Cage size as a factor in environmental enrichment.

Investigated the effects of cage size and cage surface texture as factors in environmental enrichment. 79 C57BL/6J mice were reared in 1 of 4 types of cages: small wire, small Plexiglas, large wire, or large Plexiglas. Dependent measures included gross body weight at 38 and 50 days of age, open-field activity and defecation, running-wheel activity, exploration, and water consumption. Cage size significantly affected 38-day gross body weight, open-field activity and defecation, and water consumption. These findings indicate that cage size is an important factor in the enriched environment experience, and they are in accordance with data reported previously by the authors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavioral effects of environmental enrichment in randomly bred mice.

Reared 212 randomly bred mice from birth in an enriched environment or in a standard control environment. Ss were tested for open-field activity and defecation, running wheel activity, exploration, and hoarding. After the hoarding tests all Ss were sacrificed and adrenal glands were removed and weighed. Significant main effects due to treatment were found on gross body weight at 38 days of age, open-field activity and defecation, running wheel activity measures, and exploration. Correlational analyses revealed that open-field activity was positively associated with exploratory behavior, and that the 2 activity measures were positively associated. In the control Ss, the running wheel measures were positively associated with hoarding performance. Results are discussed and compared with previous studies of environmental enrichment and mouse behavior. It is concluded that the effects of early enrichment upon open-field activity, running wheel activity, and exploration are well established. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of environmental enrichment on open-field activity and Hebb-Williams problem solving in rats.

Conducted an experiment with 24 male and 24 female Carworth Europe rats to test the effects of sex, preweaning experience (enrichment vs. restriction), postweaning experience (enrichment vs. restriction), and test order on: (a) activity and defecation in the open field; and (b) Hebb-Williams maze test errors (see record 1946-02683-001). Postweaning restriction increased both activity and error scores, while preweaning restriction increased activity but had no effect on error scores. There was no correlation between scores on the 2 variables when the enriched and restricted postweaning-Ss were considered separately. It is concluded that errors in the maze are not the result of exploration, but that the test scores are more likely to be a valid measure of problem-solving ability. (19 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Differential effects of environmental enrichment on the open-field behavior of wild and domestic Norway rats.

Early postweaning experience in an enriched environment had a greater influence on the open-field behavior and body weight of 32 wild Norway rats than of their 32 counterparts. Genetic changes accompanying the domestication process may have reduced the relative impact of postweaning experience on the development of the domestic S's response to changes in its environment. (28 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Long-term retention of avoidance learning by immature and adult rats as a function of environmental enrichment.

Taught 32 23-day-old female Sprague-Dawley albino rats active or passive avoidance. 32 controls received equivalent handling and shock in a different apparatus. Both groups were then exposed to an enriched or standard laboratory environment for 60 days prior to a retention test. Environmental enrichment resulted in greater forgetting of active avoidance. The lack of initial latency differences between control groups together with other indices of activity suggested that the differential forgetting was due to memorial effects rather than environmentally induced activity differences. Exp. II with 26 Ss indicated that environmental enrichment resulted in greater forgetting for both weanlings and adults, implicating extraexperimental interference as a general source of incomplete retention by the rat. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interaction among genotype, unconditioned stimulus, d-amphetamine, and one-way avoidance behavior of rats.

In the genetic analysis of avoidance learning, questions relating to the generality to other avoidance behaviors and the role of motivation were investigated in 61 RHA/Lu and 61 RLA/Lu rats. Significant differences were found in 1-way avoidance behavior of the strains selectively bred for 2-way active avoidance. In 6 experiments, these differences in 1-way avoidance either disappeared or were minimized to a great extent under the effects of dextroamphetamine. The experimental manipulation of motivation (i.e., unconditioned stimulus shock level equivalent to the unconditioned flinch, jump, and fleeing response measures) accounted for only part of the variation in avoidance learning of these strains. Results are discussed in the terms of inverted-–U arousal function and quantitative genetics. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relatively brief environmental enrichment aids recovery of learning capacity and alters brain measures after postweaning brain lesions in rats.

