Seven case studies on computerization: Effects on work organization,job content,and qualification structure

This paper deals with empirical findings in different types of computerized systems. The purpose of the studies is to find out what is specific to the process of computerization compared to other examples of automation and other aspects of social development. The qualification problem is treated from three different approaches and analyzed in the seven case studies.The author's main argument is, that in many cases different aspects of the process of social change which often are related solely or primarily to the process of computerization should rather be related to other facets of technological and social development. Automation is not an abstract matter of “Man Mastering Nature”, but an economical oriented trial of managers to master the variations of the working system including the human variabilities.The point is, that work organization is an independent variable and not just a consequence of computerization. To change work organization should not be regarded only as a problem of designing the man-machine system in an appropriate way, but a problem of changing the whole social system, for instance under the influence of the unions.     

Human systems design criteria: State of the art[1979] and future perspectives

This paper deals with the problem of designing more humanised computer systems. This problem can be formally described as the need for defining human design criteria, which — if used in the design process - will secure that the systems designed get the relevant qualities. That is not only the necessary functional qualities but also the needed human qualities.The author's main argument is, that the design process should be a dialectical synthesis of the two points of view: Man as a System Component, and System as Man's Environment. Based on a man's presentation of the state of the art a set of design criteria is suggested and their relevance discussed.The point is to focus on the operator rather than on the computer. The crucial question is not to program the computer to work on its own conditions, but to “program” the operator to function on human conditions.     

Use of Facebook,Tuenti, Twitter and Myspace among young Spanish people

This research describes and analyses the use made by young Spanish people of Tuenti, Facebook, Twitter and Myspace, exploring several variables: level of functional knowledge; frequency of use; place of use; reason for use; purpose and main activity; recipients of communication; degree of difficulty, satisfaction and preference; and intentions regarding future use. We designed and administered an online questionnaire to 757 students enrolled in secondary education (7th–11th levels and Vocational Education and Training) at seven educational centres. The results show that young Spanish people know about and use social networks on a daily basis. Tuenti was the one used with most frequency, followed by Facebook and Twitter. Myspace was the least known and used. Female subjects had a greater functional knowledge of these networks and reported a higher regular use of them. Participants used the social networks in their homes and preferred Tuenti because it is easy to use, allows them to communicate with friends and classmates and provides them with acceptable satisfaction as regards their need for prestige, acceptance and approval through the creation and maintenance of groups of friends and the publication of their achievements and self-realisations. The implications of the results obtained for psychological and social development are discussed.     

Influence of shift work in process industry on workers' occupational health,productivity, and family and social life: An ergonomic approach

Shift work is a major feature of modern work practices. It involves working at times considered unconventional for most workers, such as at night. Although the community often benefits from such work practices, shift work can be hazardous for both the workers and the community. There are increased risks for accidents and errors, increased sleepiness and fatigue due to difficulties sleeping, increased health problems, and disruptions to family and social life. More shift workers complained of sleep disturbance, poor sleep quality, tiredness at awakening, and sleepiness in work than did non‐shift workers. More shift workers also complained of gastrointestinal disturbances than did non‐shift workers. The aim of this article is to provide general information on shift work, work schedules, and the effects of work schedules on sleep, fatigue, performance, the health of the human operator, and productivity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Analysis, design, and development model: a case study of an internet-based system for insert and parameter selection

Abstract. The analysis, design, and development model (ADDM) is based on the systems lifecycle process (SLCP) in which analysts begin to understand external client requirements and internal client specifications as they are designing and developing a complex system. In the ADDM, clients and system analysts (SA) continuously interact as the system is being designed, developed, tested and maintained. In the design phase, system development can be altered when it is most cost‐effective. Depending on the type of environment and SA preference and expertise, various interfaces and software and hardware configurations are created during the SLCP. The SLCP ensures effective standardization and continuous quality improvements throughout development. The model follows modern information technology principles to integrate and monitor SLCP phases. A case is presented that describes an application of the ADDM. This case outlines the architecture of an e‐commerce production system (ECPS). The system has a three‐tier structure consisting of the client interface, Java server page (JSP) and database module. The model assists in designing economic production operations in an industrial setting by allowing a client to retrieve current production data needed for operations through the internet.     

The PROTEVS approach: A short presentation of background,principles and methods

Prototyping is not a new approach to computer-based information system development. It is just one technique among many used in system design. What might be new is for what purpose prototyping is used. The purpose could be to achieve a more user controlled system development and to give the future users a tool that will enable them to fully participate in not only the work with requirements specifications, but also in the actual systems design and organisational change. This paper describes a working model of an approach-the PROTEVS model-in which it is recommended that the future system users design their own prototype systems. The prototypes may act as both requirements specifications and solutions for actual change. This alternative approach aims to offer a basis for new ways of action for future users as participants in the design, evaluation, and change of a workplace. A suitable environment for the approach to act within is also described—a local design shop.     

数字孪生与平行系统:发展现状、对比及展望

随着物联网、大数据、人工智能（Artificial intelligence,AI）等技术的发展,针对促进新一代信息技术与制造业深度融合、实现制造物理世界与信息世界交互与共融的需要,数字孪生和平行系统技术成为智能制造和复杂系统管理与控制领域研究的热点.本文对数字孪生和平行系统技术的基本概念、技术内涵、相关应用等进行了研究与总结,对比了两者之间的异同,并分析了两者的发展趋势,预期能够给复杂系统管理与控制领域的研究人员提供一定的参考和借鉴.     

Predicting secondary school teachers’ acceptance and use of a digital learning environment: A cross-sectional study

In this study, secondary school teachers’ acceptance of a digital learning environment (DLE) was investigated. Questionnaires were taken on three times (T1/T2/T3) during the same school year, with the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) as theoretical framework. Next to questionnaires, user-logs were collected during the entire school year. A total of 72 teachers completed a questionnaire on at least one occasion: 64 teachers responded at T1, 41 at T2, and 55 at T3. We first investigated which factors influence teachers’ acceptance of a DLE. The main predictors of DLE acceptance were performance expectancy and social influence by superiors to use the DLE. Effort expectancy and facilitating conditions were of minor importance. We then investigated how well the amount of final observed use could be predicted, and found that at T1 about one third, at T2 about one fourth and at T3 about half of the variance in observed use was predicted by attitude, behavioral intention and self-reported frequency of use. Our study showed that to maximize use of a DLE, its usefulness should be demonstrated, while school boards or principals should strongly encourage teachers to (start to) use the DLE.