A high power quality anti-islanding method using effective power variation

Islanding phenomenon is undesirable because it leads to a safety hazard to utility service personnel and may cause damage to power generation and power supply facilities as a result of unsynchronized re-closure. In order to prevent the phenomenon, various anti-islanding methods have been studied. Until now, frequency or start phase shift methods of inverter current have much attention as active anti-islanding methods, which cause reactive power variation to the utility. However, these methods deteriorate usually the power quality like power factor or harmonic performance. This paper proposes a high power quality active anti-islanding method using effective power variation, which is implemented by periodically increasing/decreasing variation of inverter current magnitude. If it causes the large variation of inverter output voltage after islanding, active frequency drift (AFD) method as a simple anti-islanding method will be injected into the inverter current for a designed period and islanding can be detected. In case of large voltage variation when the grid is connected, AFD method will be removed after the designed period. Unlike most active anti-islanding method deteriorating power quality, the proposed method will have high performance of islanding detection and good power quality. For the verification of the proposed method, simulated results and experimental results in addition to analysis are presented using a 3 kW PV inverter.     

A combined active anti-islanding method for photovoltaic systems

In a modern power system, photovoltaic as distributed generated source is growing larger and it can cause a variety of problems. The most important problem is that of the islanding phenomenon. In order to prevent islanding phenomenon, three kinds of active islanding detection methods have been studied. These are, respectively, to change magnitude, frequency, and the start phase of inverter output current. Among those, both a frequency variation method and a start-phase variation anti-islanding method make the islanding frequency drift away from the trip window of the frequency relay if islanding occurs. This paper presents a novel combined active anti-islanding method, which consists of a frequency variation method active frequency drift (AFD) and a start-phase variation method slip-mode frequency shift (SMS). Clearly, the proposed anti-islanding method shows the islanding detection ability to IEEE 1547 Standard. To validate the performance of the proposed method, simulations and experiments were performed. Possible islanding conditions are implemented with a unity quality factor by the IEEE Standard 1547. The methodology presented can be extended to the other active anti-islanding methods.     

Modeling and simulation of a grid-connected PV generation system for electromagnetic transient analysis

This paper addresses modeling and simulation of a grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPS) to analyze its grid interface behavior and control performance in the system design. A simple circuit model of the solar array is used to easily simulate its inherent characteristics with the basic specification data. Detailed power and protection control of the GCPS as well as its electrical circuits have been represented by user-defined and built-in components to take into account transients in normal and fault conditions, which are dominated by its power electronic controller. The model has been described with the reference to and implemented in PSCAD/EMTDC, a power system transient software package. Extensive simulation results are presented and analyzed to validate that the proposed simulation model is effective for control and protection performance evaluation of the GCPS in terms of electromagnetic transient analysis.     

A voltage regulation method for dispersed grid-connected PV systems under high-density connection

This paper describes a voltage regulation method for dispersed grid-connected PV systems under high-density connection. In the near future, many PV systems will be connected to distribution systems. The reverse power flow of the grid-connected PV systems will raise line voltage to the upper limit of the legal voltage range. In the first part of this paper we examine the voltage characteristics of a distribution system under high-density connection, while the second part of the paper describes a voltage regulation method for high-density PV connections, using reactive power proportional to global irradiance. The results of tests clearly demonstrate a restraining effect on voltage during the daytime and a smoothing effect on voltage fluctuation.     

Development and performance test of smart power conditioner for value-added PV application

It is a disadvantage that PV power generation is only useful for clear daytime. However, a new 24 hours of application in an extended area can be added by active utilization of potential ability of PV power conditioner. For this purpose, a new multi-functional power conditioner was developed, which has a smoothing function to reduce PV output variation and load fluctuation, and also has additional function to compensate harmonics current and reactive power caused by customer's load.As a result of indoor testing, a reduction rate of around for harmonics current and reactive power were achieved. In addition, the reduction rate around for smoothing of PV output variation and load fluctuation were verified.The work was promoted by NEDO as part of the New Sunshine Project in Japan.     

基于ADMM的风场两级分布式无功优化方法

由于风机的无功耗变,电网电压稳定性随着风力渗透的增加而降低.针对风电场接入的配电网系统无功优化调度问题,本文提出了一种基于ADMM算法的两级无功优化调度方法.与现有的无功优化控制方法相比,该方法采用两阶段优化结构实现分布式无功优化调度.此外,在分区概念下,不需要一致性协议来解决优化问题.该方法在控制设计中也考虑了各个风...     

