What state hospital psychiatric patients want more of and less of in treatment.

Compared the treatment preferences of 104 male and 101 female psychiatric patients, analyzing their response data according to sex, age, educational level, and length of hospitalization subgroups. Results show that male Ss, Ss under 40 yrs of age, those with more than 8 yrs of education, and those hospitalized less than 6 mo from 1-2 yrs desired increased activity across all modalities. Females, Ss over 50, and those hospitalized 7-12 mo were status-quo oriented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Repression-sensitization and social desirability responding.

3 groups of male and female Ss were given Byrne's R-S scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability (SD) scale. The scores on these 2 scales were correlated and significant negative correlations were obtained for all 3 groups. The magnitude and consistency of these correlations appear to reflect sufficient independence between these dimensions to justify considering them as separate variables. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory correlates of lateralized cerebral lesions and aphasic deficits.

Investigated the emotional adjustment of right-handed male brain-damaged patients as a function of (a) the hemispheric location of the lesion and (b) the degree of aphasia as measured by the Halstead-Wepman Aphasia Screening Test. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 35 Ss (mean age 52.3 yrs) with right-hemisphere lesions were compared with those of 25 Ss (mean age 49.7 yrs) with left-hemisphere lesions. Both samples produced similar composite profiles that indicated the presence of mild dysphoria, dissatisfaction, withdrawal, decreased initiative, and mild somatic preoccupations. Within the left-hemisphere-damaged group, significant correlations emerged between the degree of aphasic disability and MMPI Validity, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, and Schizophrenia scales. When the variance in MMPI scores due to premorbid status (education) was partialled out, however, these correlations were nonsignificant. Findings fail to support the widely held association of speech-related deficits with psychopathology. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Female modesty in aspiration level.

Used responses on the College Student Questionnaire to analyze the educational and occupational aspirations of 290 male and 259 female college freshmen by sex and ability level. The sample was divided into "traditional" Ss who would have qualified for admission to the City University of New York prior to the open admissions policy, and "open admissions" Ss. No significant differences in educational or occupational aspirations were found between traditional and open admissions Ss. Significant sex differences existed in educational aspirations, with females desiring fewer years of higher education. Females also tended to aspire to careers traditionally acceptable for women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

L'échelle Révisée de Conscience de Soi: Une traduction et une validation canadienne-fran?aise du Revised Self-Consciousness Scale.

Studied the validity of the French translation of a revised version of an instrument for the evaluation of self-consciousness. Human subjects: 764 male and female French-Canadian adolescents and adults (mean age 23.9 yrs) (high school students, university students, and working adults). The French translation of the Revised Self-Consciousness Scale by M. F. Scheier and C. S. Carver (1985) was administered to Ss either during a class period or after an interview session. The results were analyzed according to each S's sex, age, and educational status; and they were compared to results from a control group of 298 male and female American university students. Factorial analysis and other statistical tests were used. (English abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavioral correlates for the MMPI standard F scale and for a modified F scale for Black and White psychiatric patients.

Investigated the behavioral correlates for the standard F scale and for an alternate MMPI F scale derived from responses of normal Black Ss. 157 Black (mean age 33.75 yrs) and 157 White (mean age 36.75 yrs) psychiatric patients were given the MMPI and were rated on psychiatric and nurses' rating scales. Black and White Ss did not differ significantly on either of the 2 F scales. Fewer significant correlations were obtained between standard F scale scores and behavioral ratings for Black Ss than for White Ss. For White Ss, some significant correlations were obtained between the alternate F scale scores and behavioral ratings, but no significant correlations were obtained between alternate F scale scores and behavioral ratings for Black Ss. It is concluded that for Black patients, the alternate F scale is not related to psychopathology in the same way that the standard F scale is for White patients. Further, it appears that the standard and alternate F scales are assessing similar characteristics of test Ss. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correlations between the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey and rankings of counseling competency.

Studied the relationships between Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey raw scores and supervisor and peer rankings of competency for 107 male and 103 female master's degree practicum counselors. Correlations of .45 for males and .50 for females between supervisor and peer rankings were observed. 4 of the 10 scales correlated .40 or more with the supervisor rankings of competency for both male and female Ss. Overall, the scales correlated significantly better with supervisor rankings than with peer rankings for both sexes. Computation of multiple correlations between selected scales and the criteria suggested that even the best 2-scale combinations were only minimally more predictive of either supervisor or peer rankings than the best individual scale predictors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Adult performance as a function of sex of experimenter and sex of subject.

