Corresponding-States Analysis of the Surface Tension of Simple, Polar, and Ionic Fluids

The liquid–vapor interfacial tension of various simple, polar, and ionic fluids is studied in a corresponding-states analysis that was originally suggested by Guggenheim. Data for real fluids are compared to results of simulations and theoretical predictions for model fluids of each of the three types (namely, the Yukawa fluid, the square-well fluid, a fluid consisting of dipolar hard spheres, and the restricted primitive model of ionic fluids). As already demonstrated by Guggenheim, the data for simple and weakly polar fluids map onto a master curve. Strongly dipolar, associating fluids, which may also exhibit hydrogen-bonding (e.g., water), show deviations from this master curve at low temperatures. In addition, the surface tension of these fluids shows a characteristic sigmoid behavior as a function of temperature. A similar behavior is found from simulations of the ionic model fluid, but not from the electrolyte theories available up to now, for which we present new results here. Exceptionally low values of the reduced surface tension are obtained for hydrogen fluoride and for the Onsager model of dipolar fluids, which, however, agree remarkably well with each other in a corresponding-states plot.     

Quantitative Determination of Contribution by Enhanced Local Electric Field,Antenna‐Amplified Light Scattering,and Surface Energy Transfer to the Performance of Plasmonic Organic Solar Cells

Plasmonic metal nanostructures are widely used as subwavelength light concentrators to enhance light harvesting of organic solar cells through two photophysical effects, including enhanced local electric field (ELEF) and antenna‐amplified light scattering (AALS), while their adverse quenching effect from surface energy transfer (SET) should be suppressed. In this work, a comprehensive study to unambiguously distinguish and quantitatively determine the specific influence and contribution of each effect on the overall performance of organic solar cells incorporated with Ag@SiO₂ core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) is presented. By investigating the photon conversion efficiency (PCE) as a function of the SiO₂ shell thickness, a strong competition between the ELEF and SET effects in the performance of the devices with the NPs embedded in the active layers is found, leading to a maximum PCE enhancement of 12.4% at the shell thickness of 5 nm. The results give new insights into the fundamental understanding of the photophysical mechanisms responsible for the performance enhancement of plasmonic organic solar cells and provide important guidelines for designing more‐efficient plasmonic solar cells in general.     

Energy investigations on the mechanical properties of magnesium alloyed by X = C,B, N,O and vacancy

The generalized stacking fault （GSF） energies and surface energies of magnesium and its alloys with alloying atoms X- C, B, N, O and vacancy have been investigated using the first-principles methods. It is found that the predominant reducing effects of the alloying atoms and vacancy on the stacking fault energy are resulted from the position of them in the 1st layer near the slip plane. The stacking fault energies are nearly the same as the pure magnesium while the alloying atoms and vacancy are placed in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th layers. It has been shown that O strongly reduces the GSF energy of Mg. The alloying atoms C, B and N increase the surface energy, but O and vacancy reduce the surface energy of Mg. The ductilities of Mg and Mg alloys have been discussed based on the Rice criterion by using the ratio between surface energy and unstable stacking fault energy.     

西北太平洋巴特柔鱼渔场与环境因子关系研究

根据美国NASA提供的卫星遥感反演获取的海表温度、海水叶绿素及海面高度三级数据产品和我国在西北太平洋的巴特柔鱼生产统计资料 ,统计分析了该海域巴特柔鱼资源同海表温度、海水叶绿素浓度及海面高度之间的相关关系。结果显示 :柔鱼的适温范围大致为 10～ 2 2℃ ,最适温度为 15～ 17℃。柔鱼渔场叶绿素浓度大致为 0 .1～ 0 .6mg/m3,叶绿素浓度处于 0 .12～ 0 .14mg/m3之间时 ,渔场出现频次最高。形成渔场海域的海面高度多高于平均海面高度 (SSH >0 )。广义加性模型计算表明 :柔鱼在每年 6～ 8月的北上索饵洄游和 10～ 11月的南下过程中同环境要素的关系表现出不同的特征。SST同柔鱼产量的关系在北上洄游时多为正相关 ,南下时为负相关。 6～ 10月份叶绿素浓度同渔获产量为负相关 ,11月份其相关性较小。渔获产量整体上随经度变化无显著变化 ,相关性较低 ,渔获产量与纬度的关系密切 ,相关性好。     

