2024-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接中搅拌头尺寸和搅拌针形状影响的数值模拟

采用完全热力耦合模型研究了搅拌针直径、轴肩直径以及搅拌针锥角对2024-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中热生成、材料变形和能量历史的影响。结果表明：相比搅拌针接触面,轴肩接触面对搅拌摩擦焊接的热生成起主要作用。增加轴肩直径和减小搅拌针直径均能增加焊接温度,但是轴肩尺寸变化的影响更为明显。与6061-T6铝合金的搅拌摩擦焊接过程相比,2024-T3铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接的能量输入明显增加,同时塑性耗散与摩擦耗散的能量比减小。     

搅拌摩擦焊接中参数变化对温度场分布的影响

文章建立了搅拌摩擦焊接过程的三维有限元热分析模型,讨论了旋转速度、搅拌头半径、轴肩半径、搅拌针锥角以及螺纹角等焊接参数对工件温度场的影响。计算结果表明,在焊接过程中,工件的最高温度低于熔点,为固相连接。在焊接工艺参数许可的范围内,旋转速度和搅拌针半径的增加,会使搅拌摩擦焊接过程中的最高温度值增加,而锥角和螺纹角增加,会使最高温度值随之减小,轴肩半径的改变对工件温度场的影响相对较小。     

搅拌针几何形状对搅拌摩擦焊温度场的影响

利用完全热力耦合模型建立铝合金搅拌摩擦焊有限元模型,分析了在相同工艺条件下,锥形搅拌针和柱形搅拌针对焊接温度场的影响。结果表明,同一工况下,轴肩产热量高于搅拌针的产热量,且随着厚度的增加,温度的峰值曲线逐渐降低;温度场曲线关于焊缝中心线呈现为类Ω形,前进侧温度高于后退侧温度,其中上表面温度曲线在轴肩内为平台状,焊件内部及下表面为山峰状;相同条件下,锥形针产热量高于柱形针,随距焊缝中心线距离的增加,温度的差值也增大。     

搅拌头形状对搅拌摩擦焊材料变形和温度场的影响

采用完全热力耦合模型研究了搅拌头形式对搅拌摩擦焊接中材料变形和温度场的影响.结果表明,搅拌头轴肩形状变得平坦会导致焊接温度和塑性变形程度的降低,有效功率会减少.采用锥形搅拌针时焊接温度较柱形搅拌针低,这是由于接触而滑动率减少导致摩擦热减少,但是此时,塑性变形会增加.采用尺寸较小的搅拌头轴肩时,摩擦面积的减小是导致焊接温...     

2219铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊搅拌头结构参数优化

为探究搅拌头几何形貌对2219铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊核心区温度场的影响，基于ABAQUS/CEL建立了18 mm厚2219铝合金FSW三维过程仿真模型，应用有限元分析法对焊接过程进行仿真研究，得到了焊接核心区测温点实时温度循环曲线。利用自主研发的热电偶测温系统对焊接温度场相应测温点温度进行检测，经过对比可知,不同转速试验和仿真数据曲线变化趋势基本相同，验证了所建立的FSW过程仿真模型的有效性。探究了搅拌头结构参数对FSW过程核心温度场的影响规律，针对搅拌头的轴肩尺寸、搅拌针锥角、轴肩凹角、螺纹升角等结构尺寸设计了4因素3水平正交试验。结果表明，轴肩直径对核心区温差的影响最为显著，当搅拌头的轴肩尺寸为36 mm、搅拌针锥角为6°、轴肩凹角为2.5°、螺纹升角为11°时，搅拌头结构尺寸较为合理，核心区温差值较小。 创新点： 探究了搅拌头几何形貌对搅拌摩擦焊核心区温度场的影响,实现了搅拌头的结构参数优化。     

