Characterization on strength and toughness of welded joint for Q550 steel

Q550 high strength steel was welded using gas shielded arc welding and three different welding wires without pre- or post-heat treatments. The paper investigates the influence of welding wire on the microstructure, tensile strength and impact toughness of Q550 steel weld joints. Results showed that the microstructure of the weld metal of joints produced using ER50-6 wire was a mixture of acicular ferrite and grain boundary ferrite including pro-eutectoid ferrite and ferrite side plate. Acicular ferrite was mainly obtained in the weld metal of the joints produced using MK·G60-1 wire. Pro-eutectoid ferrite was present along the boundary of prior austenite. Crack initiation occurred easily at pro-eutectoid ferrite when the joint was subjected to tensile. Tensile strength and impact toughness were promoted with increasing acicular ferrite. Tensile strength of the joint fabricated using MK·G60-1 wire was close to that of base metal. And tensile samples fractured at location of the fusion zone, which had lower toughness and thus became the weak region in the joint. Impact absorbing energy was the highest in the heat affected zone. Fibrous region in fracture surfaces of impact specimens was characterized as transgranular fracture with the mechanism of micro-void coalescence. Acicular ferrite microstructure region corresponded to relatively large dimples while boundary ferrite microstructure corresponded to small dimples.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar materials joints between T92 martensitic and S304H austenitic steels

In this paper, T92 martensitic steel and S304H austenitic steel were welded by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. Microstructural features and mechanical properties of T92 and S304H dissimilar materials joints were investigated. The results showed that the part of the joints with relatively weak tensile strength was T92 coarse-grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ), while the part of the joints which revealed relatively weak toughness was weld metal. The decrease of tensile strength in T92 CGHAZ was due to its coarse tempered martensite structure. Weak toughness of the joints was resulted from the coarse dendritic austenite of the weld metal. However, the weld metal in transverse direction of the joints was provided higher tensile strength by the orientation distribution of grains compared with T92 CGHAZ.     

Investigation on microstructure and properties of dissimilar joint between SA553 and SUS304 made by laser welding with filler wire

The dissimilar joints between SA553 and SUS304 were produced by CO₂ laser welding with the ERNiMo-8 and ER308L filler wire. After welding parameters were optimized, qualified weld formations were made. Investigation on the microstructure showed that there were dual phases (martensite and austenite) in the ER308L weld, but only austenite in the ERNiMo-8 weld. For both joints, not only the microstructure gradient, but also the element gradient was observed near interfaces between weld metals and base metals. The Charpy impact and tensile test at room (25 °C) and low temperature (− 196 °C) was implemented. The cryogenic impact energy of the ER308L weldment was 51 J, lower than the value (84 J) of the ERNiMo-8 weldment. The corresponding cryogenic tensile strength of the two weldments was 1070 MPa and 960 MPa, respectively. The cryogenic tensile properties of both weldments were rather higher than requirements in the relevant standards. The ERNiMo-8 weldment showed relatively better comprehensive performance when the cryogenic toughness was considered.     

Microstructural and mechanical characterization of electron beam welded Al-alloy 7020

The electron beam (EB) welding process is used to weld any metal that can be arc welded with equal or superior weld quality. EB welding is carried out in a high-purity vacuum environment, which results in freedom from impurities such as oxides and nitrides. Thus, pore-free joints can readily be achieved in metallic materials, such as Al-alloys and Ti-alloys. However, autogenous EB welding of some aluminium alloys leads to a significant strength reduction (undermatching) in the fusion zone due to the loss of strengthening phases. For such Al-alloys, the local microstructure-property relationships should be established to satisfy the service requirement of a welded component with strength undermatching. Autogenous EB welding was performed on 5 mm thick aluminium alloy 7020 plate. Microstructural characterization of the weld metals was made by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Extensive microhardness measurements were conducted in the weld regions of the joints which exhibited a hardness loss in the fusion zone due to the loss of strengthening phases. Tensile properties of the joints were determined by testing flat transverse tensile specimens at room temperature without machining the weld profiles. Furthermore, elastic-plastic fracture toughness tests (CTOD) were carried out on the base material and welded joints at room temperature.     

