产右旋糖苷酸面团对大麦粉添加面包品质的影响研究

研究大麦粉(5%、10%、15%、20%)对直接发酵、酸面团、右旋糖苷酸面团面包品质的影响,评估了酸面团对大麦面包(51%大麦粉)品质的改善效果。大麦粉使直接发酵面包的比容分别减小了8.0%、16.6%、32.1%、35.6%,硬度增大了138.8%、152.9%、168.7%、176.6%,储藏后老化率在高添加量下(15%、20%)明显提高;酸面团促使体积上升、硬度下降,水分损失率和老化率减小;而右旋糖苷的存在使酸面团面包烘焙当天的含水量升高,水分损失率、老化率降低;与未添加大麦粉的直接发酵面包相比,酸面团大麦面包的体积小、硬度大、感官评分较低,但在延缓老化上具有优势,而右旋糖苷提高了其柔软性、感官品质。因此,右旋糖苷酸面团能够有效改良大麦添加面包、大麦面包品质。     

大麦粉对面团特性及薄脆饼干品质的影响

本研究以不同比例的大麦全粉(以下简称大麦粉)替代低筋小麦粉,研究添加20%～80%大麦粉对混合粉的糊化特性、面团质构特性及薄脆饼干焙烤品质的影响。结果表明,随着大麦粉添加量的增加,大麦-小麦混合粉的峰值粘度、谷值粘度、终值粘度、回复值及糊化温度均显著增加;混合粉面团的硬度、回复性、胶黏性和耐咀性也显著增加,而黏附性、内聚性和弹性则显著降低。添加大麦粉后混合粉饼干的焙烤品质发生变化,添加量越高,饼干的亮度变暗,膳食纤维含量越高;随着大麦粉添加量增加饼干硬度逐渐增加,在添加量为60%时达到峰值;饼干的外形、口感、色泽和综合评分均持续降低,当大麦粉添加量超过60%时,综合评分急剧下降。因此,大麦粉的添加有利于增加饼干中膳食纤维含量,但不利于面团的稳定性,而大麦麸皮的口感及其较暗的色泽是影响大麦全粉加工食品接受度的关键因素。     

藜麦粉对小麦面团、面包质构特性及品质的影响

研究藜麦粉对小麦面团及面包质构特性的影响,为开发藜麦焙烤食品提供理论依据。在对藜麦粉中蛋白组分含量系统研究的基础上,利用质构仪的TPA模式测定添加藜麦粉对小麦面团硬度、弹性和黏性的影响,藜麦粉对面包硬度和弹性的影响。结果表明,随着藜麦粉添加量的增加,面团的硬度呈先减小后增加的趋势,添加量为15%时硬度最小;弹性呈先增大后减小的趋势,在藜麦粉添加量15%时达到最大值,黏性呈逐渐增大的趋势。随着藜麦粉添加量的增加,面包的硬度逐渐增大,弹性逐渐减小,感官评分先增大后减小,在15%时达到最大值。因此,藜麦粉的添加改变了小麦面团和面包的质构特性,且面团的质构特性与面包质构特性、面包感官品质间具有一定相关性。     

糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变特性和面包烘焙特性的影响

采用发酵流变测定仪和质构分析仪研究不同比例的糯麦粉对冷冻面团发酵流变学特性和面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明：无论面团冷冻与否,随着糯麦比例增加,面团发展的最大高度(Hm)和持气率(R)逐渐下降,而气体释放曲线最大高度(H＇m)和CO2产气量(Vco2)在一定程度上增加。随着冻藏时间的延长,面团各种参数(Hm、H＇m、R等)逐渐降低,但是下降的幅度随糯麦粉添加量的增加而减小,如与冻藏7d相比,添加质量分数0%、10%、20%和30%的糯麦面团经冻藏60d后Hm分别下降了12.9%、9.6%、7.7%和7.5%,而R则分别下降了2.8%、2.1%、1.6%和1.7%。在冷冻贮藏过程中,面包品质虽有一定程度的下降,但添加糯麦粉的面包品质下降程度较慢,抗老化效果好,且由感官评定可知,冻藏不同天数后,添加10%糯麦粉的面包最易受人们喜爱。     

牛乳蛋白对无麸质面包焙烤特性的改善作用

在添加水溶胶体和乳化剂的基础上,研究了三种牛乳蛋白(乳清浓缩蛋白,酪蛋白酸钠,脱脂乳粉)对无麸质面包(米粉、红薯淀粉)品质的改善作用。结果表明,乳清浓缩蛋白对无麸质面包品质的改善作用最为显著。加入15%乳清浓缩蛋白,无麸质面包比容增加19.4%,焙烤后2、24、48、72h面包硬度分别降低63.8%、80.0%、83.1%、71.2%。乳清浓缩蛋白有利于无麸质面团发酵过程中气孔的生成及发展,增加无麸质面包中小气孔及微小气孔的数量,提高面包气孔均匀性,可显著改善无麸质面包结构。     

