牛肉贮藏中微生物数量与生物胺生成的相关性研究

以牛背最长肌为原料,分别采用空气包装(air-packaging,AP),真空包装(vacuum packaging,VP)和气调包装(modified atmosphere packaging,MAP),其中MAP又包括两种气体比例:MAP1为高氧气调包装(78.8%O_2、18.8%CO2和2.4%N_2),MAP2为无氧气调包装(60%CO_2和40%N_2),将4种包装的牛肉在冰温(-1.5℃)和低温(2℃)条件下贮藏,研究贮藏过程中牛肉微生物(菌落总数及嗜冷菌)及8种生物胺的生成情况,并分析微生物与生物胺形成之间的相关性。结果表明:4种包装形式的牛肉在两种贮藏温度下,其菌落总数与嗜冷菌数均呈上升趋势,AP组贮藏10 d时,牛肉的菌落总数及嗜冷菌数均超过6.00 lgcfu/g,而VP和MAP却能较好地抑制微生物的生长繁殖。不同贮藏组中生物胺总量均随贮藏时间的延长而增加,腐胺是主要的生物胺,其次是尸胺和酪胺,色胺、苯乙胺及组胺均未检出。冰温贮藏可以显著抑制微生物生长及腐胺、尸胺和酪胺的生成。相关性分析表明,腐胺、尸胺及生物胺总量与微生物生长存在显著正相关,特别是腐胺及生物胺总量与菌落总数及嗜冷菌数的相关性达到极显著水平(P0.01),因此可作为判定牛肉品质的标准之一。     

预测微生物学在低温储存原料乳中的应用

随着冷藏设备的广泛应用,嗜冷菌及其耐热代谢产物成为影响原料乳质量和乳制品质量的主要因素。以奶站的新鲜原料乳为研究对象,研究春季原料乳中总菌落和嗜冷菌在不同储存温度下的生长情况。使用Gompertz模型建立4℃~14℃储存的原料乳中总菌落和嗜冷菌的生长动力模型,模型可以有效的模拟原料乳中微生物的生长情况。低温储存的原料乳中总菌数与嗜冷菌有一定的相关性。     

手工刚挤出的新鲜牛奶含菌量变化的研究

本文研究了手工挤奶的原料奶中微生物随挤奶时间的变化。结果表明，随着挤奶时间的延长，原料奶中细菌总数和芽孢总数逐渐下降，因此可对挤奶的头三把进行废弃，是生产优质原料奶的措施之一。     

低温储存条件对原料乳嗜冷菌及细菌多样性的影响

分析了储存条件对原料乳中嗜冷菌细菌多样性及牛乳品质的影响,为原料乳低温储存条件的筛选提供科学依据。通过16SrRNA高通量测序分析了原料乳在4℃储存一天后的细菌多样性,依据现行国标方法监测了4,10℃和15℃储存期间原料乳中嗜冷菌数和菌落总数的变化。原料乳在4℃储存过程中,微生物繁殖比较缓慢,但其微生物群落组成变化明显,储存24小时后,假单胞菌、黄杆菌等嗜冷菌的相对丰度占原料乳中细菌总量的90%以上;根据微生物计数结果和国标限量,低温储存4℃≤24 h,10℃≤16 h,15℃≤8 h,原料乳中菌落总数能满足生乳的食品安全国家标准,但嗜冷菌大量增殖可能会引起牛乳品质的下降。     

壳寡糖对原料乳中微生物抑制作用的研究

通过研究壳寡糖对原料乳中细菌总数、嗜冷菌数、芽孢数及耐热芽孢数的抑制作用和不同浓度的壳寡糖对原料乳中美兰变色时间的影响,得出壳寡糖对原料乳中细菌总数和嗜冷菌数均有显著的抑制作用(P<0.05),对芽孢总数和耐热芽孢数没有显著的影响(P>0.05),并明显的延长原料乳中美兰的变色时间。     

PCR-DGGE结合生理生化鉴定分析冷藏金枪鱼细菌菌相变化

以感官、色差、质构、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、K值以及菌落总数、嗜冷菌总数为鲜度指标,研究4℃冷藏金枪鱼贮藏期间品质变化;并结合生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA,应用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)指纹图谱技术,分析冷藏金枪鱼主要微生物的菌相演替变化规律。结果表明:冷藏期间,金枪鱼感官品质劣变明显,亮度值L*、红度值a*和咀嚼性、硬度均呈下降趋势;贮藏第4天,菌落总数自3.60 lg (CFU/g)升至4.66 lg (CFU/g),而嗜冷菌数与菌落总数之间的差异减小;贮藏第6天,TVB-N值与K值分别由初始值9.62 mg/100 g和3.22%上升至25.00 mg/100 g和23.00%;不同冷藏时期的金枪鱼中微生物群落结构具有相似性,样品初始菌相中主要优势菌为噬氢菌、不动杆菌、假单胞菌、解糖假苍白杆菌、Boseaeneae、鞘氨醇单胞菌和油短波单胞菌。随着贮藏时间的延长,微生物多样性降低,至货架期终点第6天,红游动菌、约氏不动杆菌、假单胞菌、解糖假苍白杆菌成为主要优势腐败菌。     