Effect of flux addition on the microstructure and tensile strength of dissimilar weldments involving Inconel 718 and AISI 416

This research work articulates the microstructural features of the dissimilar weldments involving Ni based superalloy Inconel 718 and martensitic stainless steel, AISI 416 that is difficult to weld. Autogenous tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding was carried out with and without using flux to fabricate these bimetallic combinations. Microstructure at the fusion zones and the interfaces were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results depicted the presence of fine martensite at the heat affected zone (HAZ) of AISI 416 and the formation of unmixed zone containing secondary phases at the HAZ of Inconel 718. Similarly, the formation of Nb rich eutectics along with sulfides was witnessed at the fusion zone of both the weldments. Owing to the low heat input witnessed during the flux assisted TIG welding, the Nb segregation was found to be minimal. Tensile studies reported that the fracture occurred at the fusion zone in both the cases. It was inferred from the tensile studies that the joint strength of the weldments with flux addition was greater than the ones without flux. This study demonstrated that dissimilar joints with complete penetration could be achieved in single pass using the TIG welding process with the aid of flux.     

Characterization of microstructure,mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of dissimilar welded joint between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR

The joint of dissimilar metals between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR low alloy high strength steel are welded by tungsten inert gas arc welding (GTAW) and shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) respectively. The microstructures of welded joints are investigated using scanning electron microscope, optical microscope and transmission electron microscopy respectively. The relationship between mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and microstructure of welded joints is evaluated. Results indicate that there are a decarburized layer and an unmixed zone close to the fusion line. It is also indicated that, austenite and acicular ferrite structures distribute uniformly in the weld metal, which is advantageous for better toughness and ductility of joints. Mechanical properties of joints welded by the two kinds of welding technology are satisfied. However, the corrosion resistance of the weldment produced by GTAW is superior to that by SMAW in chloride solution. Based on the present work, it is concluded that GTAW is the suitable welding procedure for joining dissimilar metals between 2205 duplex stainless steel and 16MnR.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of T92/Super304H dissimilar steel weld joints after high-temperature ageing

T92/Super304H dissimilar steel weld joints, fabricated through a gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) technique using a Ni-based welding wire of ERNiCrMo-3, were aged at 650 °C for time up to 3000 h. Microstructures, fractographies and mechanical properties of the joints were then investigated. The results show that as the aging time increased, in the T92 side heat-affected zone (HAZ) and base metal (BM), the second-phase particles aggregate and coarsen along the austenite grain boundaries/in the austenite grains. In the Super304H side HAZ and BM, the growth of the austenite grains and that of the second-phase particles are slight. The fracture positions of the aged joints are always in the T92 BM. The tensile strengths and the hardness values of the joints drop firstly, then rise, and finally tend to be stable. The impact toughness values of the joints are monotonously decreases with the ageing time.     

不同填充材料下316LN/Inconel 718异种激光焊接头的显微组织与力学性能

目的研究不同填充材料下316LN/Inconel 718异种激光焊接接头的显微组织、显微硬度及室温拉伸性能。方法分别对316LN/Inconel 718异种材料在不填充焊丝、填充ER316LMn焊丝和填充HGH4169焊丝的情况下进行激光对接试验。采用XJP-2C型倒置光学显微镜观察不同填充材料下接头的显微组织,401MVD型数显显微硬度计测量不同填充材料下接头显微硬度,WDW-100型万能电子试验机测量不同填充材料下接头的室温拉伸抗拉强度,最终,对不同填充材料下316LN/Inconel718激光焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行对比分析。结果不填充焊丝与填充ER316LMn焊丝时,可获得外观成形良好的焊接接头;填充HGH4169焊丝时,接头外观成形稍差,但力学性能较好;不填充焊丝时,焊缝组织主要为柱状树枝晶、胞状晶和等轴树枝晶,填充焊丝时,焊缝组织主要为柱状树枝晶和胞状晶。填充焊丝和不填充焊丝情况下,316LN侧熔合区均会产生分层现象,而Inconel 718侧熔合区分层现象则不明显;当填充HGH4169焊丝时,焊缝的显微硬度值与抗拉强度值最大,焊缝填充ER316LMn焊丝时次之,不填充焊丝时最小。接头抗拉强度最大值为764.59 MPa,接头断裂方式为典型的韧性断裂。结论填充焊丝较不填充焊丝时,接头的力学性能有所提高,且填充HGH4169焊丝时,接头的力学性能达到最佳,但焊缝的宏观成形难以控制。     

