首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Developmental, social, and clinical studies of dependency have produced remarkably consistent results. A review and integration of these findings allow strong conclusions to be drawn regarding the etiology and dynamics of dependency. The etiology of dependency appears to lie in overprotective, authoritarian parenting. In social settings, dependency is associated with suggestibility, conformity, compliance, interpersonal yielding, affiliative behavior, and sensitivity to interpersonal cues. Dependency predicts the onset of certain psychological disorders and follows the onset of others. It seems that the fundamental motivation of the dependent person, from which the behaviors that are exhibited in different situations are derived, is a strong desire to obtain and maintain nurturant supportive relationships. Implications of these findings for different theoretical models of dependency are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

2.
Recent research of Schachter has redirected a longstanding interest in physiological, psychological, and sociological correlates of order of birth to affiliative or withdrawal tendencies as birth-order correlates. The most firmly established and persistent finding relative to birth order shows an overproportion of 1st-born children in college. Substantial evidence also exists showing (1) 1st-born to be more susceptible than later born to social pressure and (2) 1st-born women, when apprehensive, to be more strongly attracted than later-born women to the company of others. Studies relating birth order to conformity or dependence, delinquency, alcoholism, and schizophrenia as well as college attendance and affiliative behavior are reviewed. (2p. ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

3.
Several studies have shown that rats regulate affiliative behavior, becoming more affiliative after social isolation and less affiliative after satiation. To determine if they regulate (a) time devoted to social activities or (b) distance between animals, both time and distance were measured in a 4-ft or 12-ft diameter circular open field. In an experiment involving 45 male hooded rats, it was found that (a) social distance varied with field size, but time in social contact did not; (b) Ss showed no propensity to keep any social distance other than zero; (c) noncontact distances were large, close to chance; and (d) time was more sensitive statistically than distance to variations in affiliative motivations. Thus, time was the critical dimension used to regulate affiliative encounters. Time may also be the dimension along which noncontact species regulate affiliation. (43 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

4.
Projective (TAT) and direct self-report measures of achievement (n Ach) and affiliative motivation (n Aff) were compared as predictors of behavior in 2 studies with 67 and 80 Ss. For n Ach, there was no significant difference in the predictive validities of the 2 measures, but both measures together predicted better than either one alone. For n Aff, the projective measure was a better predictor than self-report for males, and there was an opposite tendency for females. For males who reported themselves as being revealing about themselves to others, self-report n Aff was correlated with affiliative behavior; for concealing males, the correlation was nonsignificant. Where self-reports were collected with instructions to fake responses, they were uncorrelated with behavior and with previous self-reports. There were no differences in self-reports taken in individual interviews or in a group setting. (22 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

5.
Two alternative conceptualizations of the process underlying affiliation motivation in everyday life were investigated: the social affiliation model (SAM)—a framework we propose—and privacy regulation theory (PRT; I. Altman, 1975; I. Altman, A. Vinsel, & B. B. Brown, 1981). The affiliative experiences of 66 participants were obtained using the experience sampling method. Sequential analyses indicated that individuals in elected social circumstances, such as those who were alone and wanted to be alone, continued in these circumstances at greater-than-chance levels (p ?≤? .01). These results suggest that individual are motivated to re-establish an optimal range of contact, consistent with SAM and the view that the process underlying affiliation motivation operates according to a homeostatic principle. The contrasting predictions of PRT, as well as a rival explanation that the results are due to the continuation of activities, were not supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

6.
7.
Reviews research that demonstrates the importance of motivation, incentive value, and probability of success, independently measured, for predicting achievement performance and the frequency with which affiliation acts are performed. Both theory and research lead to the following conclusions: (1) motive strength, particularly in relation to the strength of other motives in the person, is the more important determinant of operant act frequency; (2) incentive value is the more important determinant of cognitively based choices; (3) motive strength and probability of success combine multiplicatively to predict response strength or probability; and (4) all determinants, plus this last interaction, together account for over 75% of the variation in operants such as affiliative act frequency. The remainder of the variation is readily attributable to environmental opportunities. (51 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