基于SPWM的小型风电逆变系统的建模与仿真研究

以小型风力发电系统为研究对象,重点研究其逆变环节的设计,通过比较分析,主电路选择高频变压器形式,控制电路采用电压瞬时值反馈控制。利用MATLAB/Simulink软件建立了风电逆变系统的电路模型,给出了基于SPWM(Sinusoidal PWM)电压反馈控制的系统设计与仿真。在突加干扰的情况下仿真模型能很快稳定,具有较强的抗干扰能力,仿真结果验证了系统设计的可行性。在此基础上,完成了基于芯片TL494、IR2110和SG3525A的风电逆变控制系统的硬件设计方案。     

Modeling and simulation of three phase multilevel inverter for grid connected photovoltaic systems

This paper presents a control for a three phase five-level neutral clamped inverter (NPC) for grid connected PV system. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is capable of extracting maximum power from the PV array connected to each DC link voltage level. The MPPT algorithm is solved by fuzzy logic controller. The fuzzy MPPT is integrated with the inverter so that a DC–DC converter is not needed and the output shows accurate and fast response. A digital PI current control algorithm is used to remain the current injected into the grid sinusoidal and to achieve high dynamic performance with low total harmonic distortion (THD). The validity of the system is verified through MATLAB/Simulink and the results are compared with three phase three-level grid connected NPC inverter in terms of THD.     

Modeling and simulation of a stand-alone photovoltaic system using an adaptive artificial neural network: Proposition for a new sizing procedure

This paper presents an adaptive artificial neural network (ANN) for modeling and simulation of a Stand-Alone photovoltaic (SAPV) system operating under variable climatic conditions. The ANN combines the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm (LM) with an infinite impulse response (IIR) filter in order to accelerate the convergence of the network. SAPV systems are widely used in renewable energy source (RES) applications and it is important to be able to evaluate the performance of installed systems. The modeling of the complete SAPV system is achieved by combining the models of the different components of the system (PV-generator, battery and regulator). A global model can identify the SAPV characteristics by knowing only the climatological conditions. In addition, a new procedure proposed for SAPV system sizing is presented in this work. Different measured signals of solar radiation sequences and electrical parameters (photovoltaic voltage and current) from a SAPV system installed at the south of Algeria have been recorded during a period of 5-years. These signals have been used for the training and testing the developed models, one for each component of the system and a global model of the complete system. The ANN model predictions allow the users of SAPV systems to predict the different signals for each model and identify the output current of the system for different climatological conditions. The comparison between simulated and experimental signals of the SAPV gave good results. The correlation coefficient obtained varies from 90% to 96% for each estimated signals, which is considered satisfactory. A comparison between multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF) network and the proposed LM–IIR model is presented in order to confirm the advantage of this model.     

IGBT型8—15kHz／250kW双频电源的开发和应用

介绍了ＩＧＢＴ型２５０ｋＷ、８－１５ｋＨｚ双频感应电源。文中较详细地了其原理组成及工艺方式，同时也介绍了该电源的控制电路及其设计原则及应用效果。     

SMC-DPC based active and reactive power control of grid-tied three phase inverter for PV systems

In this paper, sliding mode control (SMC) – direct power controller (DPC) based active and reactive power controller for three-phase grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed. The proposed system consists of two main controllers: the DC/DC boost converter to track the possible maximum power from the PV panels and the grid-tied three-phase inverter. The Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm is used to transfer the maximum power from the PV panels. Control of the active and reactive powers is performed using the SMC-DPC strategy without any rotating coordinate transformations or phase angle tracking of the grid voltage. In addition, extra current control cycles are not used to simplify the system design and to increase transient performance. The fixed switching frequency is obtained by using space vector modulation (SVM). The proposed system provides very good results both in transient and steady states with the simple algorithms of P&O and SMC-DPC methods. Moreover, the results are evaluated by comparing the SMC-DPC method developed for MPPT and the traditional PI control method. The proposed controller method is achieved with TMS320F28335 DSP processor and the system is experimentally tested for 12 kW PV generation systems.     

