BER evaluation for phase and polarization diversity opticalhomodyne receivers using noncoherent ASK and DPSK demodulation

An analysis of the performance of phase diversity receivers using amplitude-shift keying (ASK) and differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) is presented. Both {2×2} and {3×3} multiport receivers are investigated. Asymptotic methods are used to estimate the bit error rate (BER) and signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) dependence for each type of the receiver. The analysis favors the squarers as the demodulators for ASK whose performance approaches that of the ideal heterodyne detector in the limit of large SNR. A modification of the ASK ({3×3}) receiver which cancels the local oscillator intensity noise is proposed. Receivers which comprise polarization and phase diversity techniques are also investigated for both ASK and DPSK. Their performance is independent of the polarization state of the received signal, and the value of SNR required to obtain the BER of 10^-9 is only a few tenths of a decibel greater than that needed by the phase diversity receivers     

Densely spaced FDM coherent star network with optical signalsconfined to equally spaced frequencies

The results obtained with a fiber-optical star network using densely spaced frequency-division-multiplexing (FDM) and heterodyne detection techniques are discussed. The system consists of three optical sources transmitting around 1.28 μm, frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulated at 45 Mb/s and spaced by 300 MHz. A 4×4 optical coupler combines the three optical signals. The FDM signals, received from one of the four outputs of the coupler, are demultiplexed by a heterodyne FM receiver. The minimum received optical power needed to obtain a bit error rate (BER) of 10^-9 is -61 dBm or 113 photons/bit, which is 4.5 dB from the shot noise limit. Cochannel interference is negligible for the above channel spacing and modulation rate. The results indicate that such a system has a potential throughput of 4500 Gb/s. The results obtained with two frequency stabilization circuits used to confine these three FDM optical signals to a comb of equally spaced frequencies are also presented     

Performance of homodyne detection of binary PSK optical signals

This study evaluates the performance of an optical receiver for binary phase shift keyed (BPSK) signals in the presence of noise originating from the photodetectors and the phase fluctuations of the optical sources. Analysis of the homodyne detection process shows that the performance is degraded by two effects: One due to the phase error fluctuations of the recovered carrier and the other due to reduction of the energy per bit available for data recovery. The resulting power penalty can be minimized by dividing in an optimal way the received optical signal between the carrier recovery and the data recovery circuits of the receiver. The minimum penalty thus obtained depends on the 3-dB linewidth and on the transmission rate. For example, a penalty of 0.5 dB, relative to the quantum limit of 9 photon bit needed to achieve a BER of 10^-9, imposes a minimum transmission rate of about 180 Gbit/s when the optical source has a 3-dB linewidth of 20 MHz.     

Modulation and demodulation techniques in optical heterodyne PSKtransmission systems

Modulation and demodulation techniques are described for an optical PSK heterodyne transmission system operating at 560 Mb/s and 1.2 Gb/s. Performance limitations affecting the receiver sensitivity in a 1.2-Gb/s DPSK system, such as laser phase noise, phase modulation depth, IF center frequency deviation, and local laser power, are studied. High receiver sensitivities for PSK systems were achieved. The applicability of the Mach-Zehnder modulator as a phase modulator for 1.2-Gb/s DPSK is also demonstrated. A 1.2-Gb/s DPSK transmission of over 100 km, using polarization diversity with novel polarization-insensitive automatic frequency control in an attempt to overcome signal fading caused by polarization fluctuation in the transmitting fiber, is also described. A receiver sensitivity of less than -42.8 dBm and varying within 1.4 dB for all states of polarization was achieved. A multichannel high-definition TV (HDTV) transmission experiment using a DPSK polarization-diversity tunable receiver is described     

Performance analysis and experiment of a homodyne receiverinsensitive to both polarization and phase fluctuations

A detailed bit-error-rate analysis of a differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) homodyne receiver which comprises polarization and phase diversities is presented. It is shown that both the requirement for the laser linewidth and the receiver sensitivity are approximately equal to those of a conventional DPSK heterodyne receiver. The insensitivity of the receiver to the polarization state of the incoming signal is also investigated both theoretically and experimentally     