菊粉添加量对面团流变学特性和面包品质的影响

采用粉质仪、拉伸仪、质构分析仪(TA)研究不同添加量菊粉(2%~10%)对面粉粉质特性、拉伸特性和面包焙烤品质的影响。实验结果表明,随着菊粉的添加,面团的吸水率几乎不变,形成时间和稳定时间延长,弱化度降低,评价值增加;面团延伸度指标呈现一定的增大趋势,但拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力和拉伸比呈现先增加后减少的趋势。面包的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和回复性因添加菊粉而下降。综合感官评定可知,当菊粉添加量为6%时,面包综合品质达到最佳状态。     

不同比例黑麦粉对黑麦面包品质的影响

为了改善黑麦面包的加工性能和食用品质,以高筋小麦粉为主要原料,添加不同比例的黑麦粉,采用直接发酵法制作黑麦面包,通过烘焙试验研究不同比例的黑麦粉对黑麦面包质量的影响。结果表明:当黑麦粉比例增大时,面团不耐揉和,弹性、光泽及发酵效果等评价指标下降,面包感官评价值降低,硬度、黏合性增加,确定最适宜黑麦粉添加量为50%~70%,制作的面包结构细腻柔软、纹理均匀、香气浓郁,评分较高。     

乳酸菌发酵麸皮酸面团对高纤维面包面团流变发酵学及烘焙特性的影响

运用植物乳杆菌发酵大麦麸皮和小麦麸皮,研究了麸皮酸面团发酵时间和添加量对面包面团pH、总酸度值(TTA值)、面团流变发酵特性和面包品质的影响.结果表明,向面团中添加10％ ～30％未发酵(发酵时间为0h)的大麦或者小麦麸皮酸面团,随添加量增加,面包面团的pH和TTA值均有所增加;随着发酵时间的延长和添加量的增加,面包面团pH逐渐降低,TTA值逐渐增加.适当发酵时间(8或16h)和添加量(20％)的麸皮酸面团对面包面团发酵流变学特性有一定的改善作用,发酵8h的大麦麸皮酸面团和发酵16h的小麦麸皮酸面团,当添加量为20％时,与空白组的面团最大膨胀高度(Hm)、气体泄漏时间(Tx)和保留系数(R)最相近.当酸面团发酵时间过长(24h)或添加量过多(30％)时,Hm、Tx和R值均降低.随未发酵麸皮酸面团添加量增加,面包比容减小,硬度增大,面包芯结构变得松散不致密,气孔增大.不论大麦麸皮酸面团还是小麦麸皮酸面团,当其发酵时间为8～16h,添加量为20％时,所制得的面包比容较大,硬度较小,气孔稠密度(CD)和气孔表面积分率(AF)均较大,感官评分高,最接近空白组.     

百合粉添加量对面团特性及面包品质的影响

为拓宽百合的应用渠道,提高面包的营养价值,研究了百合粉添加量(0%,5%,10%,15%,20%)对面团的微观结构、糊化特性、流变学特性以及面包品质的影响。结果表明:随着百合粉添加量增大,混合粉的持油性先降低后增加,持水性显著增加(P<0.05)。添加了百合粉后,面团的糊化温度升高,回生值和峰值黏度下降,面团的弹性模量和黏性模量均呈上升趋势。百合粉的添加,破坏了面筋蛋白原本均匀致密的微观结构;使面包的硬度显著增大(P<0.05),弹性、内聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、回复性、比容和感官评分显著降低(P<0.05);改变了小麦面团的特性和面包的品质,在小麦粉中添加5%~10%的百合粉,能保证面包较高的感官品质。     

