The expression and reduction of hostility.

The formal presentation in 1939 of the principles of the frustration-aggression hypothesis has been the impetus for a large amount of research in this area. This paper is a review of those studies reported since 1939 which are in the general theoretical framework of the frustration-aggression notion. The factors related to: the occurrence of overt aggression, the nature and object of the aggressive act, and the reduction of the instigation to aggression are examined. The adequacy of this theoretical framework is also examined. 85 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Status restoration and the reduction of hostility.

"The present study reports positive results on a test of the implications of a 'threat' theory of hostility, namely, that hostility is reduced by status restoration. Essentially, the experiments deals with techniques designed to restore the status or the integrity of the S, who has been subjected to the hostile arousing conditions, without permitting expression of aggression (catharsis or communication)." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some factors affecting the quality of therapeutic relationships.

The degree to which the quality of the therapeutic relationship established by two equally "expert" therapists with the same patient sample varies in terms of the therapist's personality and his perceptions of the patients is investigated. "It was found that the therapist who was able to establish the better social relationships also established the better therapeutic relationships. Moreover the therapist who perceived a patient as more closely approximating his 'ideal patient' concept created the better relationship with that patient." 21 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some factors influencing income aspiration.

For two industrial groups (N = 534, 269), the relationships among age, length of service, total earnings, satisfaction with earnings, and earnings aspirations and expectations were studied. For the groups of Indian workers studied, it was found that job satisfaction was highly related to income expectation, and that expectations are related to earnings. Income aspirations also were related to skill level and educational level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The expression and inhibition of hostility in imaginative and overt behavior.

"Half of a group of 40 white male college students, representing the extreme scores on the Segal Manifest Hostility Scale, were placed in a situation designed to arouse strong hostility, and half in a low arousal situation. Ss were then permitted to express hostility in fantasy (using TAT pictures selected for differences in cue properties relevant to hostility) and in overt behavior, in a situation in which Ss could actually hurt another person… . The results of this experiment were consistent with a goal gradient model in which high and low expressors were assumed to differ in strength of approach motivation (proximity to the goal)." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Direct and vicarious reduction of hostility.

"Fifty Ss participated in a simulated interaction in which each was verbally attacked by a standard tape recording. Under three experimental conditions Ss (a) sat in silence after the attack, (b) heard a third person denounce the attacker, (c) were permitted to communicate back to the attacker themselves… . Results demonstrated… more residual hostility for low self-esteem Ss who were not allowed to reply to the aggressor… and very little actual aggression shown by any of the Ss who were allowed to communicate back to the aggressor after the attack." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some factors affecting the amount of information sought about others.

This investigation examined the effects upon the amount of information that Ss would seek about others of: (a) the sex of the S; (b) whether the information was all positive, all negative, or ambivalent; and (c) the sex of the other person. The results indicate that female Ss seek more information than males, that Ss seek more ambivalent than univalent information, and that less information is sought when the other person is a woman than when the other is a man. The valence of the final impression was clearly related to the valence of the information that Ss received, although male Ss formed a highly negative impression of women who were described in ambivalent terms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some effects of verbal expression of hostility.

113 Ss participated in simulated interaction in the course of which they were verbally attacked. The experiment demonstrated (with a Before-After measure) increased hostility in the Ss at the end of the experiment which was a positive function of the number of hostile statements made to the attacker after the attack. A vicarious analogue was consistent in showing a similar increase. The major findings are inconsistent with a simple catharsis hypothesis. They are more easily interpreted by viewing hostility as instrumental behavior which is unsuccessful (frustrated) and as a result increases in intensity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some factors affecting the chlorination of kaolinic clay

Chlorination of small samples of kaolinic clay was studied by the Bureau of Mines by a continuous weighing technique. The effects of NaCl additions, prior contact with SiCl₄ vapor, and the form of the reductant were qualitatively examined. Optimal chlorination of clay samples weighing less than 0.2 g was achieved in a fast-moving stream of CO and Cl₂ such that 90 pct of the aluminum and <5 pct of the silicon were reacted in 55 min at 625°C when one part NaCl was added to ten parts clay. Similar results were obtained in about 15 min at 750°C using chlorine gas with a mixture of ten parts clay, two parts charcoal and one part NaCl.     

Some determinants of job satisfaction: A study of the generality of Herzberg's theory.

This paper criticized the Herzberg theory that certain work-situation variables ("satisfiers") produce positive, but not negative, job attitudes, while other variables ("dissatisfiers") produce negative, but not positive, job attitudes. Several deficiencies in the methodology of the Herzberg study were discussed. There were: the narrow rang of jobs investigated, the use of only 1 measure of job attitudes, the absence of any validity and reliability data, and the absence of any measure of overall job satisfaction. It was concluded that generalizing the Herzberg results beyond the situation in which they were obtained is not warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from the past.

