The BLUE active queue management algorithms

In order to stem the increasing packet loss rates caused by an exponential increase in network traffic, the IETF has been considering the deployment of active queue management techniques such as RED (random early detection) (see Floyd, S. and Jacobson, V., IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol.1, p.397-413, 1993). While active queue management can potentially reduce packet loss rates in the Internet, we show that current techniques are ineffective in preventing high loss rates. The inherent problem with these algorithms is that they use queue lengths as the indicator of the severity of congestion. In light of this observation, a fundamentally different active queue management algorithm, called BLUE, is proposed, implemented and evaluated. BLUE uses packet loss and link idle events to manage congestion. Using both simulation and controlled experiments, BLUE is shown to perform significantly better than RED, both in terms of packet loss rates and buffer size requirements in the network. As an extension to BLUE, a novel technique based on Bloom filters (see Bloom, B., Commun. ACM, vol.13, no.7, p.422-6, 1970) is described for enforcing fairness among a large number of flows. In particular, we propose and evaluate stochastic fair BLUE (SFB), a queue management algorithm which can identify and rate-limit nonresponsive flows using a very small amount of state information.     

基于模糊免疫PID的时滞网络自适应主动队列管理

提出了一种基于灰预测和模糊免疫PID控制的时滞网络自适应主动队列管理（AQM）算法FIGAPID，旨在增强AQM算法动态自适应能力，同时补偿网络时滞，综合提高AQM算法性能。该算法借助免疫反馈机理进行PID参数的在线自适应调整，采用模糊非线性逼近的方法进行免疫反馈函数的确定；采用等维新息滚动灰预测实现路由器队列长度的超前预测，补偿AQM控制的反馈滞后。对比传统PID算法，仿真验证了FIGAPID的有效性，表明算法能快速稳定地适应动态时滞网络环境变化，收敛于路由器队列长度期望值，同时具有较小的数据丢包率。     

Enhanced fuzzy sliding mode controller for active suspension systems

We proposed a fuzzy sliding mode controller (FSMC) to control an active suspension system and evaluated its control performance. The FSMC employed the error of the sprung mass position and the error change to establish a sliding surface, and then introduced the sliding surface and the change of the sliding surface as input variables of a traditional fuzzy controller (TFC) in controlling the suspension system. However, no substantial improvement in the ride comfort could be obtained with the FSMC relative to the TFC because the dynamic effect of the sprung mass acceleration from the bouncing tire during tire rotation was not eliminated. We have developed an enhanced fuzzy sliding mode controller (EFSMC) that maintained not only the original FSMC property but also introduced an assisted FSMC to address and compensate for this problem, and to enhance the road-holding capability of the vehicle. The assisted FSMC differs from the original FSMC only in using the sprung mass acceleration instead of the sprung mass position as a variable of the controller design. The EFSMC exhibits better control performance than either the TFC or the FSMC, in suppressing the acceleration of the vehicle body to improve the ride quality, and in reducing the tire deflection to increase the road-holding ability of a car, as confirmed by experimental results.     

A comparison of active queue management algorithms using the OPNETModeler

A number of active queue management algorithms for TCP/IP networks such as random early detection (RED), stabilized RED (SRED), BLUE, and dynamic RED (DRED) have been proposed in the past few years. This article presents a comparative study of these algorithms using simulations. The evaluation is done using the OPNET Modeler, which provides a convenient and easy-to-use platform for simulating large-scale networks. The performance metrics used in the study are queue size, packet drop probability, and packet loss rate. The study shows that, among the four algorithms, SIZED and DRED are more effective at stabilizing the queue size and controlling the packet loss rate while maintaining high link utilization. The benefits of stabilized queues in a network are high resource utilization, bounded delays, more certain buffer provisioning, and,traffic-load-independent network performance in terms of traffic intensity and number of TCP connections     

基于反步滑模控制的TCP网络的主动队列管理

针对TCP网络的拥塞问题,考虑到网络本身存在参数不确定因素和非响应流的干扰,基于反步滑模控制提出了一种主动队列管理算法。在总的不确定的界已知而且不必很小的情况下,设计了一种反步滑模控制器来补偿系统不确定所带来的影响。仿真结果表明,该方法对TCP网络的复杂变化具有较好的鲁棒性和较快的系统响应。     

Adaptive sliding mode fuzzy control for unknown robots with arbitrarily-switched constraints

