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1.
The hypothesis that the positive relationship between anti-Semitic attitude scores and the accuracy of identification of Jewish and non-Jewish photographs, as reported in earlier studies, is due to the S's judgment tendencies, is tested. Three samples of photographs were used, one 75% Jewish, one 50% Jewish and one 25% Jewish. The relationship between the accuracy of identification and anti-Semitic attitude scores was positive only for the 75% Jewish picture sample; however, the relationship between attitude scores and the total number of pictures labeled Jewish was positive, indicating that accuracy of identification is a function of the interaction of a response bias and the number of Jewish pictures in a sample. Over-all accuracy of identification was not greater than chance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
2.
This study compared the functioning in group counseling of two ethnic groups--Arab and Jews in Israel. All participants were counseling trainees in a university program, led by one group leader. Variables included self-disclosure, goals for therapy, client behavior, and therapeutic factors, measured repeatedly (at least twice), either through questionnaires or through analyses of transcribed sessions. Statistical analyses were performed by means of a hierarchical model (mixed), with the individual nested within the small group and the ethnic cohort. In contrast to our expectations, results indicated more similarities than differences between the two cohorts. Moreover, Arab trainees intended to disclose more in group and actually did (based on a questionnaire) compared with their Jewish counterparts. On the Client Behavior Scale (C. E. Hill & K. O'Brien, 1999) there were a few differences revealed: Arab trainees displayed more simple responses, more cognitive exploration, and less resistance, insight, and therapeutic change. Two differences were revealed also on the therapeutic factors. The discussion cautions against unnecessary modifications made in interventions with different cultural groups in counseling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
3.
3 groups of Ss—undergraduates, parents, professional psychologists—ranked photographs of 10 children on intelligence, sociability, activity, sensitivity, and mental health. In comparison with a child psychologist who had observed the children over a 2-year period, Ss, as groups, made consistent judgments of intelligence, sociability, and health; but, as individuals, their judgments were of low validity. Judgments of children's photographs are not related to practical experience or to professional training. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
4.
The ability of human observers to make magnitude estimates of damage was investigated under 3 instructional definitions of damage: (a) amount of volume reduction, or (b) amount of surface distortion or "complexity," or (c) overall amount of damage. The stimuli were distorted metal containers photographed from 5 angles of view between 0° and 90°. 9 college students were assigned to each of the 15 experimental groups. Analyses of errors in rating indicated that at least 2 subjectively different underlying damage scales could be discriminated but that these were highly correlated. Shape of the original, intact object is an important factor determining the magnitude and direction of errors. Interrater reliabilities of about .72 were obtained. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
5.
Anisfeld Moshe; Munoz Stanley R.; Lambert Wallace E. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1963,66(1):31
A factorial analysis was carried out on a variety of measures obtained from 100 Jewish high school students in Montreal. A general factor composed of negative attitudes to Jews and to gentiles, a hostile disposition to people, and verbal aggression against nonconformists was isolated. This factor, reflecting a generally negative social orientation, is independent of 2 other factors representing attitudes to parents and attitudes to self. The factorial structure suggests that manifest hostiliity is a possible mediating variable linking all 3 factors. (23 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
6.
Friedman Michelle L.; Friedlander Myrna L.; Blustein David L. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2005,52(1):77
To begin mapping the landscape of contemporary Jewish identity from a phenomenological perspective, the authors conducted a qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews of 10 Jewish adults in the northeastern United States. Coding resulted in 6 universal themes (dynamic nature of self-identification, early formative experiences, desire to increase religious practice, generativity, feeling marginalized, and awareness of discrimination). Most of the other 18 typical and variant themes reflected a congruence between cultural identification and religious observance. Whereas only the religiously unaffiliated participants expressed shame or embarrassment about being Jewish, the observant Jews described a sense of pride, the importance of Jewish marriage, and a connection to Israel. The Conservative and Orthodox Jews were most clear about their identity as Jews; they discussed the importance of Jewish texts, heritage, values, search for meaning, and relation to God. All but the most Orthodox participants valued interpersonal relations with Gentiles; for them, Jewish identity predominates regardless of the social context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
7.
