Variability of light absorption properties in optically complex inland waters of Lake Chaohu,China

Absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, colored detrital matter (CDM), non-algal particles (NAP), colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and their relative contributions to total non-water absorption (a_t ? w) are essential variables for bio-optical and radiative transfer models. Light absorption properties showed large range and variability sampled at 194 stations throughout Lake Chaohu between May 2013 and April 2015. The a_t ? w was dominated by phytoplankton absorption (a_ph) and NAP absorption (a_d). The contribution of CDOM absorption to a_t ? w was lower than 30%. Phytoplankton and NAP were the primary sources of spatial and vertical variability in absorption properties. Light absorption by CDOM, though significant in magnitude, was relatively constant. CDM absorption (a_dg) was dominated by NAP. The spatial variation of the absorption coefficients from each of the optically active constituents were driven by several main inflow rivers in the western and middle part of Lake Chaohu. Algal blooms and bottom resuspension contributed to vertical variability as observed by phytoplankton and NAP profiles. Specific absorption of phytoplankton had significant spatial and seasonal variations without vertical variation. The spectral slope of absorption showed no significant spatial variability (p > 0.05). Variations of absorption affected different ranges of remote sensing reflectance (R_rs) spectrum, thereby increasing the difficulty of applying the remote sensing algorithm in optically complex waters. Parameters and relationships presented in this study provide useful information for bio-optical models and remote sensing of lakes similar to Lake Chaohu in terms of optical properties.     

Characterizations of individual suspended mineral particles in western Lake Erie: Implications for light scattering and water clarity

Light-scattering attributes of minerogenic particles from the water column of the western basin of Lake Erie (13 sites, plus one from the central basin and one from Sandusky Bay), collected after a wind event, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy interfaced with automated image and X-ray analyses (SAX). SAX results specified scattering attributes for individual particles, including size and chemical composition, and were used in forward Mie theory calculations of minerogenic scattering and backscattering coefficients (b_m and b_b,m). Clay mineral particles, in the size range of 1–20 μm, were the dominant form of minerogenic scattering, representing > 75% of b_m and b_b,m. Levels of b_m and b_b,m were high in the western basin, apparently in part due to wind-driven sediment resuspension, and wide spatial variability was observed. The credibility of the SAX-Mie estimates of b_m and b_b,m was supported by the extent of optical closure obtained with paired bulk measurements of particulate scattering and backscattering coefficients (b_p and b_bp), and independent estimates of organic particle contributions based on empirical bio-optical models. Minerogenic particles dominated b_p and particularly b_bp, and regulated spatial differences in the related common metrics of optical water quality, including turbidity and clarity. The b_bp:b_p ratio was found to be a good predictor of the spatial differences in the relative contributions of minerogenic particles versus phytoplankton to scattering.     

Optical characterization of Lake Champlain: Spatial heterogeneity and closure

A robust optical characterization of the underwater and emergent light fields of Lake Champlain was conducted for sites (n = 11) throughout the lake in August 2011, based on in situ measurements with modern instrumentation and laboratory measurements of optically active constituents (OACs) and components (a_x) of the absorption coefficient (a). Inherent optical property (IOP) measurements included a, a_x, and the particulate scattering and backscattering coefficients. Metrics of apparent optical properties (AOPs) included Secchi depth, the diffuse attenuation coefficients for downwelling [K_d(λ)] and scalar (K₀) irradiance and remote sensing reflectance [R_rs(λ)]. The credibility of the measurements is demonstrated through: (1) consistency of relationships between OACs and IOPs and AOPs, (2) the approach toward equivalence of laboratory and field measurements, and (3) the extent of closure of predictions of K_d(λ) and R_rs(λ), based on IOP measurements and radiative transfer expressions, with paired observations of these AOPs (average differences of 9.4 and 19.3%). Wide spatial differences in OACs, and the resulting IOPs and AOPs, are documented throughout the bounds of the lake and are the result of its morphologic complexity and differing external loading. The lake is a complex case 2 system, with uncoupled variations in OACs and a_x over the bounds of the lake. Both empirical and radiative transfer expressions are used to predict changes in AOPs in response to hypothetical changes in OACs.     

