Effect of Carob Flour Addition on the Rheological Properties of Gluten-Free Breads

In this study, the rheological properties of gluten-free doughs from rice flour containing different amounts of carob flour were investigated. Water added changed in response to the carob amount. Dynamic oscillatory and creep tests were performed in order to gain knowledge on the rheological behaviour of doughs, which is essential for the control of the bread-making procedure and the production of high-quality bread. Simple power law mathematical models were developed in order to evaluate the effect of carob and water added in dough rheological behaviour. Creep data evaluation demonstrates that an increase in water content decreased the resistance of dough to deformation and, therefore, dough strength, whereas carob flour increased the elastic character and structure strength of the dough. This was also found in dynamic oscillatory tests. Increased amounts of carob flour led to an increase in bread dough elastic character since fibre addition elastifies and strengthens the dough structure. Moreover, doughs exhibited a solid-like viscoelastic character, with the storage modulus (G′) predominant over the loss modulus (G″). Dough rheological properties have an important effect on baking characteristics. Rheological experiments and applied mathematical models can provide us with good knowledge of rheological behaviour and dough viscoelasticity prediction. Therefore, dough samples containing carob-to-water ratios of 10:110 and 15:130 can be considered to possess a balance between the viscous and elastic properties compared to the other samples.     

Sensory Analysis of Whole Wheat/Soy Flour Breads

ABSTRACT: Breads containing 0% to 40% defatted soy flour, 35% to 100% whole wheat flour, and 0% to 35% white bread flour were prepared. Beany or bitter flavor ratings for the yeast-leavened breads containing up to 30% soy flour were not significantly different from the control whole wheat bread. A high-quality yeast was the most important factor in reducing the beany taste of the bread. Addition of ascorbic acid significantly increased yeasty flavor, and there was a strong inverse correlation between beany and sweet flavors. These studies suggest that an appealing, nutritious bread containing up to 30% to 40% soy flour can be prepared in an easy and economical manner using equipment available in home or institutional kitchens.     

微生物谷氨酰胺转氨酶对小麦粉品质的影响

通过粉质、拉伸实验和凝胶渗透液相色谱分析,研究微生物谷氨酰胺转氨酶(MTG)对面团流变学特性和面筋蛋白的影响。结果表明:添加5U/g(以面粉计)的MTG后,面团稳定时间增加了18%,弱化度降低了15%,粉质指数得到提高;MTG对面团拉伸特性的影响更明显,且静置时间越长,对拉伸特性的改善效果越好;添加5U/g的MTG后,面粉悬浮液中ω5-醇溶蛋白和ωb-醇溶蛋白含量各显著减少了99%和88%左右;添加10U/g的MTG后,冻干面团中高分子质量谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)和ωb-醇溶蛋白含量分别减少了42%和25%。MTG通过催化面筋蛋白中各组分发生分子内及分子间的交联作用,增加面筋蛋白中大分子蛋白数量,提高面筋质量。MTG对面粉品质的改良效果明显,使其在烘焙食品中有广阔的应用前景。     

全麦粉添加量对油馕品质的影响

馕作为新疆维吾尔族的主食之一,具有悠久的历史和独特的风味。面粉是油馕的主料,面粉的种类决定着油馕的品质。随着消费者健康饮食意识的提高,全谷物食品及高膳食纤维食品逐渐成为消费者的青睐。全麦粉作为最常见的全谷物之一,价格低廉,应用广泛。然而,由于全麦粉含有外皮和胚芽,导致全麦食品口感较差。为了研究全麦粉对油馕的影响,本文采用不同比例的全麦粉代替传统方法里面的精粉制作油馕,探究全麦粉添加量对油馕感官评价、质构特性、多酚含量及抗氧化能力的影响。以ABTS^·+清除率、DPPH·清除率和·OH清除率为指标评价油馕的抗氧化活性。结果表明全麦粉取代率为60%时,油馕感官评分为81.12分,馕芯的ABTS^·+、DPPH·和·OH清除率分别为43.05%,49.52%和42.25%。此时油馕在具有良好感官评价的同时保持较高的抗氧化活性。     

淀粉对油炸方便面品质影响的研究

本文对小麦淀粉、玉米淀粉、木薯淀粉、木薯淀粉醋酸酯、马铃薯淀粉及马铃薯淀粉醋酸酯的糊化特性以及它们添加到面粉中对方便面品质的影响进行了研究。感官评定及质构分析表明：添加木薯淀粉、木薯淀粉醋酸酯、马铃薯淀粉及马铃薯淀粉醋酸酯均可提高方便面的光泽度、透明度、弹性、滑爽性和耐嚼性。淀粉醋酸酯比其原淀粉效果好，而马铃薯淀粉醋酸酯比木薯淀粉醋酸酯性能更优。     

面粉品质参数对面制品品质的影响

作为面制品制作的基础原料,面粉具有不同的理化指标,这些指标的变化对面制品的品质有不同程度的影响。通过对面粉常规品质参数以及不同参数对面制品(如馒头、面条和面包等)影响的分析,对面粉品质和专用粉生产提供一定的参考,以制作优质的面粉来满足生产的需要。     