8.
Presents 3 different studies of in-session changes in emotionally focused couples therapy (EFT). Studies of in-session conflict events demonstrate both that couples' conflict interaction at the end of treatment is more affiliative and interdependent than at the beginning of treatment, and that peak session conflict interaction is deeper in level of experience and more affiliative than the interaction in poor session conflict episodes. In addition, events beginning with intimate, affective self-disclosure by one partner were found to involve greater affiliation in spouses' responses to the self-disclosure than in a control event not involving self-disclosure. The possible change processes in EFT are discussed in light of these results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

9.
"Two groups of women college students were placed in a judgmental conformity situation… to test the hypothesis that persons with high social-approval and low self-approval motivation would yield to a unanimous, but erring, majority in judgment of length of lines more frequently than would persons with the opposite motivational profile… . The results were in accord with the major hypothesis." 17 references. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

10.
Three experiments examined how 2 fundamental social motives--self-protection and mate attraction--influenced conformity. A self-protective goal increased conformity for both men and women. In contrast, the effects of a romantic goal depended on sex, causing women to conform more to others' preferences while engendering nonconformity in men. Men motivated to attract a mate were particularly likely to nonconform when (a) nonconformity made them unique (but not merely a member of a small minority) and when (b) the topic was subjective versus objective, meaning that nonconformists could not be revealed to be incorrect. These findings fit with a functional evolutionary model of motivation and behavior, and they indicate that fundamental motives such as self-protection and mate attraction can stimulate specific forms of conformity or nonconformity for strategic self-presentation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

11.
These experiments examined how social interactions with individuals who ostensibly have stereotype-relevant views affect the self-evaluations of stereotype targets. Participants believed they were going to interact, or actually interacted, with a person who ostensibly had stereotype-consistent or stereotype-inconsistent views about their social group. Consistent with shared reality theory, participants' self-evaluations (Experiments 1, 2, and 3) and behavior (Experiment 2) corresponded with the ostensible views of the other person when affiliative motivation was high. This occurred even when it was likely to be detrimental to participants' nonaffiliative outcomes (Experiment 3). Experiment 4 showed that self-evaluative shift away from the ostensible views of another person was a function of social distance motives, also consistent with shared reality theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

12.
Develops 3 hypotheses to explain the role of construal processes in conformity behavior. According to the preconformity change of meaning hypothesis, social influence leads to changes in situational construal that precede and mediate conformity behavior; according to the postconformity change of meaning hypothesis, construal change follows and justifies conformity; and according to the construal-consistency hypothesis, preexisting situational construal distinguishes those who conform from those who dissent. Four experimental studies with varying methodology and involving a total of 361 undergraduate students were performed to test these hypotheses. The results of all studies provide strong evidence for postconformity change of meaning effects. Discussion centers on possible domains in which the different construal mechanisms might operate. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

13.
The aim of this paper is to review recent work concerning the psychobiological substrates of social bonding, focusing on the literature attributed to opioids, oxytocin and norepinephrine in rats. Existing evidence and thinking about the biological foundations of attachment in young mammalian species and the neurobiology of several other affiliative behaviors including maternal behavior, sexual behavior and social memory is reviewed. We postulate the existence of social motivation circuitry which is common to all mammals and consistent across development. Oxytocin, vasopressin, endogenous opioids and catecholamines appear to participate in a wide variety of affiliative behaviors and are likely to be important components in this circuitry. It is proposed that these same neurochemical and neuroanatomical patterns will emerge as key substrates in the neurobiology of infant attachments to their caregivers.  相似文献   

14.
15.
The hypothesis that people have a generalized tendency to accept or reject external influence is tested in perceptual and conformity situations, using 53 college males as S's. The results show that S's who are highly influenced by the field in one perceptual test perform similarly in other perceptual tests, conformity measures are not significantly interrelated, and field dependent perceptual behavior is associated with high conformity in other tests, particularly autokinetic and attitude change measures. It is suggested that while perceptual performance reflects central tendencies of the person, his performance in specific conformity situations is subject to greater fluctuation as a result of more peripheral factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

