自适应网络结构的故障行波定位方法

输电网中环路的存在会影响故障初始行波到达时间与行波传输路径的匹配,影响故障点位置的计算。为此,提出了一种自适应网络结构的故障行波定位方法。对于故障线路不包含于环路的情况,利用Floyd算法搜索故障点到网络中各节点的最短路径;对于故障线路包含于环路的情况,确定环路中初始行波到达时间最大的节点为解环点,并提出了剔除无效路径的时间判据,将复杂故障网络简化为辐射形网络。在辐射形网络中,运用基于整个电网的故障行波定位算法,实现全网综合定位。仿真结果表明,该方法实现简单,适用于任何结构的电网,能够有效弥补现有行波网络定位算法的缺陷和不足。     

基于改进型概率神经网络的电网故障定位方法

针对传统的电网故障定位方法存在着精度较低、可靠性较差等问题，笔者提出了一种基于改进型概率神经网络（probabilistic neural network,PNN）的电网故障定位方法。首先，通过分析配电网络结构中的开关和继电保护装置信息，提取电网故障数据作为训练集和测试集；其次，构建PNN电网故障定位诊断模型，并采用天鹰优化算法优化PNN的平滑因子；最后，通过实验验证改进型PNN的性能。实验结果表明：改进型PNN电网故障定位的准确率达到100%，说明该模型具有良好的预测性能，能够提高故障诊断的准确率，为电网故障定位方法研究提供可行的方案。     

输电网行波网络保护方法

在研究行波在电网中传播特性的基础上,提出了一种新型输电网行波网络保护方法,该方法在线路故障后利用电网中所有行波保护继电器记录的初始行波到达时间来剔除无效行波时间数据,并修正部分无效初始行波到达时间,进而利用有效初始行波到达时间来判断故障线路。这一保护方法综合利用了电网中所有线路的初始行波到达时间信息,不但解决了行波保护易受线路结构等因素影响的问题,而且在某一行波保护继电器故障、启动失灵或时间记录错误后仍能可靠动作。分析和仿真结果表明,该保护方法原理可行、实现简单、可靠性高,有助于进一步提高行波保护的实用性。     

行波测距失效点处的故障测距研究

随着现代微电子技术的飞跃发展和对行波传播规律以及对暂态信号获取方法的进一步掌握，行波故障测距装置已广泛应用于超、特高压输电线路上，但行波测距方法有其固有的缺陷。文章在对行波测距盲区分析研究的基础上，提出了两种能消除行波故障测距盲区的故障定位算法。这两种方法都是利用故障线路重合脉冲来实现故障定位。算法1是将重合闸脉冲进行三次B样条分析后，根据合闸脉冲和合闸脉冲在故障点处的反射波之间的时间差来进行故障定位；算法2是利用故障线路重合过程中一端线路处于合闸而另一端处于断开状态，利用故障边界电流进行构造单端故障定位算法；并以特高压交流输电线路为研究对象，来进行算法的仿真验证。仿真结果表明，该方法能准确地进行故障定位，其精度不受故障点过渡电阻、故障类型、对端系统的阻抗及故障距离的影响。     

一种高压电网电压行波信号的提取方法

行波信号的有效提取是高压电网行波保护和行波故障定位的前提,针对传统电容式电压互感器不能传变暂态高频信号的缺陷,提出了一种电压行波信号的提取方法。利用电容式电压互感器或电流互感器的套管末屏电容,设计了电压行波提取电路,考查了其频率响应特性。利用EMTDC分别仿真了提取电路对不同频率段、不同故障初始角和不同故障电阻的暂态电压信号提取响应,理论分析和仿真结果表明:该方法能够有效地提取暂态高频信号,正确反映一次侧特定频带的电压行波特征,很好地解决了行波保护或暂态量保护及故障定位中暂态电压行波提取的难题。     

输电线路双端行波故障定位新算法

双端行波故障定位原理简单，但受行波波速的不确定、输电线路长度差异以及行波波头到达时间记录不准确等因素的影响，容易出现较大的定位误差。在常规双端行波故障定位原理的基础上，提出了一种新型输电线路双端行波故障定位算法，通过记录故障初始行波到达线路两端的时刻、参考端记录的故障点反射行波和对端母线反射行波到达时刻，解方程组得到不受波速和线路弧垂影响的故障定位结果。实际应用结果表明，该算法具有较高的定位精度。     

利用RTDS测试输电线路行波故障定位装置

针对输电线路行波故障定位装置的测试问题，利用RTDS仿真一个小型的500 kV环网，在其线路上设置各种特征故障，来测试输电线路行波故障定位装置的性能，并结合高精度测量仪器分析其误差。在分析误差的基础上，结合RTDS的计算步长和D/A转换时间等，总结出一种提高RTDS波形精度的补偿算法。输入补偿算法后的数据，获得了较理想的仿真效果。模拟试验表明，用RTDS对该装置进行试验是一种较好的方法。     

基于暂态电压稳定指标的动态无功优化配置方法

以往的动态无功配置方法大多以确保静态电压稳定为目标,而快速可控的动态无功补偿装置更适用于抑制电网的暂态电压失稳。文中首先分析并指出故障后的极限切除时间是系统暂态电压稳定性的一个衡量指标,安装动态无功补偿可以延长故障的极限切除时间。根据这种特点提出了一种基于极限切除时间指标的动态无功优化配置算法,比较各种配置方案对电网故障后极限切除时间的改变量以得到最优方案。通过IEEE 39母线系统的算例说明了该方法的有效性。     

新型输电线路故障综合定位系统研究

传统的基于故障稳态量的常规故障定位及基于故障暂态行波的行波定位都存在一定的局限。文中对常规定位模型进行改进，既简化了计算，又提高了精度；同时对行波定位进行改进，采用专用行波传感器，提高GPS同步时钟精度与采样频率，并利用小波变换进行行波波头检测，从而提高了定位精度。把常规定位和行波定位有机结合，研制了输电线路故障综合定位系统。动模实验、高压冲击试验和RTDS试验都表明该综合定位系统具有很强的鲁棒性和很高的定位精度。     

基于故障电流暂态分量的测距研究

提出利用故障生成的电流暂态分量进行故障定位的思想。通过与方向行波测距进行比较，指出两者在利用行波表示的时间-距离对应信息上的一致性。与传统的电流行波测距法相比，该算法无需相邻健全线路的电流，从而具有更 好的适应系统运行方式的能力,并节省了测距装置的模拟和数字输入通道。仿真试验表明， 在合适的小波滤波器和小波分解算法的作用下，暂态测距与利用方向行波测距的精度基本相 同。其在测距精度上同样不受故障类型、接地电阻、线路长度、采样率、系统运行方式的影响，具有良好的波头定位能力。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。