8 male and 8 female Es each tested 8 male and 8 female Ss in a simple sorting task. During an initial 1.5 min. each S's base rate of response was ascertained; following this, the E delivered a supportive statement every 30 sec. for the next 5.5 min. Performance did not increase as a function of the introduction of the supportive statements. Significant differences in base rate and in performance after the base rate period were found as a function of sex of E and of the interaction between sex of E and sex of S. Highly reliable differences appeared in the performance of Ss tested by different Es. The rank-order correlations of men and women tested by men and by women were significant, indicating a similar hierarchy in level of performance of male and female Ss tested by the male Es and a similar hierarchy for Ss tested by female Es. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cross-validational studies of the personality correlates of the A-B therapist "type" distinction among professionals and nonprofessionals.

Notes that research with the A-B therapist "type" variable has included many analog studies in which A and B undergraduates have been assumed to be personologically similar to A and B professionals. To assess whether this "invariance assumption" is tenable across samples varying in vocational commitment/training, sex, education, and adjustment, the personality correlates of A-B status (identified in a prior study with the Personality Research Form) was cross-validated across 5 new samples. A and B Ss among 94 male professionals, 661 male undergraduates, 114 male college clinic patients, and 720 female undergraduates were compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses lent strong support to the invariance assumption: in every sample, B-type Ss exceeded A-type Ss on scales measuring risk taking, dominance, change, sentience, and "counterdependence." (32 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting prison adjustment with structured personality inventories.

Investigated the degree to which individual scales and multivariate combinations of scales on the MMPI and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) could predict criteria of adjustment in prison. Ss were 1,313 male inmates (mean age 22.2 yrs) at a federal correctional institution who were admitted over a 2-yr period. Two-thirds of the sample was used as a derivation sample and one-third was used for cross-validation. Ss completed the scales soon after incarceration. Results support the construct validity of several MMPI and CPI scales, but the absolute magnitude of the associations was low. Combinations of MMPI and CPI scales produced higher multiple correlations but generally did not hold up on cross-validation. It is concluded that neither the MMPI or CPI scales or weighted linear combinations thereof provided enough accuracy to be used alone for individual actuarial prediction. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of counselors' marital status, sex, and age on college and noncollege women's counselor preferences.

Examined women's preferences for counselors differing in marital status, sex, and age in 2 studies. Ss in Study 1 were 32 female undergraduates, and Ss in Study 2 were 32 noncollege women. The experimental design for both studies was a 2.24 split-plot analysis of variance with 2 levels of marital status, 2 levels of counselor sex, and 4 age groupings. Results of Studies 1 and 2 indicate that college women and noncollege women preferred female counselors older than themselves to male counselors on a number of hypothetical process measures. Changing trends in women's counselor preferences are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Female counselor–client dyads: Effects of counselor age, client marital status, and intimacy level of presenting problem on perceptions of counselors.

Explored the impact of counselor age, level of intimacy of clients' presenting problems, and client marital status on perception of counselors and the counseling relationship with 48 married females (mean age 21.9 yrs) and 48 unmarried females (mean age 26.3 yrs). Ss viewed a series of 3 videotapes, which were counterbalanced for level of intimacy of client's presenting problems and depicted initial interviews between young female clients and either younger or older female counselors. After viewing each individual vignette, Ss completed a counselor rating form, a client satisfaction form, and manipulation checks for presenting problem intimacy and counselor age. Overall, differences in presenting problems and counselor age were perceived as intended. Ss' marital status was unrelated to any measures. Counselors were judged as most expert, attractive, and trustworthy when dealing with presenting problems that were least intimate. Ss anticipated greater satisfaction with younger rather than older counselors only for the least intimate presenting problem. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting adult temperament from minor physical anomalies.

Investigated the relation between minor physical anomalies (MPAs) and temperament in adults. 49 female and 39 male undergraduates completed a battery of personality tests, including the Extraversion scale of Eysenck's Personality Inventory and the Jenkins Activity Survey, and lifestyle questions. Ss were also examined for MPAs. The index of MPAs for each S was simply the total count out of 17 measurable characteristics of the face, hands, and feet. Results show a pattern of correlates parallel to that found in children. Among male Ss correlations with MPAs were significant for the Physical Activity and Clumsiness factors of the lifestyle inventory as well as for measures of emotionality, extraversion, masculinity, femininity, and Type A (coronary prone) personality. The MPA index was also predictive of a behavioral index of temperament in male Ss. No correlations were significant among female Ss. (66 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Test anxiety and intellectual performance.

High school students were administered 2 anxiety scales, the Test Anxiety Scale and a Need for Achievement scale. Scores on these tests were related to scores on the School and College Ability Test (SCAT). Test anxiety was found to be negatively correlated with SCAT scores. The negative correlations obtained tended to be larger for female than for male Ss. The Need for Achievement scale showed only a slight tendency to correlate negatively with SCAT scores. The results were interpreted as being consistent with the conception of anxiety as an interfering nonintellectual influence on intellectual performance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Projection: A test of the psychoanalytic hypothesis.

