based on the coupling of a low-frequency (LF) acoustic wave and high-frequency ultrasound (US) pulses (probing wave). It was developed to measure US viscoelastic and dissipative non-linearity in trabecular bone. It is well known that this complex biphasic medium contains microdamage, even when tissues are healthy. The purpose of the present study was to assess the sensitivity of DAET to monitor microdamage in human calcanei. Three protocols were therefore performed to investigate the regional heterogeneity of the calcaneus, the correlation between DAET measurements and microdamage revealed by histology, and DAET sensitivity to mechanically induced fatigue microdamage. The non-linear elastic parameter beta was computed for all these protocols. The study demonstrated the presence of high viscoelastic and dissipative non-linearity only in the region of the calcaneus close to the anterior talocalcaneal articulation (region of high bone density). Protocols 1 and 2 also showed that most unsorted calcanei did not naturally exhibit high non-linearity, which is correlated with a low level of microcracks. Nevertheless, when microdamage was actually present, high levels of US non-linearity were always found, with characteristic non-linear signatures such as hysteresis and tension/compression asymmetry. Finally, protocol 3 demonstrated the high sensitivity of DAET measurement to fatigue-induced microdamage.     

Deformation measurement around a high strain-gradient region using a digital image correlation method

Digital image correlation could provide deformation information of a specimen by processing two digital images captured before and after the deformation. In this study, a hybrid genetic algorithm, in which a simulated annealing mutation process and adaptive mechanisms are added to a real-parameter genetic algorithm, is used to search for the deformed images to obtain both the strain and displacement data simultaneously. This method is applied to obtain the strain in a high strain-gradient region around a hole in a plate under uniaxial tensile testing. These data are compared with those obtained by using a strain gauge to judge the quality of the obtained strain data. The result indicates that the strain in a high strain-gradient region could be reasonably determined by using the present method.     

Development of a functional fixator system for bone deformity near joints

A functional external fixator system for bone deformity near the joints using worm gear was developed for curing the angle difference in fracture bones while the lengthening bar was developed for curing the differences in length, also in fracture bones. Both experiments and FE analysis were performed to compare the elastic stiffness in several loading modes and to improve the functional external fixator system for bone deformity near joints. The FE model using compressive and bending FE analysis was applied due to the angle differentiations. The results indicate that compressive stiffness value in the experiment was 175.43 N/mm, bending stiffness value in the experiment was 259.74 N/mm, compressive stiffness value in the FEA was 188.67 N/mm, and bending stiffness value in the FEA was 285.71 N/mm. Errors between experiments and FEA were less than 10% in both the compressive stiffness and the bending stiffness. The maximum stress (l57 MPa) applied to the angle of the clamp was lower than the yield stress (176.4 MPa) of SUS316L. The degree of stiffness in both axial compression and bending of the new fixator are about 2 times greater than other products, with the exception of EBI (2003).     

Measuring the sizes of nanospheres on a rough surface by using atomic force microscopy and a curvature-reconstruction method

One of the advantages of atomic force microscopy (AFM) is that it can accurately measure the heights of targets on flat substrates. It is difficult, however, to determine the shape of nanoparticles on rough surfaces. We therefore propose a curvature-reconstruction method that estimates the sizes of particles by fitting sphere curvatures acquired from raw AFM data. We evaluated this fitting estimation using 15-, 30-, and 50-nm gold nanoparticles on mica and confirmed that particle sizes could be estimated within 5% from 20% of their curvature measured using a carbon nanotube (CNT) tip. We also estimated the sizes of nanoparticles on the rough surface of dried cells and found we also can estimate the size of those particles within 5%, which is difficult when we only used the height information. The results indicate the size of nanoparticles even on rough surfaces can be measured by using our method and a CNT tip.     

使用可交换带通滤波器的双相关采样法

提出了一种使用可交换带通滤波器的新的双相关采样（CDS）法。该方法使用具有可调频特性的动态带通滤波器,按照像素的读出顺序改变滤波器的参数,提取信号并使得相应的噪声带宽保持较低。根据给定的CCD输出噪声的特点和像素的读出频率,建立了数学模型来模拟系统的信噪比。最后,对噪声进行了模拟实验,给出了实验结果,并与传统CDS方法进行了对比。结果表明,白噪声的噪声值降低到一个平台上,并且持续大约10～15μs,当t=39μs时,输出噪声要比稳态时低。实验结果表明,这种方法较之现存的相关双采样技术具有稳定性高、制作成本低、便于与A／D转换器连接等优点。     

Measuring the thicknesses of the walls of carbon composite materials using the eddy-current phase method

The principles of designing transducers for measuring the thicknesses of walls of products from carbon composite materials, the issues of calculation and optimization of their characteristics and suppression of interfering parameters are considered. The design and main metrological characteristics of the developed transducers are presented.     