一种并网型风光互补发电系统的建模与仿真

分析了风光互补发电系统的技术优势,设计了基于固态变压器结构的并网型风光互补发电系统。分别建立了光伏系统,风力发电系统,超级电容和蓄电池的模型,并分析各环节的控制策略,提出了基于平均功率的储能设备容量配置方法。仿真结果表明,该系统能模拟风光互补系统在不同模式下的运行特性,可以有效降低功率波动和维持电压稳定,并能在低光照强度、低风速等情况下为系统提供短时能量支撑。     

分布式电源与电网同步的研究

在分布式电源并网系统中,通过获取电网侧的瞬时相位信息,使逆变器输出与电网保持同频、同相。文章分析了单同步坐标系软件锁相环算法和双二阶广义积分器锁相环算法的性能特点,根据优势互补的方法,通过检测电路检测三相电路的状态,正确地对锁相环进行切换,以快速精确的检测出正序电压和相位,保证系统中的逆变器正常工作。同时通过利用单纯形法对其锁相环的控制器参数进行优化。研究结果表明,根据电网侧的工作状态,合理地切换锁相环的工作模式,可以快速精确地追踪电网相位和频率信息。     

Numerical analysis and parameters optimization of shell-and-tube heat storage unit using three phase change materials

In this paper, a mathematical model of shell-and-tube latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit of two-dimension of three phase change materials (PCMs) named PCM1, PCM2 and PCM3 with different high melting temperatures (983 K, 823 K and 670 K, respectively) and heat transfer fluid (HTF: air) with flowing resistance and viscous dissipation based on the enthalpy method has been developed. Instantaneous solid–liquid interface positions and liquid fractions of PCMs as well as the effects of inlet temperatures of the air and lengths of the shell-and-tube LHTES unit on melting times of PCMs were numerically analyzed. The results show that melting rates of PCM3 are the fastest and that of PCM1 are the slowest both x, r directions. It is also found that the melting times of PCM1, PCM2 and PCM3 decrease with increase in inlet temperatures of the air. Moreover, with increase in inlet temperatures of the air, decreasing degree of their melting times are different, decreasing degree of the melting time of PCM1 is the biggest and that of PCM3 is the smallest. Considering actual application of solar thermal power, we suggest that the optimum lengths are L₁ = 250 mm, L₂ = 400 mm, L₃ = 550 mm (L = 1200 mm) which corresponds to the same melting times of PCM1, PCM2 and PCM3 are about 3230 s and inlet temperature of the air is about 1200 K. The present analysis provides theoretical guidance for designing optimization of the shell-and-tube LHTES unit with three PCMs for solar thermal power.     

Experimental determination of the effective thermal capacity function and other thermal properties for various phase change materials using the thermal delay method

The recently presented thermal delay method is an improved version of the well-known T-history method, which is widely used for thermal properties measurement of phase change materials (PCM). The most important difference between the thermal delay and the T-history methods is that the former is based on the use of thermal delay (i.e. temperature difference) between PCM and a reference fluid at any specified time while the latter makes use of their time delay at any specified temperature. Although the thermal delay method has been documented in our previous publication, measurements are performed of the known and indisputable values of ethyl alcohol thermal capacity and the latent heat of the double distilled water (WFI), which confirm the accuracy of the method. Additional comparisons with values provided by PCM producing companies show disagreements lower than 1.7%. The main volume of measurements of the present study includes the following thermal properties of various practically interesting PCM: (a) the temperatures at the ends of the two-phase region; (b) the liquid and solid PCM thermal capacities; (c) the phase change heat; (d) the heat storage capacity during any specified temperature range; and (e) the effective thermal capacity function, which is a very important and useful property for practical applications. The above function is provided for each one of the PCM examined in the form of diagrams, as well as in the form of analytical expressions derived by curve fitting to the processed experimental values. All measurements were repeated 20 times and the results were averaged in order to minimize errors from accidental incidents.     

电控汽油喷油器瞬态流动的建模方法及其数值模拟

为了研究电控汽油喷油器内部瞬态流动情况,建立了喷油器的几何模型和数学模型.采用FLUENT软件中的动网格技术和自编程序控制模型的边界条件,计算了球阀的受力情况和速度,从而模拟了喷油器球阀的运动过程.该建模方法使每一步的数值模拟计算都依赖于前一步的计算结果,从而保证了数值模拟的连续性.通过每一步的迭代,得到每一时刻喷油器内部流体的压力、速度、流量.结果表明:该喷油器瞬态流动的建模方法是行之有效的,其数值模拟结果和实验结果相吻合.该方法也揭示了喷油器喷孔拐角处空化现象的产生、发展和消失过程,并可给出喷孔出口处速度分布情况.     