Investigated classical Freudian projection with 83 male and 105 female college students. After completing the Sexual Defensiveness Scale, Ss selected a most unfavorable other from a group of photographs. The experimental Ss then examined a portfolio containing pornographic material. Following this, all Ss described an unfavorable other and themselves according to a standard list of trait rating scales. Results show that higher sexually defensive experimental Ss denied being sexually aroused and, in accordance with the psychoanalytic hypothesis, projected the highest amounts of arousal (the trait lustful) onto an unfavorable other. This effect was significantly increased when the unfavorable other was a male target and was further increased when female Ss rated male targets. Findings offer support for the concept of classical projection. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Patient characteristics and outcome in psychotherapy and behavior therapy.

94 psychoneurotic or personality disordered patients received 4 mo of analytically oriented psychotherapy, behavior therapy, or waiting list treatment. The demographic variables included age (early twenties), sex (60% female), marital status (26% married), number of siblings (2), and birth order. Neither active treatment was more effective than the other with any type of symptom (including affective ones), although both were more consistently effective than the waiting list. With psychotherapy, relatively greater success was associated with less overall pathology on the MMPI and higher socioeconomic status. Psychotherapy was least effective with Ss who scored high on the Hysteria and Psychopathic Deviate scales. There was also a strong but nonsignificant trend for more improvement in psychotherapy Ss who were younger, female, married, later born, more intelligent, and from smaller families. Behavior therapy was more effective with those who scored high on the Hysteria and Mania scales and seemed to be effective with a broader range of patients. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of counselor sex and sex role and client sex on clients' perceptions and self-disclosure in a counseling analogue study.

Studied the effects of client sex and counselor sex and sex role on the counseling relationship, using an analogue format in which 35 male and 39 female undergraduate students participated in simulated counseling interviews. Ss were stratified by sex and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment conditions: (a) masculine male counselor, (b) feminine male counselor, (c) masculine female counselor, and (d) feminine female counselor. At the conclusion of the interview, the S completed the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory (Form OS-M-64) and a questionnaire assessing the S's satisfaction with the counseling session. The audiotapes of the sessions were rated by trained judges for (a) positive affective self-references, (b) negative affective self-references, and (c) total non-affective self-references of the Ss. Male Ss were more satisfied with the counseling process than female Ss. Male Ss indicated greater satisfaction and a higher level of counselor regard with feminine counselors than with masculine counselors, regardless of counselor sex, but female Ss indicated greater satisfaction and a higher level of counselor regard with masculine counselors than with feminine counselors, regardless of counselor sex. Male Ss talked most about themselves with feminine female counselors and least about themselves with masculine female counselors, while female Ss talked most about themselves with feminine male counselors and least about themselves with masculine male counselors. These findings are related to the feminist pleas for same-sex pairing in the counseling relationship. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Body-image aberration in schizophrenia.

A 28-item true–false scale was constructed to measure schizophrenic body-image aberration. The scale was standardized on both 631 male and 718 female college students and 100 male noncollege normal controls (mean age 31.7 yrs). The 74 male schizophrenic Ss reported more body-image aberration than normal nonstudent Ss, but only a portion of the schizophrenics were deviant. 20 male nonpsychotic clinic clients did not have heightened scores. Correlational findings indicate that schizophrenic body-image aberration is an aspect of a broader perceptual aberration. Scores on body-image aberration were negatively correlated with time since first hospitalization. The Body-Image Aberration Scale had essentially no correlation with the Physical Anhedonia Scale (L. J. Chapman, J. P. Chapman, and M. L. Raulin) for schizophrenics. For nonschizophrenics, however, high scores on the 2 scales accompanied one another significantly less often than expected by chance. It is suggested that the 2 scales may identify alternative manifestations of proneness toward the same schizophrenia. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A creative personality scale for the Adjective Check List.

The Adjective Check List was administered to 7 male and 5 female samples comprising 1,701 Ss. Direct or inferred ratings of creativity were available for all Ss. The samples covered a wide range of ages and kinds of work; criteria of creativity were also varied, including ratings by expert judges, faculty members, personality assessment staff observers, and life history interviewers. The creativity scales of G. Domino (1974) and C. E. Schaefer (1972, 1973) were scored on all protocols, as were G. S. Welsh's (1975) A-1, A-2, A-3, and A-4 scales for different combinations of "origence" and "intelligence." From item analyses a new 30-item Creative Personality Scale was developed that was positively and significantly related to all 6 of the prior measures but that surpassed them in its correlations with the criterion evaluations. (29 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)