Impact of laser phase noise on the performance of a {3×3}phase and polarization diversity optical homodyne DPSK receiver

An analysis of the impact of laser phase noise on the performance of a {3×3} phase- and polarization-diversity differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) receiver is done for the phase and shot-noise limited case. The results show that, for zero laser linewidths, the maximal signal power penalty of the {3×3} phase- and polarization-diversity DPSK receiver with respect to the conventional heterodyne DPSK receiver is approximately 0.7 dB for P_e =10^-9. For nonzero laser linewidths, it appears that, depending on the laser linewidth, for large signal-to-noise ratios the performance of the analyzed {3×3} phase- and polarization-diversity DPSK receiver is close to that of the ideal conventional heterodyne DPSK receiver. For a rectangular intermediate-frequency filter, the maximum allowable normalized laser linewidth (Δυ×T) for the (3×3) phase and polarization diversity DPSK receiver is found to be approximately 0.46% for a power penalty of 1 dB     

无线光外差检测系统研究与仿真

本文提出了一种新的基于副载波调制的无线光外差检测方案,用Optisystem对其进行仿真,计算了系统的外差增益,分析了影响无线光外差检测系统外差增益的几个主要因素,包括信号光的偏振态、激光器线宽、本振光功率及调制速率。从仿真结果可以得出：若信号光和本振光的偏振态不一致,会导致外差增益的下降;接收机灵敏度随光源激光器线宽的增大而降低,误码率要达到10-9,线宽最大不超过25KHz;增大本振光功率可以提高灵敏度,但这个提高不是无限地,存在一个最佳本振光功率,如果大于这个最佳值,信噪比反而会降低。     

Gamma Gamma强海洋湍流和瞄准误差下水下无线光通信系统的性能研究

采用外差式差分相移键控(Differential phase-shift keying,DPSK)调制的水下无线光通信(Underwater wireless optical communication,UWOC)系统经过Gamma Gamma强海洋湍流信道传输,当接收端与发送端之间存在瞄准误差并采用孔径接收方式时,分析了湍流效应和瞄准误差对接收光强的抖动影响,推导了UWOC系统的平均误码率(Bit error rate,BER)和中断概率(Outage probability,OP)的解析表达式。数值模拟研究了不同的瞄准误差、束宽、接收孔径和海洋湍流参数对平均BER和OP性能的影响。结果表明,在相同的束宽和信道环境下,瞄准误差越大,系统性能越差;光束束宽与孔径半径之比越大,接收孔径直径越大,系统性能越好;另外,选择较小的温度和盐度波动对海洋湍流贡献的比值ω和均方温度耗散率χT,以及较大的湍流动能耗散率ε和动力粘度u的海洋湍流环境也有利于获得较好的系统性能。     

3 Gbit/s optically preamplified direct detection DPSK receiver with 116 photon/bit sensitivity

For the first time experimental bit error rate curves are presented for an optically preamplified direct detection differential phase and shift keying (DPSK) communication link. DPSK offers approximately 6 dB peak power sensitivity improvement over more traditionally optically preamplified on/off keying (OOK). Using an erbium doped fibre preamplifier, a fibre Fabry-Perot filter, an optical DPSK demodulator consisting of a fibre-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer with a 1 bit differential delay, and a balanced receiver, a sensitivity of 116 photon/bit was obtained. To the authors' knowledge these results represent the first demonstration of optically preamplified DPSK with better sensitivity than previously reported multigigabit per second heterodyne DPSK and approximately 3 dB more sensitivity on a peak power basis than previously reported preamplified OOK systems.<>     

Phase-noise-insensitive coherent optical heterodyne CPFSK receiver with limiter-discriminator detector

A coherent optical heterodyne CPFSK receiver with a limiter-discriminator (LD) detector, which cannot be degraded by quantum phase noise of lasers when the frequency deviation ratio h is equal to 1, is proposed. The receiver can give the same bit error rate as the ideal digital DPSK system. In addition, 1/2 exp (-SNR) can be considered as the upper bound of the minimum error rate of the CPFSK-LD detector.<>     