Two experiments showed that enriched postlesion experience aided in overcoming effects of simultaneous bilateral cerebral lesions made at 30 days of age in 64 male inbred Fischer rats (Exp I) and 60 male Berkeley S-sub-1 rats (Exp II). The lesions were directed to the occipital cortex, but in most cases there was also some impairment of the hippocampus. For 60 days after operations, half of the Ss lived in small individual cages and half lived in groups in large enriched-environment cages. They were then pretrained and tested on the standard 12 Hebb-Williams problems. Daily injections of methamphetamine (vs saline) during the period of differential experience in Exp I had no effect on the behavioral scores. Exp II included groups that received only 2 hrs/day of enriched experience, and they benefited as much as groups that remained in the enriched environment 24 hrs/day. Results demonstrate significant beneficial effects of environment when bilateral lesions were made at a later age and when the periods of enriched experience were shorter than have previously been tested. Two additional experiments with 112 Berkeley S-sub-1 rats revealed significant effects of both lesions and environment on weight and RNA/DNA of brain regions. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Computer science and the enrichment of psychological research.

An analysis is made of the impact of computer science on research method and theory construction in psychology. The influence is roughly divided into what is described as the Level of Application and the Level of Conceptual Enrichment. At the first level the new discipline is used as a tool to extend the facilities available to the psychologist. In spite of this, it is argued, the simple increase in technical power has led to important differences in the kind of research that can be considered and has been the determining factor in the direction and the extent of the development of various research areas in psychology. At the second level computer science has contributed a wealth of conceptual resources. It has been the source of many theoretical constructs and, even more significantly, has contributed an alternative language for the expression of psychological theory--the language of a computer algorithm which simulates the relevant behaviour. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assay of Salmonella in enrichment cultures of foods, feeds and environmental samples by the polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay

A variety of foods, animal feeds and environmental samples were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella using the polymyxin-cloth enzyme immunoassay (p-CEIA) system. Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens were captured from test samples on polymyxin-coated polyester cloth, followed by immunoenzymatic detection of bound antigens using a monoclonal antibody recognizing an LPS common core oligosaccharide. Dairy and egg products, animal feeds and environmental samples from food processing plants were pre-enriched for 24 h, followed by selective enrichment for a further 24 h in either tetrathionate brilliant green (TBG), selenite cystine (SC) or brain-heart infusion broth containing 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% cholate and 0.3% selenite (BYCS). The samples were assayed by the p-CEIA after each stage of enrichment. After selective enrichment, the p-CEIA gave results which were in complete agreement with the standard culture technique in the analysis of all foods examined. On the other hand, a combination of selective enrichment and the p-CEIA out-performed the Modified Semi-Solid Rappaport Vassiliadis (MSRV) method in screening pre-enrichment cultures of feeds and environmental samples. Use of the new selective medium BYCS prior to performing the p-CEIA gave the highest recovery of Salmonella from feeds and environmental samples.     

金的分离富集

综述了金的分离和富集方法，主要包括各种吸附和萃取方法。采用活性炭和泡沫塑料(简称泡塑)吸附分离金是传统的分离富集法，有负载活性炭和有负载泡塑可以提高富集金的能力。近些年，离子交换树脂和离子交换纤维素在分离富集金的应用中，占有相当大的比例。萃取法除了使用传统的MIBK作为萃取剂，又见报道硫醚、亚砜、醇类等作为萃取剂的各种萃取体系。中引用参考献107篇。     

Ability factors and environmental influences.

Walter VanDyke Bingham left with his will a memorandum suggesting that there be established, under the auspices of the American Psychological Association, an annual lectureship to call attention to the importance of the discovery and development of talented persons. His wishes have been carried out by Mrs. Walter VanDyke Bingham in her continuing support of the "discovery of the talented" lectures, of which the paper presented here was the twelfth. This twelfth lecture is entitled "Ability Factors and Environmental Influences." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive risk and environmental change.

"It is the objective of the present paper to examine wherein breadth of categorizing reflects the manner in which people deal with the risk of errors of judgment—specifically, the risk of saying that things are similar when they might be different, or that they are different when they might be similar… . Our central interest is in the specific behavior of broad and narrow categorizers in a highly simplified judging task. Two questions concern us. The first… with consistency of preference for broad and narrow categorizing in a stable stimulus situation… [and the] consistent manner in which… categorizers alter their judgments in the face of changes in the stimulus situations… . The narrow categorizer appears to prefer the risk… possibly being wrong… . The broad categorizer prefers the risk of not reacting to change and possibly being wrong." From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HE31B. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discounting behavior and environmental decisions.