Modeling and control design of hydrogen production process for an active hydrogen/wind hybrid power system

This paper gives a control oriented modeling of an electrolyzer, as well as the ancillary system for the hydrogen production process. A Causal Ordering Graph of all necessary equations has been used to illustrate the global scheme for an easy understanding. The model is capable of characterizing the relations among the different physical quantities and can be used to determine the control system ensuring efficient and reliable operation of the electrolyzer. The proposed control method can manage the power flow and the hydrogen flow. The simulation results have highlighted the variation domains and the relations among the different physical quantities. The model has also been experimentally tested in real time with a Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation before being integrated in the test bench of the active wind energy conversion system.     

Facile synthesis of M-CuFe2O4 (M= Al2O3, CeO2, La2O3, ZrO2, Mn2O3) catalysts using a one-pot method and their applications in high-temperature water gas shift reaction

Water gas shift reaction is an essential process of hydrogen production and carbon monoxide removal from syngas. In this study, the promotional effect of ZrO₂, CeO₂, La₂O₃, Al₂O₃, and Mn₂O₃ was investigated on the CO conversion and thermal stability of the copper ferrite in high-temperature water gas shift reaction (HTSR) and hydrogen purification. The powders were synthesized by a simple solid-state route and characterized by XRD, H2-TPR, SEM, FT-IR, TG-DTA, and BET analyses. Promoters (ZrO₂, CeO₂, La₂O₃, Al₂O3, and Mn₂O₃) could affect the WGSR performance in activity and stability. In the M-CuFe2O4 catalyst, alumina acts as a texture promoter and aids in the fine dispersion of copper ferrite. The results indicated that the surface area of the Al₂O₃–CuFe₂O₄ (210 m²/g) catalyst was higher than the other samples. This catalyst presented higher CO conversion in HTSR and had higher stability at 1000 min on stream. It was found that the incorporation of different contents of alumina had a significant influence on the textural and catalytic properties of the CuFe₂O₄-based catalysts. The 30%Al₂O₃–70%CuFe₂O₄ catalyst exhibited the highest CO conversion of 65% at 350 °C, uniform pore size distribution, and intense interaction between copper ferrite and alumina, causing the effective stabilization of the active phase in the catalyst structure. The findings of this study represent that the solid-state method, due to its simplicity and creation of a mesoporous structure, can also be applied for the preparation of many heterogeneous metal oxide catalysts.     

Numerical study of natural convection and acoustic waves using the lattice Boltzmann method

In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann method is used to study the acoustic waves propagation inside a differentially heated square enclosure filled with air. The waves are generated by a point sound source located at the center of this cavity. The main aim of this simulation is to simulate the interaction between the thermal convection and the propagation of these acoustic waves. The results have been validated with those obtained in the literature and show that the effect of natural convection on the acoustic waves propagation is almost negligible for low Rayleigh numbers (Ra ≤ 10⁴), which begins to appear when the Rayleigh number begins to become important (Ra ≥ 10⁵) and it becomes considerable for large Rayleigh numbers (Ra ≥ 10⁶) where the thermal convection is important.     

Probability strength design of steam turbine blade and sensitivity analysis with respect to random parameters based on response surface method

Many stochastic parameters have an effect on the reliability of a steam turbine blade during practical operation. To improve the reliability of blade design, it is necessary to take these stochastic parameters into account. An equal cross-section blade is investigated and a finite element model is built parametrically. Geometrical parameters, material parameters and load parameters of the blade are considered as input random variables while the maximum deflection and maximum equivalent stress are output random variables. Analysis file of the blade is compiled by deterministic finite element method and applied to be loop file to create sample points. A quadratic polynomial with cross terms is chosen to regress these samples by step-forward regression method and employed as a surrogate of numerical solver to drastically reduce the number of solvers call. Then, Monte Carlo method is used to obtain the statistical characteristics and cumulative distribution function of the maximum deflection and maximum equivalent stress of the blade. Probability sensitivity analysis, which combines the slope of the gradient and the width of the scatter range of the random input variables, is applied to evaluate how much the output parameters are influenced by the random input parameters. The scatter plots of structural responses with respect to the random input variables are illustrated to analyze how to change the input random variables to improve the reliability of the blade. The results show that combination of the finite element method, the response surface method and Monte Carlo method is an ideal way for the reliability analysis and probability strength design of the blade. __________ Translated from Proceedings of the CSEE, 2007, 27(20): 12–17 [译自: 中国电机工程学报]