Characterization of natural biofilms in temperate inland waters

Community dynamics of microalgae in natural biofilms grown on 10 × 3 cm glass slides were studied in three inland water systems in Central Ontario, Canada. The periphyton communities were analyzed for species composition, diversity, density and biofilm thickness. The usefulness of periphyton community dynamics and species diversity in water quality monitoring was tested. The density of microalgae varied from 2.4 × 10⁷/cm² (Lake Couchiching) to 18 × 10⁷/cm² (Lake Simcoe) with highest species diversity at Lake Couchiching. Lake Simcoe with its moderately high phosphorus and low organic carbon showed the highest density of microalgae while Lake Couchiching with lowest total phosphorus and highest organic carbon showed the lowest density of microalgae in biofilms. The results of analysis of variance showed significant variation in the number of genera, density, biofilm thickness and diversity of microalgae in the three sampling locations. The Mill Creek site with minimum anthropogenic disturbance, minimum light availability, lower water temperature and slow but steady flowing conditions recorded the lowest species diversity and number of genera. The dominant genera of diatoms were significantly different in the three sampling locations. This study thus showed the usefulness of periphyton community dynamics in the assessment of water quality in the inland water systems.     

风应力拖曳系数选取对风生流数值模拟的影响

在风生流的形成中风应力起决定性作用,风应力拖曳系数决定了大气与湖泊间的动量传输率.风应力拖曳系数随风速而变化,与水面粗糙度有关.本文采用五种与风速有关的风应力拖曳系数表达式进行水槽风生流和太湖风生流的数值模拟,与将其视为常数情况相比较,发现风应力拖曳系数取为和风速有关的表达式时,计算结果的精度有较明显提高.对比各表达式模拟结果,采用Large and Pond给出的风应力拖曳系数公式的模拟效果为最好.     

太湖流域湖西区入湖水量变化趋势及成因分析

在收集、整理1986-2007年太湖流域湖西区实测入湖水量的基础上,从区域降雨量、水资源开发利用以及沿江口门引江水量变化等方面对湖西区入湖水量的变化趋势以及主导影响因素进行分析.结果表明,2000年前,降雨量为影响入湖水量变化的主导因素;随着湖西区沿江口门工况条件的改变,2000年后,引江水量成为影响入湖水量的一个重要...     

Optical characterizations and pursuit of optical closure for the western basin of Lake Erie through in situ measurements

In situ measurements of inherent (IOPs) and apparent optical properties (AOPs), along with laboratory measurements of optically active constituents, were made at sites (n = 14) in western Lake Erie following a wind event to advance the characterization of the underwater and emergent light fields of these waters and to support related IOP-based model development and testing. Modern instrumentation was used to make spectral (wavelength, λ) measurements of the IOPs of absorption [a(λ)], particulate scattering [b_p(λ)], and particulate backscattering [b_bp(λ)] coefficients, and the AOPs of remote sensing reflectance [R_rs(λ)], and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance [K_d(λ)]. Optical closure analyses were conducted to demonstrate the credibility of the measurements, by comparing AOP observations to predictions based on radiative transfer expressions that utilized IOP measurements as inputs. Substantial spectral variations in a and its contributing components, and more modest wavelength dependencies for b_p and b_bp, were documented that are consistent with observations reported for marine case 2 systems. The backscattering ratio, b_bp:b_p, was strongly positively related to the contribution of minerogenic particles to the overall concentration of suspended particulate material. Major spatial differences in both IOPs and AOPs were observed that were driven by the attendant differences in the concentrations and composition of the optically active constituents, but particularly minerogenic particles, mediated in part by sediment resuspension. Good optical closure between the independently measured IOPs and AOPs was achieved. Direct measurement of b_bp(λ) was found to be critical to pursue closure for R_rs(λ) and thereby support related remote sensing initiatives.     