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Dissimilar Weld-Joints between Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 and Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L

The microstructure and corrosion resistance of dissimilar weld-joints between stainless steel SAF 2205 and stainless steel AISI 316 L were investigated. Welding was accomplished by different types of welding wires AWS ER 347, AWS ER 316 L and AWS ER 309 L. To verify soundness of welded samples, nondestructive tests were performed. Metallographic samples were prepared from cross-section areas of weldjoints to investigate microstructure of different regions of weld-joints by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Corrosion resistance of weld-joints was evaluated in NaCl solution by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance techniques. In the weld metal AWS ER 347, the brittle sigma phase was created, resulting in the decrease of weld-joint corrosion resistance. According to the results of metallurgical investigations and corrosion tests, welding wire AWS ER 309 L was suitable for welding duplex stainless steel(SAF 2205) to austenitic stainless steel(AISI 316L) by gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW)process.     

Activated flux TIG welding of Inconel 718 super alloy in presence of tri-component flux

In this study, we have explored the influence of newly developed tri-component oxide flux (Cr₂O₃, FeO, and MoO₃) on weldability, bead geometry, weld pool temperature variation, and mechanical strength of Inconel 718 welded joints. Moreover, the influence of used flux on weld pool, the surface morphology of electrode and penetration capability of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding on Inconel 718 plates have been well elucidated. Results indicate that the flux mixture significantly increases the penetration depth as well as aspect ratio almost 200% as compared to conventional TIG welding. The arc constriction caused by newly developed oxide flux upsurges the heat density and the weld pool temperature of joints. The alloying effect caused by entrapped oxide particles greatly improves the hardness as well as the tensile strength of joints. The reported reinforcement in the welding performance may increase potential utility of the developed methods for real-world applications.     

Effects of temperature on tensile and impact behavior of dissimilar welds of rotor steels

Tensile and impact behavior of dissimilar weld joints of newly developed rotor steels 23CrMoNiWV88 and 26NiCrMoV145 were conducted at various temperatures below 350 °C. Inhomogeneous microstructures and asymmetrical micro-hardness along the dissimilar welding joint were observed. With the increase of temperature, strength decreased which was associated with the increased plasticity, and fracture location changed from weld metal (WM) to intermediate pressure (IP) base metal (BM) at around 300 °C. Compared to the homogeneous impact specimen with two fracture zones at fracture surface, a combined quasi-cleavage and ductile fracture mode with three zones is observed at the fracture surface of the dissimilar weld joint when the testing temperature is in the range of 0–40 °C. The occurrence of separated zones are mainly ascribed to the multi-layer welding process and thus improved the impact toughness of the welding joint.     

Zonular evaluation of Inconel 617/310 SS dissimilar joint by shear punch test

Shear punch test technique is a novel method for zonular evaluation of weldment mechanical behavior. In this study, changes in the mechanical behavior of different zones of an Inconel 617/310 austenitic stainless steel dissimilar joint, including base metal, heat affected and weld metal zones were investigated by shear punch test. ERNiCrCoMo1 (Inconel 617) filler metal was used in order to achieve dissimilar joint through gas tungsten arc welding process. Furthermore, microstructural evaluation was performed using optical and scanning electron microscopies. The results indicated that by increasing the distance from weld centerline, hardness and ultimate strength values were initially decreased and then increased while ductility was constantly decreased. In this regard, the difference in grain sizes and the type of precipitates were considered the effective parameters.     