搅拌摩擦焊接过程中搅拌针锥角和预热对温度分布的影响

搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)被广泛应用在工业上,用来连接有色金属,尤其是铝合金。采用基于有限元分析的三维模型研究FSW过程中铜C11000的热特性。模型包含了搅拌头的机械作用和待焊接材料的热性能,以材料和搅拌针以及轴肩之间的摩擦作为热源。结果表明,温度的预测结果与实验结果具有良好的一致性。此外,数值模拟方法可以简单地应用于测量搅拌头下方工件的温度。研究了预热温度和搅拌针锥角对温度分布的影响。搅拌针锥角的增加可提高焊缝周围的温度,但预热不会影响焊缝周围的温度分布。     

镁铝异种合金搅拌摩擦焊综述

铝镁合金搅拌摩擦焊中峰值温度超过Al12Mg17和Al3Mg2形成的共晶温度,两种金属间化合物的形成不可避免。通过将镁合金置于前进侧、搅拌针偏向镁合金,采用液氮或水下搅拌摩擦焊,加入中间层过渡金属等方法可降低搅拌摩擦焊过程中的热输入,有效减少焊核区金属间化合物的数量。采用锥形螺纹搅拌针对接、配合直径约为3.5倍板厚的内凹型轴肩可提供适当的热输入,促进材料塑性流动,增加两种材料相互交融的程度,提高接头抗拉强度;超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊技术可破坏脆性界面层进而提高接头强度。     

搅拌摩擦焊接的三维欧拉模型

建立基于固体力学的搅拌摩擦焊接三维欧拉模型,并与文献的试验结果和ALE模型计算结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性。基于此模型,进一步研究搅拌头轴肩及搅拌针等部位对总扭矩的贡献,结果表明,搅拌头轴肩对总扭矩贡献最大,搅拌头针部底面对总扭矩贡献最小,且总扭矩随搅拌头转速的增加而减小。搅拌头针部与轴肩的热输入比在不同搅拌头转速下维持在0.42附近,保证了无轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接过程的顺利进行。     

搅拌摩擦焊接的三维欧拉模型

建立基于固体力学的搅拌摩擦焊接三维欧拉模型,并与文献的试验结果和ALE模型计算结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性。基于此模型,进一步研究搅拌头轴肩及搅拌针等部位对总扭矩的贡献,结果表明,搅拌头轴肩对总扭矩贡献最大,搅拌头针部底面对总扭矩贡献最小,且总扭矩随搅拌头转速的增加而减小。搅拌头针部与轴肩的热输入比在不同搅拌头转速下维持在0.42附近,保证了无轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接过程的顺利进行。     

汽车用5754铝合金板材搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

对3 mm厚汽车用5754铝合金板材的搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)工艺进行系统研究,研究了焊接速度、轴肩直径和搅拌针长度等工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊接头(对接和搭接)微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着焊接速度的提高, 5754铝合金FSW对接接头的焊核区和轴肩区的面积逐渐减小,而搅拌针区面积先增大后减小。当焊接速度为300 mm/min时, 5754铝合金FSW对接接头的强度系数达到0.975,这是因为轴肩区和搅拌针区面积相近(面积比例为0.97),增大了焊核区和热影响区界面面积。随着5754铝合金FSW搭接搅拌针长度的增加,上下板材接触面积逐渐增大,最大拉力和抗剪强度呈先降低而后提高的趋势。研究结果表明,当上板为前进侧焊接时,焊缝中产生严重隧道缺陷,最大拉力显著减小;轴肩直径由10 mm增加到12 mm时,搭接接头中轴肩区和搅拌针区的面积相近,此时微观组织中没有隧道缺陷,接头的最大拉力和抗剪强度较高。     

搅拌摩擦焊过程数学模型建立的影响因素及现状

在此主要研究搅拌摩擦焊过程数学模型建立的几个重要影响因素，并结合工艺试验对国内外的研究现状和模型建立过程中涉及到的问题进行了阐述。结果发现，搅拌摩擦焊的焊接工艺参数、搅拌头探针产生的热量等都对温度场模型的建立起着重要作用。另外，轴肩与工件的摩擦系数、搅拌头轴肩的压力、搅拌头探针的形状都影响着焊缝的成形质量和焊缝区流场模型的建立。     