This article addresses the control problem of robots with unknown dynamics and arbitrarily-switched unknown constraints. Such kind of robots will be shown to be unknown hybrid systems with arbitrary switching and an Adaptive Sliding Mode Fuzzy Control (ASMFC) strategy is proposed that handles the unknown dynamics of the robot along with the unknown constraints arbitrary switching. The ASMFC is a synergy of finding a Common Lyapunov Function (CLF) between the resulted switched subsystems of the considered robots, employing the Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLS), and the use of the Sliding Mode Control (SMC). The CLF accommodates the constraints arbitrary switching, the SMC adds robustness against possible parameters drift, and the FLS approximates the unknown robot dynamics. All unknown parameters are adapted online and all closed loop signals are guaranteed to be bounded. The proposed strategy is validated by conducting an experiment on a KUKA Lightweight Robot (LWR) doing a typical force-guided peg-in-hole assembly task that falls in the category of robot systems under consideration. Excellent tracking performance is obtained when using the ASMFC strategy. Comparison is conducted with the performance of a PD controller that is widely used in commanding industrial robots and the superiority of the proposed strategy is shown.     

导弹电液伺服机构的自适应模糊滑模跟踪控制

针对导弹电液伺服机构的跟踪控制问题,提出了一种自适应模糊滑模的设计方案.使用具有参数在线调节的自适应模糊控制,逼近滑模控制中的等效控制部分,并确定非线性控制项以保证系统的稳定性.根据滑模控制原理给出四条模糊规则,以平滑不连续控制,达到削弱抖振的目的.仿真结果表明了该方案的有效性.     

REM: active queue management

We describe a new active queue management scheme, random exponential marking (REM), that aims to achieve both high utilization and negligible loss and delay in a simple and scalable manner. The key idea is to decouple the congestion measure from the performance measure such as loss, queue length, or delay. While the congestion measure indicates excess demand for bandwidth and must track the number of users, the performance measure should be stabilized around their targets independent of the number of users. We explain the design rationale behind REM and present simulation results of its performance in wireline and wireless networks     

A genetic algorithm for the design of a fuzzy controller for active queue management

Active queue management (AQM) policies are those policies of router queue management that allow for the detection of network congestion, the notification of such occurrences to the hosts on the network borders, and the adoption of a suitable control policy. This paper proposes the adoption of a fuzzy proportional integral (FPI) controller as an active queue manager for Internet routers. The analytical design of the proposed FPI controller is carried out in analogy with a proportional integral (PI) controller, which recently has been proposed for AQM. A genetic algorithm is proposed for tuning of the FPI controller parameters with respect to optimal disturbance rejection. In the paper the FPI controller design methodology is described and the results of the comparison with random early detection (RED), tail drop, and PI controller are presented.     

一种顽健的自校正主动队列管理机制

现有基于控制理论的主动队列管理机制（AQM）大多数是根据简化的线性被控对象模型设计的,或者根据特定的网络条件设置算法的参数,当网络条件大范围变化时算法的性能难以保证.为了解决这些问题,提出了一种自校正的主动队列管理机制STR,通过在线估计TCP/AQM闭环系统被控对象模型的参数,并相应地调节报文丢弃概率,使路由器的缓冲区队列长度与期望值之间的方差最小.通过仿真实验验证了当网络条件大范围变化时算法的队列长度、链路利用率、报文丢弃率等性能,实验结果表明该算法具有良好的顽健性.     

一种加强的主动队列管理算法--EBLUE

作为一种典型的主动队列管理算法,BLUE明显不同于其它方法,它使用丢包和连接空闲事件来控制拥塞。试验表明BLUE的丢包率明显小于RED,但是其参数设置仍然存在一些不足之处。本文在BLUE算法的基础之上,通过引进自适应的思想对其进行了改进,提出了一种加强的BLUE队列算法——EBLUE。大量的仿真实验表明本文的改进算法能够进一步提高BLUE的性能。     

主动队列管理中的PID控制器

作为对终端系统上拥塞控制的一种补充,中间节点上的主动队列管理(AQM)策略在保证较高吞吐量的基础上有效地控制队列长度,从而实现了控制端到端的时延,保证QoS的目的。C.Hollot等人(2001)用经典控制理论中频域校正的方法设计了用于AQM的PI控制器,但参数整定上的试凑方法不免代有盲目性;算法的瞬态性能指标也不够理想。为此,该文引入了微分环节来增强系统的响应能力,同时给出了基于稳定裕度的参数整定方法,使PID控制器的稳定性有了绝对保障。仿真试验表明PID算法的调节时间远远短于PI控制器,从而为在负载瞬息万变的网络环境中实现控制分组排队等待时间的目标提供了有力的技术保障。     

Signal processing challenges in active queue management

The publication of Floyd and Jacobson's seminal paper "Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance" (1993), marked a new direction in networking research and began what is perhaps the most investigated example of cross-layer optimization. While this paper has inspired an immense amount of work in research, many open problems in active queue management (AQM) still remain. This article seeks to frame these problems in terms accessible to the signal processing researchers. The basic idea of AQM has been provided as well as its objective and overviews of a sample of different approaches. The signal processing aspects of the AQM are discussed, specifically the problem of predicting congestion, approaches to detecting changes in network traffic, an estimation problem, dithering, and quantization.     

