Attitudes of white and Negro high school students in a west Texas town toward school integration.

"1. Authoritarian attitudes… were not indicative of negative attitudes toward integration. 2. Negro students… show highly authoritarian attitudes as well as strong positive attitudes toward all areas of school integration. 3. White students in the segregated school systems studied show high authoritarianism though less than Negro students. 4. White students show a number of positive attitude responses toward many aspects of school integration, thus easing the expressed fear of widespread interracial conflicts in integrated schools in this area, though problems may arise in situations necessitating close personal-social contact." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Own attitude as an anchor in equal-appearing intervals.

"An experiment was performed to test four alternative interpretations of the influence of judges' attitudes on equal-appearing interval scale values. The experimental design involved manipulation of the item series as well as judges' attitudes… . perceptual vigilance and assimilation-contrast, can account for the obtained main effect due to judges' attitudes… . adaptation level, can account for that effect, as well as the observed effect due to item series. Only… variable series, can account for both main effects and the significant interaction… between judge's attitudes and item series." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting Educational and Vocational Attitudes Among Rural High School Students.

Given the paucity of literature addressing the experiences of rural youth, this study investigated the ability of assessed levels of social support, perceived parental involvement, academic self-efficacy, and perceived educational barriers to predict school engagement and work role attitudes among rural high school students. The authors specifically intended to test the generalizability of M. E. Kenny, D. L. Blustein, A. Chaves, J. M. Grossman, and L. A. Gallagher's '(2003) findings with a rural population and within a social cognitive career theory (R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 2002) framework. Results supported the hypothesized importance of contextual factors (social support and parent involvement) and self-efficacy in predicting the work and school attitudes of rural students. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MATERNAL ATTITUDES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA.

"This study was undertaken in order to see whether or not mothers of schizophrenic patients are characterized by certain parent-child attitudes which might be assumed to be of significance in the psychogenesis of schizophrenia… What seemed to emerge as characterizing the mothers of schizophrenics were attitudes of self-sacrificing martyrdom, of subtle (rather than frank) domination, and overprotectiveness." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some personal and social attitudes of habitual traffic violators.

"The results indicate that the negligent operators do not constitute a homogeneous group with respect to either the personal variables or the attitudes expressed toward the law, the police, or themselves… [they] therefore, fail to support the common belief that drivers who have unfavorable attitudes toward self or society become serious traffic violators and that such violators have developed unfavorable attitudes toward traffic laws, enforcement agencies, or themselves as a result of frequent apprehension for traffic violations… . In conclusion, it appears that the drivers used in this study are not different from other drivers in the characteristics considered, except in the frequency of traffic violations on their records." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Some correlates of attitudes on the 1956 steel strike.

Biographical data collected in interviews were correlated with scores on a scale measuring attitudes toward the steel strike, for a sample of 122 strikers. "… individuals most favorable to the strike tended to be married, to have children, to have had past strike experience, and to have had less than two years of high school. Variables not significantly related with strike attitude were opinion on how long the strike would last, buying appliances or automobile on installment, and age of the striker." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Children's attitudes toward rational versus inhibitory parental authority.

"Starting with Fromm's (1941) distinction between rational and inhibitory authority, the study investigates children's attitudes towards their parents' restrictive norms and checking actions… . The results indicate that if parents' restrictive norms and checking actions are accompanied by authoritarian motivations (inhibiting authority), the children's positive attitudes towards these are negatively correlated with chronological age, verbal intelligence… and preference for altruistic alternatives to authoritarian ones… . If the… actions are accompanied by rational motivations (indicating rational parental authority), the attitudes have a tendency to correlate positively with these three independent variables." From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4FG15P. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The formation of in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes?

Although standardized measures of prejudice reveal high levels of ethnocentric bias in the preschool years, it may reflect in-group favoritism or out-group prejudice. A measure that partially decouples the two attitudes was given to White children between 4 and 7 years of age to examine the reciprocal relation between and the acquisition and correlates of in-group and out-group attitudes. The two attitudes were reciprocally correlated in 1 sample from a racially homogeneous school but not in a 2nd sample from a mixed-race school. In-group favoritism did not appear until 5 years of age but then reached significant levels; it was strongly related to developing social cognitions. Out-group prejudice was weaker, but its targets suffer from comparison with the high favoritism accorded in-group members. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitudes toward old people: The development of a scale and an examination of correlates.

"The present paper reports on the development of a Likert scale for assessing attitudes toward old people and discusses empirical relations found between such attitudes and other attitudinal and personality variables. Three samples of college undergraduates served as subjects… a scale containing items making unfavorable reference to old people and a scale containing matched favorably worded items [were constructed]… no clear consistent relation obtained between authoritarianism as measured by the F Scale and attitudes toward old people. On the other hand, unfavorable attitudes toward old people were associated with feelings of anomie, and with negative dispositions toward ethnic minorities and a variety of physically disabled groups. A nurturance factor… was significantly correlated with… scale scores, the more nuturant subjects being more positively disposed toward old people." From Psyc Abstracts 36:01:3GD44K. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitudes toward special loyalty oaths at the University of California.