工艺参数对AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的影响

以AZ31镁合金为研究对象,采用数值模拟和工艺试验相结合的方法,系统研究了焊接工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊接头温度场分布、微观组织以及力学性能的影响. 有限元数值模拟的结果表明,随着转速的增加或焊接速度的降低,接头产热逐渐增加,接头上层温度明显高于下层温度,说明搅拌摩擦产热主要来源于轴肩的摩擦运动,而搅拌针摩擦运动和材料的塑性变形只提供了少量的产热. 工艺试验结果表明,随着焊接速度的增加,接头晶粒尺寸降低,且组织均匀性得到改善. 随着转速的增加,接头晶粒尺寸不断增大,过渡区晶粒的均匀性变差. 拉伸过程中裂纹在焊核区与热力影响区之间的界面处萌生和扩展. 其中,转速为1400 r/min、焊接速度为300 mm/min的接头具有较好的力学性能,断后伸长率为16.5%,抗拉强度为252 MPa,分别达到母材的75%和90%.     

Structure-Property Correlation of AA2014 Friction Stir Welds: Role of Tool Pin Profile

The influence of rapid plastic deformation in the generation of welding heat during friction stir welding (FSW), supplementing the frictional heat generation by the tool shoulder, forms the thrust of the present investigation. Several researchers have highlighted the role of tool shoulder in the generation of frictional heat and suggested that the tool-material interface friction as the sole mechanism for heating. The configuration of tool pin profile is seldom studied for its contribution to welding heat through rapid plastic deformation at high strain rates (10³/s), especially while welding thick plates. An attempt has been made to understand the dependence of deformation heat generation with different tool pin profiles in welding 5 mm thick AA2014-T6 aluminum alloy, maintaining the same swept volume during the tool rotation. An attempt has also been made to correlate the influence of process response variables such as force and torque acting on the tool pin. To quantify the physical influence of tool pin profile, temperature measurements were made in the region adjacent to the rotating pin, close to nugget in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). It has been observed that the temperature rises at a relatively rapid rate in the case of hexagonal tool pin compared to the welds produced employing other tool pin profiles. It is observed that during FSW, extensive deformation experienced at the nugget zone and the evolved microstructure strongly influences the mechanical properties of the joint. The present study is also aimed at understanding the influence of tool profile on the microstructural changes and the associated mechanical properties. Transverse tensile samples failed at the nugget/TMAZ boundary due to localized softening. Hexagonal tool pin profile welds have shown higher tensile strength, low TMAZ width, and high nugget hardness compared to other tool pin profile welds.     

Numerical Simulation for the Optimization of Polygonal Pin Profiles in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum

The tool with polygonal pin profile has been widely employed in friction stir welding(FSW) of aluminum, but there is hardly an effective optimization methodology existed as the thermomechanical characteristics affected by pins with various flats number have not been understood comprehensively. Therefore, the present work employs a 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model to have an integrated observation of the FSW process with the effect of polygonal pin profiles. Both the heat generation modes due to contact friction at the tool–workpiece interface and volumetric viscous dissipation in the vicinity of the tool are considered. The model is utilized to give a quantitative analysis of the heat generation, temperature distribution, plastic material flow and welding loads during the FSW process for various tools with polygonal pin profiles, as well as a variety of shoulder diameters, welding speeds and tool rotation speeds. The calculated results of thermal cycles, tool torques and joint cross sections for some typical polygonal pins and welding parameters are all found to be compared well with the experimental ones, which demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of the present numerical model. Particularly, a methodology is developed for the optimization of the flats number by identifying the torque components in both parallel and vertical direction of the pin-side flat region. The results show that the optimized pin flats number increases with increasing tool rotation speed, while the influence of both welding speed and shoulder diameter can be supposed to be insignificant. Moreover, the dependability of the optimized results is also discussed by considering wear tendency and service life of the pin for multiple welding conditions.     