Analysis and design of a DPSK optical heterodyne receiver in the presence of laser phase noise and frequency detuning

This paper is concerned with the analysis and design of an improved differential heterodyne optical receiver for differentially-encoded binary PSK (briefly, DPSK) signals in a coherent lightwave communication system. In the first part of the paper, we discuss the relevant design criteria to be employed when dealing with asynchronous heterodyne receivers for ASK, FSK or DPSK optical signals. In particular, we introduce a convenient definition of the signal-to-noise ratio at the data detector input to be assumed as the system performance measure when the non-negligible linewidth of the transmit/receive laser sources are to be taken into account. Following this design approach, we show that by properly modifying the traditional delay-and-multiply DPSK receiver, i. e. by allowing the delay to be a fraction of the symbol interval, we can considerably reduce the performance degradation caused by laser phase noise. We show thus that the superior power-efficiency of DPSK can be traded in favour of a decreased sensitivity to phase noise through a proper choice of the differential detector delay. In this respect, our results reveal that DPSK may still be competitive with other modulation formats even with non-negligible linewidth sources. In the last part of the paper, the behaviour of the optimized DPSK, ASK and large-deviation FSK data demodulators in the presence of a quasistationary frequency detuning of the local laser is also discussed under the same set of conditions as in the previous analysis. The results can be employed to derive accurate design requirements for the AFC loop of the receiver.     

采用分段阈值的自由空间光通信性能优化

激光在大气信道中传输时易受到大气湍流等影响,导致接收机对开关键控(On-Off Keying, OOK)信号发生错误判决,进而产生误码率门限,严重恶化了自由空间光通信(Fee Space Optical Communication, FSOC)的传输性能。采用自适应阈值进行判决虽然能抑制误码率门限,但是需已知比特级(ns级)的信道状态信息(Channel State Information, CSI),在高速激光通信中难以实现。基于大气信道的缓慢变化特征,对接收信号按照亚毫秒级时隙(0.01 ms级)进行分段检测,降低了高速信号的检测难度,并通过优化误码率求解出了最佳的分段阈值,从而抑制了误码率门限现象。与此同时,提出了正交偏振态导频光与信号光同传的系统方案,以估计大气信道模型与接收信号的分段阈值。仿真结果表明,在Log-Normal大气信道模型下,该方法虽然引入了3～6 dB的光功率损耗,但是有效抑制了误码率门限,且仅需估计毫秒级的CSI,降低了阈值判决的实现难度。     

Sensitivity of optically preamplified receivers with optical filtering

The noise spectral densities resulting from detection of preamplified signals using an optical filter are discussed. The authors also carried out a simplified analysis of preamplified receiver sensitivities with ASK and FSK signals. The analysis shows that total optical bandwidths of less than 50 times the data rate result in (10/sup -9/ BER) sensitivities close to the limit set by the amplifier noise figure. The development of low-noise high-gain amplifiers in conjunction with narrowband tunable optical filters enable high-sensitivity FDM systems to be constructed, without the complication of a local oscillator or polarization control/diversity networks which are required for heterodyne coherent detection systems.<>     

Data-aided linear prediction receiver for coherent DPSK and CPMtransmitted over Rayleigh flat-fading channels

In this paper, a new data-aided linear prediction receiver for coherent differentially encoded phase-shift keying (DPSK) and coherent continuous phase modulation (CPM) over Rayleigh flat-fading channels is presented, This receiver uses the previously detected symbols to estimate the carrier-phase reference and predict the channel gain continuously and therefore makes the optimal coherent detection of DPSK and CPM. The receiver has a simple structure and can be implemented easily. This is due partly to the fact that the linear predictors used for channel estimation do not depend on the autocorrelation function of the fading process. Simulation results on the bit error performance of QDPSK and minimum-shift keying (MSK) with the new receiver are given for both the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and the Rayleigh flat-fading channels. The results show that the proposed receiver provides almost the same bit error rate (BER) performance as the ideal coherent receiver in an AWGN channel, is very robust against large carrier frequency offset between transmitter and receiver, and can provide a reasonably good BER performance in a fast Rayleigh fading channel. Finally, a multisample receiver is discussed and its error rate performance is evaluated by means of computer simulations. The results show that the multisample receiver provides good BER performance for higher fading rate     

