N,N-二甲基乙酰胺合成路线与市场前景

随着我国石油化工,尤其是合成树脂,丙烯腈纤维和芳烃生产能力快速增长,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺需求有很大幅度增长,市场前景良好。本文评述了N,N-二甲基乙酰胺合成路线、市场需求和应用领域,倡导大力发展N,N-二甲基乙酰胺工业生产。     

响应面法优化反应精馏合成N,N-二甲基乙酰胺工艺研究

N,N-二甲基乙酰胺是应用广泛的高沸点、非质子化溶剂,采用反应精馏技术合成N,N-二甲基乙酰胺,改进了传统的醋酸法工艺,考察了催化剂质量分数、回流比、反应温度和二甲胺/醋酸摩尔比等因素对N,N-二甲基乙酰胺收率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上,通过响应面分析实验确定反应精馏合成N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的最佳工艺条件为:催化剂质量为醋酸质量的3%,回流比为2.8∶1,反应温度为172℃,二甲胺/醋酸摩尔比为1.4∶1,此时,N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的收率可达93.34%。     

乙酸甲酯胺化制N，N-二甲基乙酰胺的研究

介绍了应用不同催化剂就乙酸甲酯和二甲胺制N，N-二甲基乙酰胺的反应条件对乙酸甲酯转化率和N，N-二甲基乙酰胺选择性的影响。结果表明：催化剂的用量为原料乙酸甲酯的1％～3％(质量分数)，助剂的用量为原料乙酸甲酯的10％～30％(质量分数)，乙酸甲酯：二甲胺配比(摩尔比)为1．0：1．2，反应压力为2．0Mpa，反应温度为170℃，反应时间为4h，乙酸甲酯转化率高于99％，N，N-二甲基乙酰胺的选择性高于95％。     

N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的合成反应动力学

为了给N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的工业生产提供动力学支持,文章研究了二甲胺和冰醋酸直接缩合反应生成N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的本征动力学。在消除外扩散的影响下,考察了质量分数40%二甲胺与醋酸的摩尔比和反应温度对缩合反应的影响。测定和分析了在389.15,397.15,403.15,407.15,418.15 K下的动力学实验数据,利用数据处理软件进行拟合,得到N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的合成反应动力学方程,并通过了实验验证,为反应精馏的优化模拟提供了重要的基础数据。     

N-甲基-N-乙烯基乙酰胺的合成工艺研究

以N-甲基乙酰胺、醋酸乙烯酯为原料,N,N-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)为催化剂,合成N-甲基-N-乙烯基乙酰胺。对影响反应的各种因素进行了考察,确定了最佳反应条件为:反应温度65℃,反应时间12h,催化剂与N-甲基乙酰胺物质的量比为0.55。在此条件下,N-甲基-N-乙烯基乙酰胺收率为87.6%,催化剂可回收套用12次。     

N,N-二甲基乙酰胺缩二甲醇的合成

改进并优化了N,N-二甲基乙酰胺缩二甲醇的制备工艺条件,优化合成条件为:以N,N-二甲基乙酰胺为反应原料,在70℃进行甲基化反应2 h得到亚胺络合物1,0~5℃条件下向亚胺络合物1中滴加甲醇钠甲醇醇解,得到目标产物N,N-二甲基乙酰胺缩二甲醇。研究表明,采用改进后的工艺方法目标物收率由59%提高至72%,同时可以有效抑制副产物的生成。     

基于均匀设计优化制备静电纺丝相变储湿纤维

以醋酸纤维素为包裹材料、聚乙二醇800为相变材料、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺和丙酮为溶剂,采用静电纺丝法制备相变储湿纤维。基于均匀设计和多元非线性回归法研究了各因素对静电纺丝相变储湿纤维综合热-湿性能的影响。结果表明,各因素对性能影响的主次顺序为：聚乙二醇800用量＞N,N-二甲基乙酰胺用量＞醋酸纤维素用量＞反应温度＞干燥温度;优化制备方案：N,N-二甲基乙酰胺用量为11.3 g、醋酸纤维素用量为6.96 g、聚乙二醇800用量为8.12 g、反应温度为37.8 ℃、干燥温度为60.4 ℃.     

纤维素溶解的研究现状

主要介绍了目前国内外纤维素的溶解方法,包括离子液溶解法、N-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物溶解法、氯化锂/N,N-二甲基乙酰胺溶解法和氢氧化钠/尿素水溶液溶解法。     

GC法测定7-ACA中残余溶媒的含量

建立了气相色谱法测定7-ACA残留溶媒中N,N-二甲基苯胺、乙二醇的含量，其中乙二醇需经过柱前衍生。衍生试剂为BSTFA（双三甲基硅烷三氟乙酰胺与三甲基氯硅烷）。内标法定量，内标物为N,N-二甲基乙酰胺。该方法衍生物稳定、快速、准确度高。     

气相色谱／质谱联用检测化妆品中N,N-二甲基乙酰胺的残留

建立了气相色谱/质谱联用（GC/MS）检测化妆品中N,N-二甲基乙酰胺残留量的方法。样品经甲醇超声提取后,滤液直接检测。采用外杯法,选择离子定量。N,N-二甲基乙酰胺在（1．1～10mg／L浓度范围内线性关系良好．相关系数（r^2）为0．999。在0．2、1．0、2．0mg／kg添加水平下的平均回收率为89．6％～96．1％．相对标准偏差（RSD）为2．4％～3．9％,表明方法适用于化妆品中N,N-二甲基乙酰胺残留量的检测。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。