添加冻干无花果粉对小麦面粉品质的影响

将冻干无花果粉与小麦粉按不同的比例混合,研究冻干无花果粉添加量对面粉特性的影响。混合粉的糊化和粉质特性分别使用快速黏度分析仪、粉质仪等进行测定;面筋的超微结构则利用扫描电子显微镜进行观察。结果表明：随着冻干无花果粉添加量的增加,混粉的沉淀值、降落值、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值和反弹值均呈显著下降趋势;面团粉质参数除弱化度以外,其余参数均随添加物的增多而降低;扫描电子显微镜显示,冻干无花果粉的添加阻碍了面筋网络的形成。与1%添加量时的面团结构相比较,添加3%冻干无花果粉对面筋网络造成了更大的破坏。因此,冻干无花果粉的添加,改变了面粉的糊化特性、粉质特性及面筋超微结构。     

小麦储藏对面粉品质和烘焙性能的影响

根据小麦在陈化过程中的物理化学变化,论述了小麦陈化对其制粉特性及烘焙性能的影响;并分述了陈化对小麦种类,小麦淀粉,小麦蛋白,小麦脂质及小麦营养价值的影响,指出了加速小麦陈化的外部因素为温度。水分,相对湿度,储存环境中氧气含量和时间等。     

热处理对小麦粉品质的影响

采用微波(2 450 MHz)和间壁式水浴将小麦粉加热到35、45、55℃,研究加热方式和温度对小麦粉化学成分和物化特性的影响,为小麦粉的热力储藏保鲜提供试验数据.结果表明,低强度微波和间壁式水浴加热后,小麦粉的碘蓝值、面筋含量变化不大,还原糖含量增高,水分、白度、水溶性蛋白质和游离脂肪酸含量减少.两种加热方式对小麦粉品质的影响有差异,加热后温度对小麦粉品质影响的差异不大.     

偶氮甲酰胺对面粉粉质及面包质量的影响

研究了不同添加量的偶氮甲酰胺对特一粉、特二粉粉质曲线及拉伸曲线的影响,找出偶氮甲酰胺的最佳添加量20ppm。进行偶氮甲酰胺不同添加量的面包烘焙试验,找出添加量与面包品质的关系并证明偶氮甲酰胺对面筋的改良作用。     

Utilization of Transglutaminase to Increase the Level of Barley and Soy Flour Incorporation in Wheat Flour Breads

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the possibility of incorporating barley or soy flour into wheat flour using transglutaminase (TG)-catalyzed cross-linking, without deterioration in bread quality. A Farinograph and texture analyzer were used to examine mixing properties and extensibility of doughs, respectively. Addition of increasing levels of barley/soy flour (with and without TG) increased Farinograph water absorption in the soft and hard wheat cultivars studied. Dough resistance increased and extensibility decreased with TG treatment. TG showed great promise in processing of bread supplemented with barley flour, even at a very low level (0.25%, wt/ wt), but did not notably improve the quality of soy flour-supplemented breads.     

薏米全粉的添加对小麦粉加工品质的影响

研究不同添加量（5%、10%、15%、20%和25%）的薏米全粉对小麦粉的粉质特性,拉伸特性、糊化特性以及对馒头的质构和感官评价的影响。结果表明：薏米全粉的添加增加了小麦粉中蛋白质、油脂和灰分的含量。与小麦粉面团相比,薏米全粉不影响小麦粉的形成时间和稳定时间,但在添加量高于15%时弱化度增加显著;添加薏米全粉的面团拉伸能量,延伸性总体上降低,最大拉伸阻力在45?min和135?min差异不显著,拉伸比增加显著。薏米粉的添加显著提高了馒头的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性,显著降低了回复性和内聚性,感官评定与质构硬度和咀嚼性结果一致。随着薏米全粉的添加,口感各个指标总体上降低,但是5%～10%的薏米全粉添加量对馒头感官评价影响不大,并且少量薏米所产生的气味更受人喜爱。结合上述因素,考虑到对面团流变特性、糊化特性和馒头品质的影响,小麦粉中添加10%的薏米全粉较为合适。     

大豆粉对面粉理化品质影响研究

采用两种面粉和四种大豆粉（其中两种全脂豆粉、两种脱脂豆粉）为原料,将大豆粉以不同的比例添加到面粉中,研究其对面粉品质的影响.研究发现,在面粉中直接添加大豆粉不能使面粉白度增加,随着大豆粉添加量的增大,面粉白度降低;在面粉中添加大豆粉后其面糊色度也有所降低.在面粉中添加脱脂豆粉后,在添加比例＜3%的情况下,可明显提高面团的形成时间和稳定时间,使面粉的筋力增强,对面粉具有较好的改良作用.当添加量＞3%以后,大豆粉对面团有不良影响.     