超细晶Q460高强钢焊接接头组织与韧性研究

采用手工焊条电弧焊和熔化极活性气体保护焊对超细晶Q460钢进行了焊接,分析表征了焊接接头的组织结构、显微硬度和冲击韧性的变化规律。研究结果表明,采用E5515焊条焊接,焊缝金属主要为先共析铁素体、多边形铁素体与少量珠光体。采用ER55-G焊丝,熔化极活性气体保护焊,焊缝金属主要由针状铁素体和少量多边形铁素体组成,焊丝中Ti元素的添加有利于获得针状铁素体组织。采用较小的焊接线能量,超细晶Q460钢热影响区粗晶区组织为粒状贝氏体组织。焊缝金属的显微硬度高于热影响区和母材的显微硬度,热影响区未出现软化现象。冲击试验表明,焊缝金属和热影响区均具有较高的冲击韧性,而且热影响区的韧性高于焊缝金属的韧性。     

Effect of welding wire and groove angle on mechanical properties of high strength steel welded joints

Mechanical properties of high strength steel welded joints strictly depend on the welding process, the filler material composition and the welding geometry. This study investigates the effects of using cored and solid welding wires and implementing various groove angles on the mechanical performance of weld joints which were fabricated employing the gas metal arc welding process. It was found that weld joints of low alloy, high strength steels using low alloy steel cored welding wires exhibited higher tensile strength than that of low alloy steel solid wire and chromium‐nickel steel bare welding wire when the method of gas metal arc welding is employed. The effect of groove angle on the strength and toughness of V‐groove and double V‐groove butt‐joints was investigated. V‐groove joints, with higher tensile strength than double V‐groove joints in the whole range of groove angles, were superior in toughness for small groove angles, but impact toughness values of both joints were comparable for large angles. The effect of heat input and cooling rate on the weld microstructure and weld strength was also investigated by performing thermal analysis employing the commercial software ANSYS. It was concluded that cooling rate and solidification growth rate determined the microstructure of the weld zone which had great consequences in regard to mechanical properties.     

电弧超声激励频率对MGH956合金TIG焊接头的影响

为减少MGH956合金熔焊焊缝内的气孔量,利用高频调制TIG电弧激发超声电弧作用于MGH956合金的焊接,通过对比不同激励频率对焊缝气孔及性能的影响,分析了电弧超声激励频率对焊缝气孔及性能的作用机制及影响规律.运用理论计算的方法对焊缝中气孔的运动进行数学分析,理论计算结果与试验结果相一致.控制激励电流在15 A的条件下,激励频率为30 kHz时,焊缝的气孔量最少,且焊接接头强度达到最高,为521 MPa,达到母材的72%.实现了焊接接头断裂方式由脆性断裂转化为韧-脆混合断裂方式.     

Fracture toughness (J1C) of electron beam welded AA2219 alloy

AA2219 (Al–6%Cu) was butt welded in T87 temper (solution heat-treated, cold worked and precipitation hardened) and T6 temper (solution heat-treated and precipitation hardened) using electron beam welding (EBW). Variables studied were base metal temper condition and mode of EBW. Mechanical properties of the weld joint and fracture toughness at fusion zone (FZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) were evaluated and compared with those of the base metal. Results showed that EB welds have higher joint efficiency and fracture toughness than that of gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Fracture toughness of T6 base metal was found to be higher than its T87 counterpart. When welded, FZ and HAZ in T87 showed higher fracture toughness than that of T6; HAZ was the toughest. Pulsed current (PC) EB weld showed marginal reduction in toughness compared to constant current (CC) weld. Toughness variation is analyzed with the help of tensile test, Charpy impact test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).     