In 1951 "… the attitudes and backgrounds of a number of persons who declined to sign one or both of two special oaths then required at the University of California… " were examined and compared "… with comparable data from a sample of persons, similar in other respects, who had signed both of these oaths." Similarities and differences between signers and nonsigners are indicated. F-Scale results indicated that "… the nonsigners were markedly less authoritarian than the signers." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The decision of African American students to complete high school: An application of the theory of planned behavior.

A longitudinal study explored high school completion among African Americans. Male and female high school students aged 14 to 17 (N=166) completed a theory of planned behavior (I. Ajzen, 1991) questionnaire early in their 2nd year. Intentions to complete the year were accurately predicted from attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (R=.71; pR=.50; p     

Academic Socialization: Understanding Parental Influences on Children's School-Related Development in the Early Years.

This review summarizes the research literature on the academic socialization of children within the family context. A conceptual model is introduced that describes the process of academic socialization, including parental experiences in school, parental school-related cognitions, and specific parenting behaviors. Parental attitudes and practices provide the foundation for children's development of schemas about school performance and thus are critical determinants of children's early school experiences. In addition, recent efforts to understand the role of transition practices aimed at facilitating children's early adjustment in school are described. The present review extends the transition practices literature by providing a developmental perspective on parenting influences on children's academic socialization, within an ecological systems perspective. The authors describe academic socialization as a process that occurs under the broad umbrella of socioeconomic and cultural contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predictors of African American and European American adolescents' endorsement of race-conscious social policies.

To examine the predictors of adolescents' evaluations of affirmative action and school desegregation policies, African American and European American students (ns = 94 and 116, respectively; aged 14 to 17 years) attending a racially diverse high school in the Midwestern United States completed measures of (a) implicit racial attitudes, (b) knowledge about historical racism, and (c) perceptions of and attributions for racial disparities. The following day, adolescents learned about either a proposed affirmative action policy (n = 101) or a school desegregation policy (n = 109) and completed measures of their attitudes toward the policy. Results indicated racial differences in policy support and in the factors predicting policy support. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Arms control: Human control.

"If our control of the arms race is to be improved governmental policies must be modified; public and governmental attitudes must be altered drastically. The attitude of the populace of one country toward that of another can change dramatically in a few years: for example, our attitude toward the Chinese and Japanese since the Second World War… . It is time… to stop acting on the basis of unsupported assumptions about human nature, and to begin developing rules of conduct on a sound and scientifically valid basis. It is time we stopped reacting negatively to Soviet challenges, and began to assume a positive course toward world objectives that we can accept and support." We must concentrate on "practical goals and objectives that lend themselves to nonlethal contest and peaceful resolution." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Stephan and Rosenfield.

Reports an error in the original article by Walter G. Stephan and David Rosenfield (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1978[Aug], Vol 36[8], pp. 795-804). Two corrections are needed to correlations in Table 2 on page 800. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1980-02037-001.) Examined the determinants of changes in the racial attitudes of 65 White elementary school children during school desegregation. A multiple regression analysis showed that increases in children's self-esteem, increases in children's interethnic contact, low parental authoritarianism, and nonpunitive parental child-rearing practices were all significantly related to positive changes in racial attitudes. In addition, data are presented that indicate that parental opposition to integration is an indirect determinant of change in children's racial attitudes because of its impact on children's interethnic contact. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The fakability of two measures of prejudice: The California F Scale and Gough's Pr Scale.

"Fifty-two elementary psychology students, who did not belong to minority groups and who were naive to the tests, were given the California F (authoritarian) scale and Gough's Pr (prejudice) scale. First they took the scales with the regular instructions. They repeated them, once faking prejudiced attitudes, and again faking unprejudiced attitudes. The Ss were clearly able to fake the prejudiced approach. However, they were able to change their scores significantly toward the unprejudiced direction only on the Pr scale… . It appears particularly easy to fake prejudice if the person is so inclined." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Review of Brain injury casebook: Methods for reintegration to home, school and community": Comment.

Comments on the review of the current author's book, Brain Injury Casebook: Methods for Reintegration to Home, School and Community (see record 2009-09834-001). In his review of the book, M. J. Diorio remarked, "…the only criticism is that it does not delve into vocational issues which, by far, comprise a large portion of reintegration problems…". In this comment, D. Rapp explains that the omission of this topic in her book was quite intentional and purposeful. As the title indicates, the emphasis was on reintegration to home, school and community, as she felt prior literature had relatively omitted these areas of reintegration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An analysis of the Miller Analogies Test for a scientific population.

On 50 subjects "… who are actively engaged in research in an industrial organization… " a correlation of .58 between the Miller Analogies Test and the Full Scale Wechsler-Bellevue was obtained; a correlation of .77 between the Miller Analogies Test and the W-B vocabulary subtest was obtained. Confirmation of these results with a representative graduate school population would suggest "… that a more discriminating vocabulary test than the W-B subtest for graduate school populations might closely approximate the efficiency of the MAT in predicting success in graduate school." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mothers' attitudes toward seeking help for their children from school and private psychologists.

What inhibits parents from seeking psychological help for their children? This study examined the attitudes of mothers of school-age children toward seeking psychological help from school psychological services and from private psychologists. Mothers express greater and more intense worries in relation to seeking help from school psychological services as compared to private psychologists. Hypothetical vignettes about a problematic child also showed that mothers prefer to refer both their own child and that of a friend to a private psychologist. Reducing the threat aroused by public sector psychologists should increase the utilization of psychological help for children. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)