荷兰SILAS走航式适航水深测量系统在太湖底泥测量中的应用与实践

介绍了SILAS系统的工作原理和特点,通过太湖底泥分层密度试验分析确定了太湖底泥分层与密度的关系,在此基础上运用SILAS走航式适航水深测量系统较为精确地测出了太湖重点污染湖湾底泥的分布,并对测量中遇到的难题进行了剖析。     

太湖地区农村面源污染控制技术与对策

通过对太湖地区农村面源污染主要特征的分析，初步估算了主要面源污染负荷的贡献率，提出了控制太湖地区农村面源污染的总体思路与设想，提供了农村生活污水、生活垃圾、农田氮、磷损失、村镇地表径流污染的控制技术，以及污染河道的生态修复技术。与此同时，还讨论了农村面源污染的管理对策、管理模式与相关政策法规等，可为农村面源污染的控制、农村生态与环境的改善提供借鉴。     

Characterizations of the light-scattering attributes of mineral particles in Lake Ontario and the effects of whiting

Light-scattering attributes of minerogenic particles from the upper waters of Lake Ontario, collected lake-wide from pelagic waters in late 2007 summer and early 2008 spring cruises and over the summer interval at a near-shore site in 2008, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy interfaced with automated image and X-ray analyses (SAX). SAX results were used to estimate minerogenic scattering and backscattering coefficients (b_m and b_b,m) through Mie theory. Two minerogenic particle regimes with respect to light scattering were resolved: (1) clay mineral dominance and (2) dominance by ‘whiting’ (CaCO₃ precipitate) in late summer in portions of the lake. Clay minerals made noteworthy and important contributions to overall particulate scattering and backscattering coefficients (b_p and b_bp, respectively) in spring and early summer. Dramatic increases in values of b_p, and particularly b_bp, as well as decreases in Secchi disk depth (SD), were observed during whiting from the associated large increases in b_m and b_b,m. Features of these events were the primary drivers of the spatial patterns in late summer and temporal differences observed for scattering and SD. Particles in the size range of 1-10 μm were responsible for minerogenic scattering during stratification, but those with sizes > 10 μm made noteworthy contributions at certain sites during spring turnover. The credibility of the SAX-Mie estimates of b_m and b_b,m was supported by the extent of optical closure obtained with paired bulk measurements of overall b_p and b_bp (2007 summer cruise), and independent estimates of organic particulate scattering and backscattering through empirical bio-optical models.     

Application of a 3D hydrodynamic-biological model for seasonal and spatial dynamics of water quality and phytoplankton in Lake Erie

In large lakes, temporal variability is compounded by strong spatial variability associated with mesoscale physical processes such as upwelling and basin-scale circulation. Here we explore the ability of a three dimensional model (ELCOM-CAEDYM) to capture temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton and nutrients in Lake Erie. We emphasized the east basin of the lake, where an invasion by dreissenid mussels has given special importance to the question of spatial (particularly nearshore-offshore) variability and many comparative observations were available. We found that the model, which did not include any simulation of the mussels or of smaller diffuse nutrient sources, could capture the major features of the temperature, nutrient and phytoplankton variations. Within basin variability was large compared to among-basin variability, especially but not exclusively in the western regions. Consistent with observations in years prior to, but not after, the mussel invasion the model predicted generally higher phytoplankton concentrations in the nearshore than the offshore zones. The results suggest that the elevated phytoplankton abundance commonly observed in the nearshore of large lakes in the absence of dreissenid mussels does not have to depend on localized nutrient inputs but can be explained by the favourable light, temperature and nutrient environment in the shallower and energetic nearshore zone. The model is currently being extended to allow simulation of the effects of dreissenid mussels.     