This article analyzes the topic of leadership from an evolutionary perspective and proposes three conclusions that are not part of mainstream theory. First, leading and following are strategies that evolved for solving social coordination problems in ancestral environments, including in particular the problems of group movement, intragroup peacekeeping, and intergroup competition. Second, the relationship between leaders and followers is inherently ambivalent because of the potential for exploitation of followers by leaders. Third, modern organizational structures are sometimes inconsistent with aspects of our evolved leadership psychology, which might explain the alienation and frustration of many citizens and employees. The authors draw several implications of this evolutionary analysis for leadership theory, research, and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Division of Health Psychology 1986 Student Research Award: Type A behavior and cognitions: Is hostility the bad actor?

The following abstract is from the award winning paper submitted for the Division of Health Psychology 1986 Student Research Award Competition. In this study, the authors found that behavior type was significantly associated with cardiac damage and hostile cognitions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The repression response to implied failure as a function of the hysteria-psychasthenia index.

A study designed to test the Freudian theory of repression and its relation to the scores on the repression index of the hysteria minus the psychasthenia scales of the MMPI. Results were consistent with the repression hypothesis and are also discussed in relation to the drive-anxiety hypothesis. 15 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some factors affecting the transverse strength of repaired denture acrylic resin

The reappearance of strongyle eggs in faeces after treatment with ivermectin or pyrantel embonate was investigated in 22 foals, 36 yearlings, and 45 adult horses on five Dutch horse farms. The results confirmed earlier studies which showed an egg reappearance period of 9 and 6 weeks after ivermectin and pyrantel treatment, respectively. There were no differences between the egg reappearance periods of foals, yearlings, and adult horses. The mean egg counts of the yearlings were, however, consistently higher than the mean egg counts of the adult horses and foals in both ivermectin- and pyrantel-treated animals. It is concluded that shorter treatment intervals in foals and yearlings are not obligatory. However, longer intervals must be prevented in yearlings because their contribution to pasture contamination is relatively high.     

Some factors affecting the likelihood of moderate drinking by treated alcoholics

The 1-year outcome in alcoholics who participated in an outpatient alcoholism treatment program which stressed moderate drinking as the ultimate treatment goal was investigated. The results suggest that such an approach, in an otherwise conventional treatment program, is likely to result in a higher rate of moderate drinking and a lower rate of abstinence but not in a higher over-all recovery rate than a total-abstinence orientation.     

Psychosocial costs of racism to whites: Exploring patterns through cluster analysis.

Participants (230 White college students) completed the Psychosocial Costs of Racism to Whites (PCRW) Scale. Using cluster analysis, we identified 5 distinct cluster groups on the basis of PCRW subscale scores: the unempathic and unaware cluster contained the lowest empathy scores; the insensitive and afraid cluster consisted of low empathy and guilt scores, with the highest score on fear; the fearful guilt cluster exhibited elevations on guilt and fear; the empathic but unaccountable cluster reflected high empathy with low guilt and fear; and the informed empathy and guilt cluster represented those high on empathy and guilt in conjunction with low levels of fear. Groups were validated on an additional sample (n = 366) and were found to differ significantly on theoretically related measures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Anxiety theory versus guilt theory of maladaptive behavior.

The paper enquires into some aspects of the concepts of Guilt and Anxiety Phenomena in order to examine the relationships of these elements with maladaptive behavior. It reviews the current views on Anxiety and Guilt as determinate and principal causative factors in maladaptive responses and psychopathology and establishes a theoretical model which facilitates an understanding of the therapeutic implications of the concepts. It suggests possible operant programs for altering the learner's repertoire of Anxiety behavior and Guilt behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychosocial costs of racism to Whites: Understanding patterns among university students.

This investigation adds to the growing body of scholarship on the psychosocial costs of racism to Whites (PCRW), which refer to consequences of being in the dominant position in an unjust, hierarchical system of societal racism. Extending research that identified 5 distinct constellations of costs of racism (L. B. Spanierman, V. P. Poteat, A. M. Beer, & P. I. Armstrong, 2006), the authors used multinomial logistic regression in the current study to examine what factors related to membership in 1 of the 5 PCRW types during the course of an academic year. Among a sample of White university freshmen (n = 287), the authors found that (a) diversity attitudes (i.e., universal diverse orientation and unawareness of privilege) explained PCRW type at entrance, (b) PCRW type at entrance explained participation in interracial friendships at the end of the year, (c) 45% of participants changed PCRW type during the course of the year, and (d) among those who changed type, particular PCRW types at entrance resulted in greater likelihood of membership in particular PCRW types at the end of the year. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some personal and social attitudes of habitual traffic violators.

"The results indicate that the negligent operators do not constitute a homogeneous group with respect to either the personal variables or the attitudes expressed toward the law, the police, or themselves… [they] therefore, fail to support the common belief that drivers who have unfavorable attitudes toward self or society become serious traffic violators and that such violators have developed unfavorable attitudes toward traffic laws, enforcement agencies, or themselves as a result of frequent apprehension for traffic violations… . In conclusion, it appears that the drivers used in this study are not different from other drivers in the characteristics considered, except in the frequency of traffic violations on their records." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)