自适应模糊滑模控制器设计

针对传统滑模控制的抖振问题,利用线性化反馈技术,将模糊自适应和滑模控制相结合,设计一种新型的模糊滑模控制器。通过模糊推理和基于Lyapunov函数的稳定性分析,获得模糊控制规则的自适应律,构成自适应模糊滑模控制器,有效解决了传统滑模控制中,需要确定参数摄动和外部干扰上确界不确定性问题,倒立摆上的运行结果表明该方法的有效性。     

A duality model of TCP and queue management algorithms

We propose a duality model of end-to-end congestion control and apply it to understanding the equilibrium properties of TCP and active queue management schemes. The basic idea is to regard source rates as primal variables and congestion measures as dual variables, and congestion control as a distributed primal-dual algorithm over the Internet to maximize aggregate utility subject to capacity constraints. The primal iteration is carried out by TCP algorithms such as Reno or Vegas, and the dual iteration is carried out by queue management algorithms such as DropTail, RED or REM. We present these algorithms and their generalizations, derive their utility functions, and study their interaction.     

An adaptive virtual queue (AVQ) algorithm for active queue management

Virtual queue-based marking schemes have been recently proposed for Active Queue Management (AQM) in Internet routers. We consider a particular scheme, which we call the Adaptive Virtual Queue (AVQ), and study its following properties: its stability in the presence of feedback delays, its ability to maintain small queue lengths, and its robustness in the presence of extremely short flows (the so-called web mice). Using a linearized model of the system dynamics, we present a simple rule to design the parameters of the AVQ algorithm. We then compare its performance through simulation with several well-known AQM schemes such as RED, REM, Proportional Integral (PI) controller, and a nonadaptive virtual queue algorithm. With a view toward implementation, we show that AVQ can be implemented as a simple token bucket using only a few lines of code.     

队列管理算法对VOIP QoS的提高

VoIP日益成为受用户欢迎的IP网络服务,然而,这些IP网络上的VOIP通话质量却并不能得到令人满意的保证,尤其是当网络拥塞的时候。文中提出了一种不涉及改造网络结构,低成本地提高VOIP的通话质量的方法。通过随机早期检测算法的应用,可以有效地降低VOIP通话的延迟、抖动和有效丢包率,从而提高VOIP的通话质量。     

A stochastic approximation approach to active queue management

Recently, a dynamic adaptive queue management with random dropping (AQMRD) scheme has been developed to capture the time-dependent variation of average queue size by incorporating the rate of change of average queue size as a parameter. A major issue with AQMRD is the choice of parameters. In this paper, a novel online stochastic approximation based optimization scheme is proposed to dynamically tune the parameters of AQMRD and which is also applicable for other active queue management (AQM) algorithms. Our optimization scheme significantly improves the throughput, average queue size, and loss-rate in relation to other AQM schemes.     

A compensated PID active queue management controller using an improved queue dynamic model

Beside the major objective of providing congestion control, achieving predictable queuing delay, maximizing link utilization, and robustness are the main objectives of an active queue management (AQM) controller. This paper proposes an improved queue dynamic model while incorporating the packet drop probability as well. By applying the improved model, a new compensated PID AQM controller is developed for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networks. The non‐minimum phase characteristic caused by Padé approximation of the network delay restricts the direct application of control methods because of the unstable internal dynamics. In this paper, a parameter‐varying dynamic compensator, which operates on tracking error and internal dynamics, is proposed to not only capture the unstable internal dynamics but also reduce the effect of uncertainties by unresponsive flows. The proposed dynamic compensator is then used to design a PID AQM controller whose gains are obtained directly from the state‐space representation of the system with no further gain tuning requirements. The packet‐level simulations using network simulator (ns2) show the outperformance of the developed controller for both queuing delay stability and resource utilization. The improved underlying model leads also to the faster response of the controller. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.