乳酸菌对酵母菌发酵多谷物杂粮面包品质的影响

目的:探讨添加乳酸菌粉对酵母菌发酵多谷物杂粮面包品质的影响。方法:检测添加不同比例（0、0.03%、0.06%、0.09%、0.12%）乳酸菌粉发酵多谷物杂粮面团的pH、发酵体积和流变特性指标变化,同时检测添加乳酸菌粉后杂粮面包硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性指标,以及面包比容、感官品质和风味指标的变化。结果:添加乳酸菌发酵使多谷物杂粮面团pH降低;添加0.03%~0.12%混合乳酸菌粉发酵60 min面团体积增加50.00%~88.12%,均高于单一酵母菌发酵（增加48.51%）;添加乳酸菌粉降低了面团储能模量（G'）和损耗模量（G"）值,添加量0.06%时G'和G"值分别降低33.33%和30.00%,降低幅度最小;添加0.06%乳酸菌粉,可显著降低面包硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性（P<0.05）,显著提高面包弹性（P<0.05）,改善面包质构特性,面包比容比单一酵母菌发酵增加24.88%,面包形态、质地、纹理结构、风味和口感均具有较好的改善,感官品质显著提高（P<0.05）,感官评分超过80分。酵母菌联合乳酸菌发酵复配杂粮面包,共检测出65种挥发性风味物质,化合物种类多于小麦面包43种,风味物质强度高于单一酵母菌发酵杂粮面包。结论:添加乳酸菌粉对酵母菌发酵多谷物复配杂粮面包品质改善具有积极作用。     

马铃薯全粉剂量效应对面团特性以及馒头品质作用分析

为丰富馒头营养和品种,向面团中加入马铃薯全粉,分析马铃薯全粉基本成分及物化特性,探究马铃薯全粉剂量效应对混粉、面团特性,以及馒头品质影响的研究。结果表明,马铃薯全粉中主要成分为淀粉,含量约为67.07%;马铃薯全粉的持水性、吸水膨胀性分别为3.57 g/g、2.49 mL/g;马铃薯全粉的粘度为12.71 m2/s,与面粉混合可以增强面团的物化特性。马铃薯全粉的添加使得面团粉质特性变差,揉混特性变好,添加量为8%~15%时,面团糊化特性和拉伸特性较好;随着马铃薯全粉添加量的增加,马铃薯馒头表皮、内瓤白度降低;马铃薯全粉添加量为5%~8%时,馒头比容、硬度、胶着性和咀嚼性较大,感官评分高。综上所述,为提高面团特性,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为8%~15%;为改善馒头品质,马铃薯全粉的建议添加量为5%~8%。     

苦荞粉添加量对面团性质及馒头品质的影响

通过添加不同量的苦荞粉配成苦荞-小麦混粉,研究混粉揉混特性、面团微观结构的变化以及苦荞馒头的感官品质。结果表明,当添加量在5%~15%时,揉混结果中的和面时间和峰值面积变化不大,微观结构中蛋白质面筋网络结构略微减弱,但当添加量达到20%后,和面时间和峰值面积都有大幅度降低,微观面筋网络结构也出现明显的下降。同时,苦荞粉添加量为15%时馒头感官品质较好。综合分析可知,添加量为15%时苦荞馒头仍具有较好的品质。     

红枣粉添加量对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

研究红枣粉对面团特性及馒头品质的影响,确定适宜的红枣粉小麦粉配比。探讨了添加不同比例红枣粉（0、5%、10%、15%）对混合粉理化性质、色差、面团的微观结构和粉质拉伸特性,以及对馒头比容、色差、质构和感官品质等的影响。结果表明:随着红枣粉添加量的增加,混合粉中的水分、蛋白质和脂肪含量逐渐降低,灰分和还原糖的含量逐渐升高;混合粉及馒头的颜色逐渐变红变暗;面团吸水率逐渐降低,形成时间与稳定时间呈先上升后下降,弱化度呈先下降后上升的趋势;添加不同比例红枣粉面团随着醒发时间（45、90、135 min）的延长,面团拉伸能量、最大拉伸阻力和拉伸比等指标总体呈上升趋势;面团微观结构显示随红枣粉添加量的增加,面筋蛋白结构逐渐遭到破坏;红枣粉添加量在5%~10%范围内,馒头比容与对照组馒头相比显著增大（P<0.05）;馒头的弹性、回复性随红枣粉的添加逐渐降低;感官评定显示红枣粉添加量在5%~10%范围内,总体得分均比对照组馒头要高,且易被人们接受。综合分析红枣粉对面团特性、馒头质构及感官评价等的影响结果,确定红枣粉添加量不宜超过10%。     

Effects of flour from different barley varieties on barley sour dough bread

Twenty flours from 16 different barley varieties cultivated in 1990 and 1992, and a Swedish reference flour, were fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum A1 to sour doughs. Barley breads (40% barley/60% wheat flour) from each flour type were baked with and without an admixture of barley sour dough in order to investigate how the sour dough admixture would affect the baking properties. A trained panel carried out sensory evaluation by conventional profiling on breads made from three of the barley varieties and the Swedish reference flour, made with and without sour dough admixture.