Measurements of the surface tension of four halogenated hydrocarbons,CCl3F,CCl2F2, C2Cl3F3, and C2Cl2F4

By means of the capillary rise method, we have measured the surface tension of four different kinds of halogenated hydrocarbons, namely, trichlorofluoromethane (CCl₃F; R 11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CCl₂F₂; R 12), trichlorotrifluoroethane (C₂Cl₃F₃; R 113), and dichlorotetrafluorethane (C₂Cl₂F₄; R 114). Under the coexistence of the sample liquid with its saturated vapor in equilibrium, the measurements have been performed within the maximum uncertainty of 0.12 mN · m^–1 at temperatures from 273 K up to near the critical point of the respective substances. Under the same experimental conditions, two sets of surface tension data have been obtained with two different Pyrex glass capillaries whose inner radii were 0.1536±0.0004 and 0.1724±0.0005 mm, respectively. The two sets of data were in agreement within 0.1 mN · m^–1. The data were represented by van der Waals-type correlations with a standard deviation of 0.10 mN · m^–1 for CCl₃F, 0.04 mN · m^–1 for CCl₂F₂, 0.08 mN · m^–1 for C₂Cl₃F₃, and 0.07 mN · m^–1 for C₂Cl₂F₄, respectively.     

分离膜表面光接枝结构及特性研究进展

介绍了膜表面光接枝技术的研究进展,并对接枝表面结构：表面形态和接枝链长度和密度作了综述．列举了接枝表面的性质,如接触角、吸附性、功能化、蛋白质固定化、环境敏感性等的变化．     

Terpyridine-functionalized surfaces: redox-active, switchable, and electroactive nanoarchitecturesgland

Terpyridines represent versatile functional supramolecular building blocks that are easily integrated in numerous devices and can readily modify surfaces. In particular, redox-active complexes with terpyridine ligands have been attached to surfaces, either by covalent or non-covalent interactions, and form highly ordered mono- or multilayer systems, since electronic and charge transport properties are major topics of interest. Their applications in nanoelectronics are a driving force for understanding and enabling the utilization of the supramolecular properties of terpyridines for surface modification. This area of research has received increasing attention during the last decade leading into the supramacromolecular regime. This Progress Report presents an overview of the state-of-the-art of surface modifications utilizing terpyridine systems and highlights main results, as well as modern trends, in this research area.     

表面张力匹配对多层坡流涂布质量的影响

从实测大生产物料的动态表面张力和静态表面张力数据，用表面活性剂在涂布液的扩散和在新表面吸附过程，分析涂布过程出现的余布弊病，并提出解决的办法。     

New surface flattening scheme and its application in the visualization of the human cortex unfolding

Abstract

It is a difficult problem to interpret the spatial relationship between different locations on the human cortical surface. The main reason for this difficulty is that the surface of the human cerebral cortex is highly folded and therefore much of it is obscured from view. In this paper, we present an efficient and distortion‐less flattening algorithm to unfold the cortical surface. Using the proposed technique, we can quickly visualize and precisely measure the cortical surface. Experimental results are shown to evaluate the usefulness of the proposed method.     

Measurement of the specific free surface energy of solids

A set of equations is proposed that makes it possible to obtain calculation equations for experimental determination of the specific free surface energy of solids. __________ Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 10, pp. 68–69, October, 2007.     

Contact mechanics at the nanoscale,a 3D multiscale approach

We present a multiscale coupling method to address contact problems. The components of the model are a molecular dynamics engine, a finite element program and a coupling scheme. We validate the approach, first on Hertzian contact and then with a rough surface contacting a rigid body plane. Various measures are provided to highlight limitations and new opportunities in conducting large‐scale simulations of contact brought by the proposed multiscale approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.