改进区域生长的医学超声图像分割方法研究

基于区域生长的方法是一种比较有效的超声图像分割方法.针对区域生长时的几个关键问题,优化选择一组能正确代表目标区域的种子像素.在分析像素邻域灰度的特点基础上,采用最大类间方差法,确定了目标区域的最佳分割阈值.通过改进区域生长中的邻域搜索策略,结合梯度图确定合理的生长准则,制定了一种新的区域生长的停止条件,在种子点邻域像素与种子像素比较过程中,对不符合生长条件的邻域像素不是直接排除在目标区域外,而是以此邻域像素为中点进行二次比较.最后给出的实验结果表明该方法改善了图像分割的质量.     

基于图像像素间空间信息的加权模糊阈值分割算法

模糊理论对处理模糊不确定性的事件具有得天独厚的优势,而阈值分割算法是一种简单有效的算法,因此基于模糊理论的阈值分割在图像分割领域中得到广泛的应用。但是多数的阈值分割算法对于灰度图像的处理往往仅利用图像的灰度水平值而未考虑像素的空间邻域信息,大大地增加了灰度图像的目标和背景的误分比率。针对此问题提出一种引入空间信息的加权模糊阈值分割算法,在考虑像素的灰度水平值的同时,将像素与其邻域像素的空间关系作为权重来共同对该像素作用,设计出新的模糊分割函数。实验证明该算法具有较好的稳定性和鲁棒性,对多数图像的梯度的灰度直方图接近单峰的图像和灰度峰值分布距离较远、两峰数量悬殊的双峰图像,均能得到很好的分割效果。     

基于邻域灰度差值的二维Otsu分割方法研究*

针对传统二维灰度直方图的阈值分割方法中区域划分像素易丢失、运算速度慢等不足,通过深入分析图像中邻域灰度偏离的情况,并充分考虑像素的空间灰度信息,提出一种利用像素邻域灰度差值的新方法构建二维直方图;基于二维类间方差法实现了图像二维Otsu分割方法,并给出了相应算法的实现步骤。以生物图像中的鱼体分割为实例对方法进行了实验验证,结果表明算法分割效果良好,运算速度提高较明显。     

基于捕食者—食饵微粒群优化的二维FCM图像分割方法

传统模糊C均值聚类算法进行图像分割时仅利用了像素的灰度信息,没有考虑像素的空间邻域信息,因此抗噪性能差．为了克服传统模糊C均值聚类算法的局限性,提出了一种基于捕食者—食饵微粒群算法的二维模糊C均值聚类图像分割方法．该方法将图像的聚类分割转化为一个优化问题,根据像素的灰度信息和改进二维直方图描述的像素邻域关系特性,建立包含邻域信息的适应度函数,并利用捕食者—食饵微粒群的全局优化能力,通过迭代优化获得最优聚类中心,实现图像分割．仿真结果表明,所提算法不易陷入局部最优,抗噪能力强,聚类正确性高,分割效果好,是一种有效的图像分割算法．     

改进的模糊C均值聚类的图像分割算法

传统FCM算法仅考虑了图像像素的灰度信息,因此在分割含噪图像时效果较差。为了克服传统FCM算法的局限性,提出一种基于空间邻域信息的二维模糊聚类算法,该算法利用图像像素灰度和邻域灰度组成的二维直方图中对角线元素受噪声影响较小,反映图像中相对稳定的信息,且运算只与图像的灰度级数目有关的特征,实现噪声图像的分割。实验结果表明,该算法在分割含噪图像时,不仅提高了传统FCM算法的分割效果,且分割速度明显加快。     

基于分形理论的空间目标图像分割算法

针对像素邻域灰度方差和分形维数提出了一种空间目标的图像分割算法.首先针对空间目标自然背景的特点,从分形理论的相似性上对云背景进行分析,提出了衡量灰度变化程度的指标像素邻域灰度方差,进而建立与灰度图像对应的像素邻域灰度方差图,实现了目标边界奇异性的增强.其次,在对阈值和方差图分形维数关系分析的基础上,提出了灰度方差的阈值选择方法进行仿真,最后给出空间目标图像分割算法的流程,仿真结果验证分割算法是有效的.     

一种基于空间特征矢量的图像分割方法

针对灰度图像,提出了一种基于空间特征矢量的图像分割方法,构建了以像素的灰度、梯度、像素r的邻域均值为特征的三维特征空间,并将图像像素点对应空间特征点。通过计算像素特征矢量与阈值特征矢量的矢量差,求出矢量差与阈值特征矢量的夹角,然后比较夹角与动态分割参数的关系,判定像素所在区域(目标或背景)。实验表明,该方法可以较快速地实现图像分割,分割的效果也比较好。     

一种嵌入局部信息的快速KFCM聚类分割算法

针对核空间模糊局部C-均值聚类分割算法时间复杂性过大而不适合实时场合图像分割需要的问题,提出了一种核空间局部模糊C-均值聚类分割的快速算法。利用像素与其邻域像素之间的空间距离信息和灰度方差信息构造一种加权共生矩阵;将图像像素的一维直方图以及像素与邻域像素之间的二维共生直方图相结合构造了一种新的核空间模糊C-均值聚类分割目标函数,并对其推导获得隶属度和聚类中心迭代表达式;将图像像素采用该算法聚类所得隶属度进行邻域滤波处理,以便改善该算法的抗噪性能。实验结果表明,该分割算法相比核空间局部模糊C-均值聚类分割更有利于实时场合和大幅面图像分割的需要。     

蚁群模糊聚类的图像分割

蚁群算法的离散性、并行性、鲁棒性、正反馈性特点,非常适合于图像分割.但基本蚁群算法中蚂蚁运动的随机性使得算法进化速度慢且易于陷入局部最小等缺陷.提出了一种基于改进的蚁群模糊聚类的图像分割方法,给出了多种信息素的更新方式.针对算法循环次数多,计算量大的问题,综合考虑图像中像素的灰度,邻域平均灰度,梯度等特征来设置初始聚类中心进行蚁群模糊聚类.实验结果表明,该方法在图像分割中的确能够得到较好的分割结果.     

基于自适应空间邻域信息高斯混合模型的图像分割

针对高斯混合模型用于图像分割时仅利用了像素的灰度信息,而忽视空间位置信息,导致在噪声区域和边界处有误分割现象,提出一种自适应空间邻域信息高斯混合模型的图像分割法.该方法定义了一个能够有力抑制噪声点、很好保留边界特性的自适应空间邻域信息函数.在此基础上,设计了每个像素由某个类生成的邻域信息加权概率,并证明了该加权概率满足归一性和空间连续性2个准则;最后,利用EM优化算法给出模型参数E步和M步迭代求解公式.通过人工合成图像与真实图像的实验表明,该方法具有满意的分割效果.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.