Mechanical and Structural Properties of Similar and Dissimilar Steel Joints

The mechanical properties of specimens from similar and dissimilar weld joints were examined. A ferritic steel (St37-2) and an austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) were joined by the gas tungsten arc weld (GTAW) process using an austenitic filler metal. Mechanical and metallographic properties of the specimens were obtained by means of microhardness testing, tensile testing, bending fatigue testing, and light optical and scanning electron microscopy. The highest microhardness values were recorded on the ferritic–austenitic dissimilar weld joint, whereas the highest tensile strength and bending fatigue life were obtained with the austenitic–austenitic joints. Ferritic and pearlitic structures were observed in the microstructure of the ferritic–ferritic joint. The microstructures of austenitic–austenitic and austenitic–ferritic joints showed small recrystallization grains in addition to the typical austenitic and ferritic structures. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the fracture surfaces of the specimens and the origins of the fatigue cracks.     

Hybrid (plasma + gas tungsten arc) weldability of modified 12% Cr ferritic stainless steel

This paper deals with the hybrid (plasma + gas tungsten arc) welding properties of 12 mm thick modified 12% Cr ferritic stainless steel complying with EN 1.4003 and UNS S41003 steels with a carbon content of 0.01% to improve the weldability. The root passes of the butt welds were produced with plasma arc welding (PAW) without filler metal while gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was used to accomplish filler passes with 309 and 316 austenitic stainless steel type of consumables, respectively. The joints were subjected to tensile and bend tests as well as Charpy impact toughness testing at −20 °C, 0 °C and 20 °C. Examinations were carried out in terms of metallography, chemical analysis of the weld metal, ferrite content, grain size and hardness analyses. Although 309 consumables provided higher mean weld metal toughness values compared to 316 (90 J vs. 75 J), 316 type of consumables provided better mean HAZ toughness data for the joints (45 J vs. 20 J) at −20 °C. Toughness properties of the welds correspond with those of microstructural features including grain size and ferrite content.     

铝合金6082和5083 MIG焊接头的微观组织和性能

对高速列车车体常用铝合金6082与5083板材进行熔化极氩弧焊(MIG)对接,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析异种材料焊接接头的显微组织特点,利用显微硬度计、拉伸试验机和电化学工作站对接头的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能进行测试和分析。研究结果表明,焊缝成型良好,焊缝区由细小的胞状树枝晶和等轴晶构成,熔合线附近为粗大的柱状晶;焊接接头抗拉强度为199.92 MPa,断后伸长率为5.18%,断裂位置在铝合金6082的焊接热影响区(HAZ),为韧性断裂,接头的正弯性能较差,背弯性能良好;铝合金5083侧的热影响区宽为4mm,6082侧的热影响区宽为15mm,接头两侧的硬度分布有明显差别,在6082侧距焊缝中心12.5mm的显微硬度最低为63HV;6082-5083异种铝合金焊缝的耐蚀性能优于母材5083,但比母材6082差。     

Application of low Ms temperature consumable to dissimilar welded joint

Abstract

The welding of dissimilar joints is very common in systems used in oil exploration and production in deep sea waters. Commonly involves welding of low carbon steel pipes with low alloy steel forgings both with inner Inconel clad. The forged steel part undergoes a process of buttering with Inconel or carbon steel electrode before the weld of the joint. The buttering process is followed by a process of residual stresses relief. The conventional way of reducing the level of residual stresses in welded joints is to apply post welding heat treatments. Depending on the size and complexity of the parts to be joined, this can become a serious problem. An alternative technique for reducing residual stresses is to use an electrode that during the cooling process undergoes a displacive transformation at a relatively low temperature so that the deformation resulting from the transformation compensates the contraction during the cooling process, and, although many papers have been published in this direction using Fe–Cr–Ni alloys, most of them report a loss of toughness in the weld metal. Maraging steel is a family of materials with M_s temperature below 200°C and even without the final heat treatment of aging has superior mechanical properties to low alloy steels used in forgings. In this work, forged piece of AISI 4130 was buttered with Maraging 350 weld consumable and subsequently welded to ASTM A36 steel using Inconel 625 filler metal. In addition, the dissimilar base metal plates were welded together using Maraging 350 steel weld consumable. The levels of residual stress, and the toughness and microstructures of heat affected zone and weld metal were investigated.