Friedlander Myrna L.; Friedman Michelle L.; Miller Matthew J.; Ellis Michael V.; Friedlander Lee K.; Mikhaylov Vadim G. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2010,57(3):345
The authors conducted 3 studies to develop and investigate the psychometric properties of the American Jewish Identity Scales (AJIS), a brief self-report measure that assesses cultural identification and religious identification. Study 1 assessed the content validity of the item pool using an expert panel. In Study 2, 1,884 Jewish adults completed the initial AJIS and various measures of ethnic identity, collective self-esteem, and religiosity. Using confirmatory factor analyses, the authors selected and cross-validated 33 items that loaded highly and differentially on the 2 theorized latent factors. Study 3 assessed the AJIS's short-term stability and its relation to social desirability. Tests of reliability and construct validity provided initial psychometric support for the measure and confirmed the theorized primary salience of cultural identification. Participants reported significantly more private than public collective self-esteem, and the most Jewish-identified participants reported greater private self-esteem, acculturative stress, and perceived discrimination than did their more assimilated counterparts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
8.
Discusses retouching of the Kallikak family photographs in H. H. Goddard's (1912) study of mental retardation and heredity, with reference to analyses by R. E. Fancher (see record 1987-31600-001) and S. J. Gould (1981), and concurs with Fancher that the retouching was probably not done for deceitful purposes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
9.
Concurs with R. E. Fancher (see record 1987-31600-001) that the badly retouched photographs in H. H. Goddard's (1912) study of heredity in the Kallikak family were not a fraudulent attempt to make the mentally retarded Ss look sinister or diabolical. The need to interpret historical documents in their multidimensional sociological context is noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
10.
Liberal and conservative subjects assigned adjective trait ratings to photographs of oriental and white persons. Ratings were made with either an oriental or white experimenter present and in conditions where ratings were made either anonymously or not. It was found that both liberal and conservative subjects rated oriental photographs more positively than white photographs. This tendency was more pronounced for liberal subjects. When ratings were made anonymously the oriental-white rating discrepancy diminished for liberal subjects and was reversed for conservative subjects. Liberals who responded anonymously increased their oriental-white rating discrepancy when the experimenter was oriental. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
11.
"A method was described for use in the study of dimensions of social perception which consisted of the factor analysis of intercorrelations between trait judgments of photographs where each judgment was made of a different stimulus." 4 factors were isolated, and the findings were related to other research on social perception and personality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
12.
Comments on an article by Peter F. Langman (see record 1997-07117-012) on the subject of white and Jewish origins of psychotherapy. Mintz points out a few historical inaccuracies in Langman's article regarding the developers of Gestalt Psychology and Gestalt Therapy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
13.
In experiment I, 15 measures of Ss' perception of other people were obtained. Only 8 of the intercorrelations were significant. In experiment II, Ss' judgments of other people were obtained in 3 sessions distributed over a school year. Comparison of the 3 sets of judgments indicated low relationship among accuracy scores, high relationship among response-set scores. Assumption of general ability of interpersonal perceptiveness is untenable; reliability of interpersonal perception may be due to consistency in response set rather than in ability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
14.
Neiworth Julie J.; Anders Samantha L.; Parsons Richard R. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2001,115(4):432
The frequency of responses cotton top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) emitted indicative of self-recognition to a mirror was compared with the frequencies of responses emitted to digitized photographs of tamarins (Experiment 1) and to videotapes of real-time or prior tamarin action (Experiment 2). Results indicated more attentional responses toward the mirror in both studies, but behavioral indices of self-recognition were not consistently generated by the mirror. The 2 experiments confirmed that real-time self-reflection is a condition that generates heightened attention and ram examples of particular mirror-specific behaviors in tamarins. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
15.