太湖生态清淤工程中需重视与研究的几个问题

生态清淤是太湖流域水环境综合治理中控制和减轻太湖底泥内源污染的一项重要措施,同时,生态清淤也是在探索发展中的新型疏浚技术。在对太湖生态清淤已实施工程调研的基础上,总结分析了清淤工程取得的成效和存在的问题,提出了相应建议。     

太湖底泥的生态疏浚工程

指出:①太湖底泥是湖体水生态系统的基本要素,也是重要的内污染源.②在湖泊外源污染得到一定控制后,以减少内源污染负荷为目的的生态疏浚是控制内源污染效果较为明显的工程措施.③太湖底泥疏浚属水生态整治工程,以最大可能取走污染物、改善水生态环境为控制目标,生态疏浚是局部的薄层精确疏浚.经采用生态调查方法,查明太湖底泥总蓄积量为19亿m3.主要疏浚范围是底泥厚且污染重的重点功能湖区,如梅梁湖、贡湖等.依据太湖底泥的污染特性,疏浚深度以40～50cm为宜,并应为后续生物修复技术介入创造必要的生态环境条件.密闭无扰动抽吸式头部掘进是关键,冬初至春末为最佳施工期.排泥场防渗、尾水处理达标后排放、淤泥安全处置和资源化利用是生态疏浚的环保要求.     

Variations in Spectral Slope in Lake Taihu,a Large Subtropical Shallow Lake in China

Spectral slope (S), describing the exponential decrease of the absorption spectrum over a given wavelength range, is an important parameter in the study of of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dynamics, and also an essential input parameter in remote sensing models. Furthermore, S is often used as a proxy for CDOM composition, including the ratio of fulvic to humic acids and molecular weight. The relative broad range in S values reported in the literature can be explained by the different spectral ranges and fitting methods used. A single exponential model is used to fit the S values for 17 investigations involving 458 samples in Lake Taihu from January to October in 2004. The average S value was 15.18 ± 1.39 μm⁻¹ for the range of 280–500 nm, which fell within the range reported in the literature. The frequency distribution of S value basically obeyed a normal distribution. Significant differences in S values between summer and other seasons showed that phytoplankton degradation was one of the important sources of CDOM in summer, whereas CDOM mainly came from the river input in other seasons. Furthermore, the estimated S value decreased with increasing wavelength range used in regression. The maximum and minimum values derived from the regression were 17.89 ± 1.25 μm⁻¹ and 13.62 ± 2.11 μm⁻¹ for the wavelength ranges of 280–380 nm and 400–500 nm, respectively, a decrease of 23.9%. S values significantly decreased with the increase of CDOM absorption coefficients. CDOM absorption coefficients could be more appropriately estimated from exponential model introducing the variation of S with absorption coefficients, making them useful for a remote sensing bio-optical model of Lake Taihu. DOC-specific absorption coefficient a*(λ) and the parameter M describing molecular size of the humic molecules could also be used as a proxy for the sources and types of CDOM. A general relationship was found between S and a*(λ), and M values. S increased with the decrease of DOC-specific absorption coefficient and the increase of M corresponding to the decrease of molecular weight.     

太湖沉积物的分布和动力扰动下最大侵蚀深度的确定

利用 2 0 0 2年对太湖沉积物空间分布的调查数据 ,将太湖划分成 69× 69个网格 ,利用最优插值法对整个太湖的沉积物总量进行了计算 ,得出太湖沉积物的蓄积量大约在 1 8 5 7亿m3左右 ,主要分布在西部沿岸和北部的梅梁湾 ,在湖心和东太湖 ,沉积物覆盖量很小 ,有泥区面积占整个水面积的 47 45 % ,在 60 %的有泥区中 ,沉积物厚度集中在 2 5m以下 ,小于 5 0cm和大于 3 5m的有泥区面积所占比例不大。此外 ,利用Shields方法计算了太湖沉积物上层 1m内不同深度上的临界切应力 ,采用SMB浅水波动模式 ,计算了夏季受东南风和冬季受西北风影响下的波切应力值 ,确定了不同扰动所能引起的最大侵蚀深度。计算结果说明 ,无论上述何种风向情况下 ,能产生悬浮的临界风速大约在 5 0m s左右 ,当风速大于临界风速时 ,悬浮深度随着风速的增加而增大 ,当风速达到 2 0 0m s时所能引起的最大侵蚀深度均在 3 0cm左右。     