基于IQ/CD的单光子载波矢量信号传输系统设计

提出并验证了一种使用单光子载波、基于 IQ 调制和相干检测的新方法来传输两个矢量信号,单光子载波上的同一个偏振态光携带 IQ 调制信号,具有正交偏振状态的光载波直接通过光波调制光波传输,两个正交极化波的光发送到相干检测器中解调。仿真实验了在25 km 单模光纤两个 QPSK 信号以数据率为1 Gbps 传输时的传输性能。     

Reduced state Viterbi differential phase detection of MDPSK signals

An improved differential phase detection scheme that uses a reduced state Viterbi algorithm (RSVDPD) is proposed for the reception of M-ary differential phase shift keying (MDPSK) signals. The transmitted sequence is estimated from the received signal phases only. The number of trellis states equals that of the signal constellation points M. The branch metric is computed by tracing back the surviving path connected to each state. The bit error rate (BER) performance with RSVDPD is evaluated using computer simulation for 4DPSK transmission in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels     

560 Mbit/s optical PSK heterodyne detection using carrier recovery

An optical PSK heterodyne synchronous detection experiment was performed at a bit rate of 560 Mbit/s using carrier recovery in the IF stage. A receiver sensitivity of -51.6 dBm was achieved, and the power penalty due to the phase noise of the laser diodes was suppressed to less than that of DPSK.<>     

Crosstalk degradation caused by optical amplification in amultichannel FSK heterodyne system

The crosstalk degradation caused by an optical amplifier in a four-channel FSK (frequency-shift-keyed) heterodyne communication system is measured. A bit error rate (BER) floor of 3×10^-4 is observed when the channels are spaced by 200 MHz, FSK modulation at 45 Mb/s, and when the optical input signal is large enough such that the gain is compressed by 2 dB relative to its small-signal value. The receiver is substantially improved by reducing the optical power amplifier input. However, the sensitivity increases only to a maximum value beyond which it degrades as the optical power of the demodulated channel becomes small relative to the noise of the optical amplifier. The combined effect of the crosstalk and the amplifier noise yields an optimum sensitivity of 250 photons/b for BER=10^-9. This result is 5 dB poorer than the sensitivity obtained in the absence of an optical amplifier     

WDM coherent optical star network

The results obtained with a fiber-optical star network using densely-spaced wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and heterodyne detection techniques are reported. The system consists of three lasers transmitting at optical frequencies around 234000 GHz, spaced at a frequency interval of 300 MHz. The lasers are frequency-shift-key (FSK) modulated at 45 Mb/s. A 4×4 optical star coupler combines the three optical signals. The WDM signals received from one of the four outputs of the star coupler are demultiplexed by a heterodyne receiver. The minimum received optical power needed to obtain a bit-error rate of 10^-9 is -61 dBm or 113 photon/bit, which is 4.5 dB from the shot noise limit. The degradation caused by co-channel interference was measured and found to be negligible when the channels, modulated at 45 Mb/s, are spaced by more than 130 MHz in the IF domain. These results indicate that a WDM coherent optical star network of this type has a potential throughput of 4500 Gb/s     

Error probability of 2DPSK with phase noise

A simple tight upper bound on the BEP of 2DPSK over the AWGN channel with phase noise in the received signal is obtained. The phase is modeled as a Gaussian random process which is slowly varying compared to the bit rate so that a piecewise-constant approximation can be made. The bound is verified by computer simulations, and it provides good estimates of the error probability. It shows that for high SNR the error probability decreases as the reciprocal of the square-root of the SNR. The results are applicable in particular to heterodyne optical communications