基于气相色谱定量检测面粉中燕麦粉的添加量

本文采用气相色谱技术获取48个品种燕麦粉、40个品种小麦面粉及105个运用平衡不完全随机区组的试验方法设计得到的燕麦小麦复配粉定量样本的脂肪酸组成信息,分析其棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸的含量,油酸/亚油酸、棕榈酸/油酸、棕榈酸/亚油酸的比值及相关性;根据燕麦和小麦中脂肪酸组成的相似性确定用于面粉中燕麦粉添加量的定量分析指标,根据脂肪酸含量间的差异性体现不同梯度的燕麦粉添加复配粉中脂肪酸含量的变化趋势,在此基础上建立判别分析三维图及Fisher线性判别函数,直观地呈现出复配粉中各脂肪酸的分布特点,进而对面粉中燕麦粉的添加量进行定量判别。本研究在分析燕麦和小麦中脂肪酸异同点的基础上为燕麦产品安全监测及品质控制提供了一个适用广泛、灵敏度高、可行性强的重要借鉴方法。     

Water Binding of Wheat Flour Doughs and Breads as Studied by Deuteron Relaxation

Water mobility in wheat flour doughs and breads was investigated by deuteron relaxation using pulsed NMR. Water was replaced by deuterium oxide in dough and bread at different concentrations. Mixograms indicated that wheat flour associated more strongly with D₂O than it did with H₂O. Varying the D₂O:H₂O ratio of flour doughs had no effect on the longitudinal (T₁) or transverse (T₂) relaxation times of deuteron. Hard wheat and soft wheat flour doughs showed similar increases in T₁ and T₂ with increasing moisture content. Staling of bread crumb was accompanied by decreased T₁ and T₂, indicating an overall decrease in water mobility and increase in water binding. The decrease in water mobility of bread crumb with storage time was shown to be independent of reduction in moisture content.     

芽麦粉添加量对中筋粉面团特性的影响

本文以中筋面粉为原料,分别添加5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的芽麦粉(SWF),利用快速黏度分析仪、粉质仪和拉伸仪分析了芽麦粉添加量对中筋粉面团特性的影响。结果表明,芽麦粉的添加使面粉的糊化特性均迅速下降,但随着芽麦粉添加量的增加,下降趋势逐渐变缓;对于面粉的粉质特性,形成时间、稳定时间和粉质指数等参数均呈下降趋势,但面粉的吸水率在芽麦粉添加量超过20%时才会有明显的下降;芽麦粉添加量的增加会降低面团的拉伸特性,但是醒发时间的延长会减缓这种变化,在添加量为5%时,拉伸能量和最大阻力等参数还会略有增加。总体来说,当添加5%芽麦粉时,糊化特性会大幅度降低,面团的稳定时间在中筋粉范围内,延长面团醒发时间可以增加面团的筋力、可塑性和弹性。     

小麦粉储存湿度对面粉品质及其制作馒头品质的影响

研究通用中筋粉在常温(25℃),不同湿度(50%、65%、80%)条件下储存过程中面粉中水分含量、粗蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、脂肪酸值等指标及其制作面团的酸度和馒头的感官品质的变化。实验结果表明,在湿度80%条件下,随着储存时间的延长面粉水分含量变化显著(p<0.05)。同一储藏时间,湿度越高,面筋含量越低。不同湿度(50%、65%、80%)条件下,面粉中的脂肪酸值都随储存时间的增加而增加(p<0.05)。不同湿度(50%、65%、80%)储存过程的面粉制作的发酵面团的酸度都呈现先降低后增加的趋势,制作馒头的感官评分呈现下降的趋势(p<0.05)。面粉在不同湿度(50%、65%、80%)储存过程中,储存30 d的面粉,醒发后面团酸度都显著下降(p<0.05);继续延长储存期,在湿度50%下的面粉制作的面团酸度有回升,但不超过原始的面团酸度,随储存湿度提高面团酸度增加明显;感官评分表明,储存环境湿度越高,面粉制作的馒头品质下降越快,湿度80%储存60 d后的面粉制成的馒头口感差。湿度50%存放120 d仍可用于加工馒头。结论:面粉储存过程中,湿度越大,面粉品质下降越快,进而影响到所制作的馒头品质。     

酸性面团对普通面包和豆渣面包品质的影响

利用活性酸奶乳酸菌发酵制作酸性面团，在普通面包与豆渣面包中分别加入30％～40％(以面粉计)的这种酸性面团后，面包体积、口感、风味、保鲜期和营养品质得到了明显改善。     

小型风力提粉厂改用高方筛的作法和体会

兴大面粉厂是一座小型风力提粉厂。为提升产品档次,提高产量,降低成本,增加效益,更好地参与市场竞争,决定对该厂刹克龙风力提粉进行技术改造。2002年初,我们和厂家一起,将该厂刹克龙风力提粉工艺,改造为利用高方筛分级制粉新工艺。根据原料质量、设备状况和产品要求,经过精心设计、施工安装和调试,顺利完成技改工作。投产半年多的实践说明,此次技改取得了较好的效果。 1 改造前的情况改造前,麦间清理工艺为:“三筛二打二去石一次着水润麦”干法清理工艺。粉间主要设备为6F1820型复式磨粉机5台,粉路4B3M刹克龙风力