成形参数对AZ31B镁合金板料渐进成形表面质量及温度的影响

介绍了镁合金摩擦生热渐进成形原理,并研究了在工具头行进速度为1000 mm·min^-1下,工具头主轴转速(1000~6000 r·min^-1)、轴向进给量(0. 5~3 mm)、成形角度、工具头半径、环境温度对厚度为2 mm的镁合金板料圆锥台零件成形性的影响。实验结果表明:随着主轴转速的增加,零件表面质量先升高后降低;零件表面质量随着轴向进给量的增加而降低;在成形极限角内,零件表面质量随着成形角度增加而提高;零件表面质量随着工具头半径增加先升高后降低;加工时环境温度对成形结果有影响。通过摩擦生热的方式对AZ31B镁合金板料加热,板料温度会随着主轴转速、轴向进给量和工具头半径递增而增加,成形角度对板料温度的影响不大。     

搅拌工具尺寸和工艺参数对塑料搅拌摩擦焊焊缝质量的影响

用不同尺寸的搅拌工具对聚氯乙烯(PVC)板材进行了搅拌摩擦对接焊工艺试验.试验证明,在搅拌工具肩部直径为30 mm,搅拌头直径为10 mm,搅拌头旋转速度为1 660 r/min,焊接速度为25 mm/min的情况下,可以得到焊缝饱满、成形美观的焊接接头.提高搅拌头的旋转速度可以成比例地提高焊接温度;焊接速度的影响较复杂,增大焊接速度一方面会降低焊接热输入,一方面又会间接地增大搅拌头的进给阻力,从而增大摩擦发热功率,提高焊接温度;搅拌工具肩部直径直接影响肩部与被焊材料表面的摩擦发热功率,增大肩部直径可以提高焊接温度,还有利于阻止焊缝材料的飞溅和外溢;而搅拌头直径的影响较复杂,增大它既可以提高搅拌头侧面与被焊材料之间的相对运动线速度,从而提高焊接温度,又会增加被焊材料的吸热功率和传热面积,从而降低焊接温度.     

Modeling the Material Flow and Heat Transfer in Reverse Dual-Rotation Friction Stir Welding

Reverse dual-rotation friction stir welding (RDR-FSW) is a novel modification of conventional friction stir welding (FSW) process. During the RDR-FSW process, the tool pin and the assisted shoulder are separated and rotate with opposite direction independently, so that there are two material flows with reverse direction. The material flow and heat transfer in RDR-FSW have significant effects on the microstructure and properties of the weld joint. A 3D model is developed to quantitatively analyze the effects of the separated tool pin and the assisted shoulder which rotate in reverse direction on the material flow and heat transfer during RDR-FSW process. Numerical simulation is conducted to predict the temperature profile, material flow field, streamlines, strain rate, and viscosity distributions near the tool. The calculated results show that as the rotation speed of the tool pin increases, the temperature near the tool gets higher, the zone with higher temperature expands, and approximately symmetric temperature distribution is obtained near the tool. Along the workpiece thickness direction, the calculated material flow velocity and its layer thickness near the tool get lowered because the effect of the shoulder is weakened as the distance away from the top surface increases. The model is validated by comparing the predicted values of peak temperature at some typical locations with the experimentally measured ones.     

搅拌针形状影响搅拌摩擦焊过程金属塑性流动规律的数值模拟

考虑材料参数随温度的变化关系以及搅拌工具的实际结构,利用Fluent流体力学软件建立了搅拌摩擦焊的有限体积模型,对搅拌针的形状影响材料塑性流动行为的规律进行了研究.结果表明,材料的流动速度随着到焊件表面以及到搅拌针旋转轴的距离增加而减小;当减小搅拌针的锥角以及减小搅拌针的螺纹槽宽度时,焊件内部材料的流动速度得到提高.当搅拌工具在焊接过程中顺时针旋转时,对于左螺旋搅拌针,搅拌针附近的材料向下流动,而热力影响区材料的流动方向向上,此规律与右螺旋搅拌针时相反.