A parametric study of displacement measurements using digital image correlation method

A detailed and thorough parametric study of digital image correlation method is presented. A theoretical background and development of the method were introduced and the effects of various parameters on the determination of displacement outputs from the raw original and deformed image information were examined. Use of the normalized correlation coefficient, the use of 20 to 40 pixels for a searching window side, 6 variables searching, bi-cubic spline subpixel interpolations and the use of coarse-fine search are some of the key choices among the results of parametric studies. The displacement outputs can be further processed with two dimensional curve fitting for the data noise reduction as well as displacement gradient calculation.     

In-plane strains measurement by using the electronic speckle pattern interferometry

Two-dimensional in-plane displacements and strains are measured using an electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) system based on the dual beam speckle interferometric method. Different types of specimens are used: a flat plate, a cracked-plate, and plate with a central hole of 12 mm diameter. Two-dimensional fringes obtained from real-time images are analyzed by an image analyser. The values of in-plane strains obtained by the ESPI technique show high accuracy compared with those measured by strain gages.     

Measuring the thicknesses of nonferromagnetic metal coatings on nonferrous metal products using the eddy-current frequency method

Combinations of electroconductive nonferromagnetic coatings and electroconductive nonferromagnetic bases that are used in industry are analyzed. These are divided into five groups depending on the ratios of their electric conductivities. The scheme, design, and principles of operation of eddy-current frequency transducers are considered. The main dependences for determining their parameters (operating frequency, diameter of the winding, sensitivity to the informative parameter, and interfering factors, etc.) are presented. Examples of measurement problems and the optimal application of this method and the achieved metrological characteristics of compact transducers are presented.     

Automatic recording of object motion by the speckle method in the terahertz range

Using a microbolometer detector array, we recorded real-time images of metallic and dielectric objects illuminated by monochromatic terahertz radiation, including those hidden behind an opaque barrier. It is shown that the characteristics of movement of rough objects dynamic can be retrieved from the dynamics of the speckle structure of their images in the terahertz range. An automatic processing algorithm for terahertz videos with recording of moving objects was developed and software implemented.     

A hybrid stereo vision method using a correlation function and variable window based on voxel components

Existing stereo methods tend not to deal with depth discontinuity due to area-based problems, and so give inaccurate and noisy three-dimensional (3D) information in the surface morphology with steep disparity variations. In this paper, a hybrid stereo approach has been presented to estimate accurate, detailed and smooth information for the reconstruction and inspection of the surface morphology with both depth discontinuity and curved regions. It reduces the smoothing problems resulting from depth discontinuity by evaluating a new correlation function based on voxel components in the 3D disparity space. In addition, the connectivity of match candidate voxels is investigated to improve robustness to noise and then integer disparities are determined in the updated disparity space. A variable window based on voxel components is newly devised to cope effectively with curved regions as well as depth discontinuity. Sub-pixel disparities are accurately estimated through formulating the optimal error function in the variable window. We show how our results improve upon those of closely related techniques in terms of accuracy, robustness, matching density and computing speed.     

采用相关分析解析石油产品近红外光谱

选择一系列结构上具有代表性的烃类化合物,配制不同浓度的溶液,以及它们不同浓度的重整汽油溶液,在中红外,短波近红外和长波近红外光谱仪上,分别测定溶液的中红外光谱、短波近红外光谱和长波近红外光谱。采用相关分析方法对中红外光谱和近红外光谱进行关联,确立重整汽油各结构基团吸收谱带在近红外短波区及长波区的精确位置,并考察化学环境和物理环境对谱带位置的影响。     

焦度计的测量误差和校正方法

本文依据焦度计测量眼镜片顶焦度(D)的光学原理,分析了测量误差来源并给出了校正方法.由于被测镜片的后表面曲率(弯度)各不相同,致使镜片后顶点与焦度计物镜后焦点不相重合,因而造成测量误差.给出的校正方法包括硬件校正和软件校正设计不同高度的镜片支座,保证镜片顶点与焦度计物镜焦点相重合,或计算、编制顶焦度修正表,由自动焦度仪单片机查表修正.