The barley varieties influenced both the sour dough properties and the properties of the barley bread. The pH of bread with sour dough ranged from 4.6 to 4.8 as compared to 5.4 to 5.6 in bread without sour dough. The acidity of the breads with sour dough ranged from 4.1 to 5.0 ml NaOH/ 10 g bread crumb as compared to 2.4 to 3.6 in breads without sour dough. In 14 of the twenty bread types an addition of sour dough lowered the bread volume. Breads with a sour dough admixture scored higher for total taste and acidulous taste than breads without sour dough. The β-glucan content of the flours had no significant influence on the sour dough or the sensory characteristics of the bread, except for the breadcrumb colour.     

不同全麦粉替代率对冷冻馒头品质的影响研究

目的 探讨不同全麦粉替代率对冷冻馒头品质影响的变化规律.方法 采用不同比例全麦粉(0、10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％、70％、80％、90％、100％)替代小麦粉,测定了混合粉的湿面筋含量和流变学特性,对比新鲜馒头,评价全麦粉替代率对冷冻馒头外观、质构和感官品质的影响.结果 随全麦粉替代率增加,面团湿面...     

青稞复配体系与馒头品质研究

探究在高筋小麦粉中以不同比例添加青稞全粉(QF)与青稞精粉(TPF)后,各复配粉的糊化特性、理化指标、面团流变特性及馒头的感官品质和质构特性.结果表明:QF与TPF添加量增加,对糊化特性产生负面影响,使得面粉更难糊化.QF复配粉的降落数值由370.5 s降至300.5 s,TPF复配粉的降落数值呈先降低后升高的趋势;Q...     

EFFECT OF EMULSIFIERS AND FUNGAL α-AMYLASE ON RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WHEAT DOUGH AND QUALITY OF FLAT BREAD

Teftoon, a flat bread made of whole wheat flour, is prepared by hand sheeting of dough, followed by baking. Different emulsifiers, like lecithin, E471 (distilled monoglyceride) and E472 (diacetylated tartaric acid esters of mono- and digelycerid of fatty acids), were added to the flour at various levels ranging between 0.25 and 1.0% w/w, and it was observed that they improved the dough characteristics. Improvement in bread quality parameters, such as force to tear and sensory acceptability, were monitored. Fungal α -amylase was also incorporated into the flour at 5–20 g/100 kg flour basis alone and in combination with the emulsifier. The force required to tear the fresh bread was decreased with emulsifier and enzyme addition; however, E472 addition at 0.75% w/w of whole wheat flour gave the softest bread. The tear force of stored bread significantly increased with storage; however, bread containing E472 showed a less increase in tear force up to a period of 3 days. The sensory acceptability was found to be higher than that of the control bread for emulsifiers, and lower for enzyme at a concentration higher than 10 g/kg flour.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Flat bread is normally consumed fresh, but the staling phenomenon starts immediately after baking this kind of bread. Today, large-scale production and increased consumer demands for high-quality bread with long shelf life have created the need for functional food additives such as emulsifiers and α -amylase enzyme. Incorporation of emulsifiers and enzyme decreased the hardness of Taftoon bread. Emulsifiers and α -amylase enzyme enhanced the flat bread dough quality. The sensory acceptability also improved with the addition of emulsifiers. Optimizing the amount of emulsifiers and enzyme required for reduction of bread hardness is vital because the quality and price of the final product depend on this parameter.     

Effect of β‐Glucan–Rich Barley Flour Fraction on Rheology and Quality of Frozen Yeasted Dough

Research has shown that prolonged frozen storage of bread dough reduces the quality of the end product. In this study, the effect of air‐classified barley flour fraction rich in β‐glucan (approximately 25%) on rheology and quality of frozen yeasted bread dough was investigated. Wheat flour (W) was replaced by air‐classified barley flour fraction (B) at 10% without or with 1.4% vital gluten to produce β‐glucan enriched barley dough (WB) or barley dough plus gluten (WB + G). Dough products were stored at ?18 ºC for 8 wk and their rheological properties were investigated weekly. During frozen storage dough extensibility increased, while elastic and viscous moduli decreased. Differential scanning calorimeter and nuclear magnetic resonance data indicated that WB and WB + G dough products contained approximately 10% less freezable water and 9% more bound water compared to the control dough (W). β‐Glucan enriched dough also exhibited less changes in gluten network as shown by SEM photographs. The addition of air‐classified barley flour fraction at 10% in frozen dough reduced deterioration effects caused by frozen storage via minimizing water redistribution and maintaining rheological properties of frozen dough.