16.
Motivational models of addiction typically propose that alcohol and drugs are desired because of their hedonic effects (i.e., increasing pleasure or reducing distress). In contrast, the incentive-sensitization theory proposes that wanting motivation and liking motivation are separable and that after repeated substance use, motivation shifts from liking to wanting. Using a sample of 85 at-risk drinkers (as defined by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism), in the current study we examined the separability of liking motivation and wanting motivation for alcohol and whether years of drinking experience was associated with an increased role for wanting motivation and a decreased role for liking motivation. Consumption was measured with a free-drinking task. Wanting motivation was assessed immediately before drinking, and liking was assessed immediately after drinking had begun. The results indicated that (a) wanting motivation predicted variance of consumption unique from that accounted for by liking motivation, (b) longer drinking experience was associated with a decreased relation between liking motivation and consumption, and (c) longer drinking experience was not associated with an increased relation between wanting motivation and consumption. The results provide partial support for the incentive-sensitization theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

17.
Observed 20 infants at home interacting with their mothers, fathers, and an unfamiliar investigator, when they were 15, 18, 21, and 24 mo of age. The infants showed significant preferences for their fathers over their mothers in the display of attachment and affiliative behaviors. Both parents were preferred to the investigator on attachment behavior measures, though when the relative activity of the adults was taken into account, the infants directed more affiliative behaviors to the investigator than to their parents. Over the year, there were declines in the occurrence of most attachment and affiliative behaviors. Fathers were far more active in interaction with sons than with daughters. At 24 mo, the infants were observed in a laboratory playroom with their parents. In this situation, the infants showed no preference for either parent in the display of attachment and affiliative behaviors. They interacted far more with each parent when alone with her/him than when both parents were present. A stranger's presence had a similar effect on affiliative interaction within each parent–infant dyad, though the stranger effect was differentiated by intensification of the attachment behavior system. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

18.
Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the reciprocal nature of the physical activity-depressive symptoms relationship in 17,593 older adults from 11 European countries older adults (M age = 64.07, SD = 9.58) across two-year follow-up. Also, gender and age were examined as potential moderators of this relation. Method: A two-wave cross-lagged panel design and latent change score models with structural equation modeling was used to analyze data. Depressive symptoms were measured at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2) using the EURO-D scale, capturing the two factors of affective suffering and motivation. Physical activity was measured at T1 and T2 as frequency of moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity. Results: Cross-sectional latent variable analyses revealed that higher levels of physical activity at T1 and T2 were associated with lower levels of affective suffering and motivation at T1 and T2. Physical activity at T1 was significantly associated with affective suffering and motivation at T2. The relations of depressive symptoms at T1 with physical activity at T2 were not significant. However, a cross-lagged model showed best model fit, supporting a reciprocal prospective relationship between physical activity and depressive symptoms in older adults. Latent change in depressive symptoms factors was related to latent change in physical activity indicating complex and dynamic associations across time. Conclusions: Regular physical activity may be a valuable tool in the prevention of future depressive symptoms in older adults, and depressive symptoms may also prevent older adults from engaging in regular physical activity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

19.
Negotiators tend to believe that own and other's outcomes are diametrically opposed. When such fixed-pie perceptions (FPPs) are not revised during negotiation, integrative agreements are unlikely. It was predicted that accuracy motivation helps negotiators to release their FPPs. In 2 experiments, accuracy motivation was manipulated by (not) holding negotiators accountable for the manner in which they negotiated. Experiment 1 showed that accountability reduced FPPs during face-to-face negotiation and produced more integrative agreements. Experiment 2 corroborated these results: Accountable negotiators revised their FPPs even when information exchange was experimentally held constant. Experiment 2 also showed that accountability is effective during the encoding of outcome information. Negotiators appear flexible in their reliance on FPPs, which is consistent with a motivated information processing model of negotiation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

20.
Uniqueness has positive connotations of freedom and independence in American culture, whereas conformity has positive connotations of connectedness and harmony in East Asian culture. The present research examined how these cultural values and individual preferences for uniqueness and conformity influence each other. In Studies 1 and 2, East Asian and European American preferences for uniqueness were measured using abstract figures. In Study 3, the choice of pens by East Asians and European Americans was examined as a function of whether the pen appeared unique. In Study 4, Korean and American magazine ads were analyzed with a focus on themes of conformity and uniqueness. In all studies, East Asians preferred targets that represented conformity, whereas European Americans preferred targets that represented uniqueness. The results highlight the relationship between individual preference and the adoption and perpetuation of cultural values. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号