五里湖水污染治理现状及继续治理对策

污染严重的五里湖通过控制外源、生态清淤、调水、生态修复、退渔还湖、水域封闭管理、建设生态护岸和滨水区等措施,水环境明显好转。西五里湖1 km2生态修复区的水质原来为劣Ⅴ类,大部分指标改善至Ⅲ~Ⅳ类。今后继续治理对策:全部削减入湖小河道污染负荷;调贡湖水入五里湖;禁止货运,清洁航行,控制航行污染;全面生态恢复;全封闭管理。2010年水质改善到Ⅳ类,达到功能区目标。     

2007～2008年引江济太调水对太湖水质改善效果分析

在对引江济太调水工程前期研究的基础上,对2007年无锡供水危机事件和2008年冬春季引水中引江济太工程的作用进行了系统分析。在2007年无锡供水危机爆发1周内,随着引江济太调水工程的进行,贡湖水厂水源地溶解氧和氨氮等水质指标从劣Ⅴ类转变为Ⅲ类,小湾里水厂和锡东水厂水质也有好转;在2007年下半年和2008年上半年调水条件下,2008年5月与去年同期相比,贡湖高锰酸盐指数、总磷和总氮质量浓度分别从7.04 mg/L、0.106 mg/L、4.10 mg/L下降到3.35 mg/L、0.087 mg/L、2.87 mg/L,氨氮水质指标保持在Ⅲ类,表明引江济太调水工程对改善太湖局部湖区水质、保障太湖供水安全具有重要意义。最后提出了进一步推动引江济太调水工程长效化运行的对策措施建议。     

太湖底泥生态疏浚技术的初步研究

太湖底泥生态疏浚是湖体生态修复工程之一．工程注重生物多样性保护，并为后续生物技术介入提供基质条件、综合分析底泥污染物垂直分布、沉积相特征、主要污染物分布受人为干扰影响程度、沉水植物生物特性、淤泥土壤水动力学、沉积地球化学特征和疏浚后基面高程控制等参数，太湖底泥疏浚深度控制40～50cm为宜、施工总体设计强须注重建立物种保护区和排泥场淤泥的安全处置及尾水达标排放．依据底泥的不同密度选择不同的疏浚机械，疏浚挖掘头部设备的密封和抽吸是关键．竣工时应做好基底修复．     

引江济太对不同水域氮磷浓度的影响

在国内外调水实践的基础上,运用现状监测资料,具体分析流经望虞河、望亭立交水利枢纽调入太湖的长江水质和太湖不同湖区的水质,研究在调水初期及其后的过程中,氮磷浓度影响水质的变化规律。结果表明:长江水源中总磷、总氮浓度总体上低于贡湖、梅梁湖;长江水在流经望虞河进入太湖的过程中,太湖地区水质随着进水时间的延长而好转,水质浓度与进水流量的大小成反比;"引江济太"调水对迅速抑制太湖蓝藻暴发起到了重要作用。     

Temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton in Lake Poyang: The largest freshwater lake in China

The composition and both the temporal and spatial distribution of phytoplankton were studied in Lake Poyang; samples were collected every 3 months from January 2009 to October 2011 at 15 sites. The phytoplankton community was found to belong to seven groups, with Bacillariophyta dominating. No significant difference was observed in the phytoplankton community structure at any of the sites (p = 0.2371), except one site; however, the structure was significantly different with regard to annual and seasonal trends (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Aulacoseira granulata, Synedra acus, Fragilaria virescens, and Cryptomonas erosa were the main contributors to the dissimilarity in temporal distribution. Although the nutrient concentrations for 3 years combined were relatively high (mean total nitrogen was 1.719 mg L^− 1 and mean total phosphorus was 0.090 mg L^− 1), phytoplankton biomass was low (mean total biomass of 0.203 mg L^− 1). The underwater light condition, as indicated by the Secchi depth, was shown to be the principal limiting factor in regulating the growth of phytoplankton, and the transparency coincided with biomass variation on a seasonal level. The effect of nutrients on phytoplankton may be concealed by the water level, which varied over a wide range among different seasons. However, the annual trend for the biomass was associated with the nutrient concentration, which increased yearly and initiated the development of phytoplankton. The biomass is high in the south and low in the north, which may be the result of greater underwater light climate and high nutrient concentrations in the southern area.