Sassenberg Kai; Jonas Kai J.; Shah James Y.; Brazy Paige C. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2007,92(2):249
The current research applied the regulatory fit hypothesis (E. T. Higgins, 2000) to the evaluation of groups, suggesting that individuals' group appraisal depends on how well the groups fit their regulatory needs. Specifically, it was predicted that higher power groups would fit and be more valued by those individuals with a promotion focus because these groups provide a better opportunity to sustain nurturance and achievement needs. Alternatively, lower power groups were predicted to fit and be more valued by those individuals with a prevention focus because these groups necessitate (and thus sustain) a focus on safety and security. Five studies found support for these predictions by both assessing and manipulating regulatory focus and group power and by using explicit and implicit measures of group attraction. Moreover, these regulatory fit effects occurred specifically for group power and not for general differences in group status. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
16.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence on time perception of pictures showing liked or disliked foods in comparison with a neutral picture. Healthy adults performed a temporal bisection task in which they had to categorize the presentation duration of pictures (neutral, liked, and disliked foods) as more similar to a short (400 ms) or to a long (1,600 ms) standard duration. The data revealed that the presentation duration of food pictures was underestimated compared with the presentation duration of the neutral picture, and that this underestimation was more marked for the disliked than for the liked food pictures. These results are consistent with the idea that this time underestimation arises from an attentional-bias mechanism. The food pictures, and particularly those depicting disliked food items, distracted attention away from the processing of time. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
17.
"The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various degrees of minority-majority conditions on member behavior during the course of group discussions and to ascertain some of the relationships between various aspects of the interpersonal perceptions and discussion behavior… . The results… indicated an intimate linkage between interpersonal perceptions and discussion behavior… . The findings lend some support, as well as some qualifications, to Festinger's conclusions regarding influence effects in small groups." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
18.
Scott Lori N.; Levy Kenneth N.; Adams Reginald B. Jr.; Stevenson Michael T. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2011,2(2):98
Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) tend to misattribute malevolence to benign social stimuli, including facial expressions. Yet, facial emotion recognition studies examining those with BPD have yielded mixed results, with some studies showing impaired accuracy and others demonstrating enhanced accuracy in the recognition of emotions or mental states. The current study examined the ability to decode mental states from photographs of just the eye region of faces in a nonclinical sample of young adults who exhibited BPD traits (high BPD) compared with those who did not (low BPD). Group differences in mental state decoding ability depended on the valence of the stimuli. The high-BPD group performed better for negative stimuli compared with the low-BPD group, but did not perform significantly different from the low-BPD group for stimuli of neutral or positive valence. The high-BPD group also demonstrated a response bias for attributing negative mental states to facial stimuli. In addition, findings suggested that the group difference in accuracy for negative stimuli could not be explained by response bias, because the group difference in response bias for negative stimuli did not reach significance. These findings suggest that BPD traits may be associated with enhanced ability to detect negative emotions and a bias for attributing negative emotions to nonnegative social stimuli. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
19.
Objectives were to determine the degree to which an "accuracy" measure of supervisory empathy is influenced by unrealistic estimation tendencies common among factory supervisors and to determine whether "group" empathy exists among supervisors. Subjects (Ss) were 38 supervisors and 190 subordinates in 3 plants. Measures were group morale (GM), predicted group morale (PGM), accuracy (ACC), typicality of prediction (TYP), and general effectiveness. ACC was negatively related to PGM (r = -.38, p 相似文献
20.
A four-part experiment was carried out to study the relationship between the time course of object-feature perception and the time course of retrieval of object information from memory. The experiment consisted of 2 perceptual matching tasks, and 2 perceptual recognition tasks. In all 4 tasks, participants provided speeded judgments of the identity of 2 objects. A stochastic feature-sampling model was used to estimate the time needed for feature perception and the time needed for retrieval of feature information. No evidence was found for a systematic relationship between perception times and retrieval times for individual features. Indeed, the model applications indicated that retrieval times were constant for different features, whereas perception rates varied across the features. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献