Discounting plays a major role in the life cycle of environmental and natural resource policies. Evaluating centuries-scale problems like climate change with standard discount rates yields results that many find ethically unacceptable. Paradoxes abound. Low discount rates are urged for determining the net benefits of climate change, while households fail to undertake energy conservation actions that have payback periods of only a few years. Efforts to uncover discount rates from revealed and stated preferences suggest that a variety of confounding factors may be simultaneously in play. Common property resources provide an example of how market failures can lead to behavior consistent with extreme discounting that can be addressed through effective policy. Finally, politicians who make ultimate policy decisions may have incentives to act in accordance with discount rates not socially optimal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interaction rules and strategies in psychotherapy.

To examine the presence of interaction rules and strategies used in therapy, the verbal responses of therapists and clients in 26 actual psychotherapy cases were coded using the Interpersonal Communication Rating Scale (ICRS; S. R. Strong, H. Hills, C. Kilmartin, et al., 1988). The conditional response probabilities of these MRS codes were examined from a rules and strategies perspective according to procedures suggested by S. Duncan (1983). The results supported the presence for rules for both the client and the therapist, and these rules were found to involve complementary interactions. No support was found for the presence of strategies in the interactive behavior of either participant. Finally, there was no relation between the presence of rules and session evaluation. The results are discussed with respect to the definition of rules in counseling and the concept of complementarity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of environmental enrichment on cortical depth and Morris-maze performance in B6D2F2 mice exposed prenatally to ethanol

The most recent advances in rabies epidemiology in various wildlife and domestic reservoirs are presented, especially in foxes, bats and dogs. Rabies epidemiology in the dog reservoir is directly associated to dog ecology which needs to be better understood in order to implement appropriate rabies control measures in the dog population. The progress of molecular biology, especially the development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction technique offers many interesting possibilities in epidemiological investigations.     

Ecological knowledge and perception of environmental modifiability.

Comments that, in a study by M. P. Maloney and M. P. Ward (see record 1974-05007-001) that presented an objective scale for measuring ecological attitudes and knowledge, Maloney and Ward found that their scale did not correlate significantly with actual commitment and discusses the explanation of this result. A study is described that used the author's (1973) Environmental Modifiability Test and found that Ss less involved in antipollution activities perceived more chances for eliminating pollution than those more active in such efforts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychology and optometry: Interaction and collaboration.

One unique possibility for interdisciplinary exchange involves the professions of clinical psychology and optometry. A number of vision conditions have psychological components, and some psychological conditions may be complicated by vision difficulties; thus, there are a number of ways in which psychologists and optometrists could inform each other's practices. Better organized health care delivery is likely to result, as clients are likely to receive more efficient diagnosis, treatment, and management of health problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Job enrichment versus social cues: A comparison and competitive test.

41 part-time student employees were randomly assigned in a 2–2 factorial design (2 types of social cues and 2 levels of job enrichment) to investigate the effects of the independent variables on perceptions of job enrichment, job ambiguity, job satisfaction, and productivity. All Ss worked in a simulated organizational setting involving a routine clerical task. Results show that both the cues given by co-workers as well as the physical properties of the task had an effect on employee perceptions of job enrichment and job ambiguity. In addition, Ss receiving positive social cues from co-workers were more satisfied and more productive than Ss receiving negative social cues from co-workers. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance for current theories of job motivation. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The paradox of environmental psychology.

Scientific and applied contributions of environmental psychology are examined in relation to 6 trends that have occurred in this field over the past 3 decades: (a) development of novel constructs and methods for analyzing the links between environment and behavior; (b) increased emphases on cross-paradigm research, (c) transactional models of environment and behavior, (d) group–environment relationships, (e) expanded application of environment–behavior research to community problem solving, and (f) broadening international scope of the field. A paradoxical feature of environmental psychology is that its identity as a distinct area of study has become increasingly interested in "core" contextual and environmental concerns. This diffusion of scientific identity is discussed in relation to environmental psychology's multidisciplinary and international scope and the incorporation of environmental-contextual perspectives into other disciplines. Directions for research and theory development are considered in light of several societal concerns, including global environmental change, the spread of violence at regional and international levels, impacts of new information technologies on work and family life, rising costs of health care delivery, and processes of societal aging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)