不同温度及包装方式下复合杂粮米发糕的储藏特性

本文以高筋小麦粉为主要原料,黑米、小米、燕麦等杂粮为添加物,制成一种新型复合杂粮米发糕,研究杂粮米发糕贮藏过程中的品质变化。分别用塑料盒和真空袋两种包装方式,在设定的温度下(-18℃冷冻、4℃冷藏、25℃室温)储藏米发糕,定期测定样品水分含量、菌落总数及比容,在复蒸后测定质构特性,从而对杂粮米发糕品质变化的原因及其变化机理做了分析。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,杂粮米发糕的菌落总数、咀嚼性、硬度上升,而水分含量、弹性、回复性下降。经对比分析,使用真空包装在-18℃条件下保存,杂粮米糕水分损失率小,菌落总数增长缓慢,质构特征较初始状态差异小,是保存杂粮米发糕的最佳条件。     

低温贮藏过程中水牛肉品质变化研究

为探究低温贮藏过程中水牛肉品质变化规律,选取新鲜水牛肉为原料,采用4、-18、-60℃三个温度梯度贮藏肉样,测定不同贮藏期水牛肉的色泽、滴水损失、pH、双烯值、蒸煮损失、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N值)、菌落总数和大肠菌群数的变化。结果发现,随着贮藏温度的升高,水牛肉的蒸煮损失、b*值、双烯值、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数和大肠菌群数显著增加(P<0.05),但水牛肉的a*值、L*值显著降低(P<0.05);随着贮藏时间的延长,水牛肉的滴水损失、蒸煮损失、双烯值、挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数和大肠菌群数显著增大(P<0.05);这表明水牛肉品质劣变程度进一步加剧。三个贮藏温度条件下,4℃冷藏的水牛肉双烯值、TVB-N值、菌落总数比-18、-60℃冻藏的水牛肉增长速度快,其中贮藏第10 d的TVB-N值和菌落总数分别为20.08 mg/100 g和6.7lg (CFU/g),显著高于-18、-60℃冻藏水牛肉(P<0.05),且-18、-60℃冻藏水牛肉均在卫生标准(GB 2707-2016)范围内。综上,贮藏时间的延长与温度的升高均会导致水牛肉品质下降。4℃冷藏适合水牛肉的短期保藏,货架期为8 d;但-18、-60℃冻藏适合水牛肉的长期保藏,其中60℃冻藏更有利于水牛肉品质的稳定和卫生安全,同时有效延长水牛肉的货架期。     

超高压处理对冷藏鲈鱼片细菌群落结构的影响

为研究超高压处理对冷藏鲈鱼片贮藏期间细菌菌群结构的影响,以压力250 MPa,时间9 min的超高压条件处理鲈鱼片,并以0.1 MPa处理样品为对照组。将处理后的样品置于4℃冰箱中贮藏,分别在0,3,6,9,11,13,15 d进行总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)与微生物指标(细菌总数、希瓦氏菌数、假单胞菌数和嗜冷菌数)测定,并作相关性分析,评价超高压处理对冷藏鲈鱼片品质的影响。随后分别提取两组样品在贮藏前期、中期、中后期与末期4个阶段的宏基因组,通过高通量测序技术分析冷藏鲈鱼肉不同阶段的细菌菌群。结果表明,样品经超高压处理,其TVB-N值、细菌总数、假单胞菌数、希瓦氏菌数和嗜冷菌数等指标的上升速度明显缓于对照组。相关性分析表明,TVB-N值与微生物指标可作为鲜度评价指标,用于分析鲈鱼片超高压处理后贮藏期间的品质变化。高通量测序结果表明,对照组与处理组样品在贮藏前期的主要细菌有芽孢杆菌属、大洋芽孢杆菌属与乳球菌属;在贮藏中后期与末期两个阶段,超高压处理组与对照组的菌相组成呈显著差异,优势腐败菌种类不同,对照组在中后期的主要细菌为假单胞菌属,超高压处理组在中后期的主要细菌为嗜冷菌属,对照组末期主要腐败菌为嗜冷菌属、假单胞菌属、希瓦氏菌属和气单胞菌属,超高压处理组末期主要腐败菌为嗜冷菌数、假单胞菌属与耶尔森氏菌属。可见,超高压处理在抑制TVB-N值与微生物指标升高的同时,也对其贮藏期间的菌相组成产生明显的影响,使嗜冷菌与希瓦氏菌的生长受到抑制。     

不同贮藏条件下南美白对虾中生物胺的变化

利用超声辅助固相分散萃取结合反相高效液相色谱法测定在常温(25℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下南美白对虾中生物胺的变化,并分析生物胺与pH、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸(thiobarbituric acid,TBA)值和菌落总数(total viable counts,TVC)变化的相关性,旨在为对贮藏过程中南美白对虾中生物胺的监测和控制提供依据。结果表明,腐胺、尸胺和酪胺变化最显著,在25℃贮藏条件下腐胺、尸胺和酪胺贮藏72 h的最终含量分别达到88.41、73.31和42.42 mg/kg,在4℃下腐胺、尸胺和酪胺贮藏12 d的最终含量分别达到15.68、17.10和7.23 mg/kg。在常温贮藏(25℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下这3种生物胺含量均与pH值、TVB-N值、TBA值和菌落总数呈高度相关,可将其作为南美白对虾的特征生物胺。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Detection of adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum by capillary electrophoresis and polarized light microscopy

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and polarized light microscopy (PLM) were utilized in the detection of the adulteration of locust bean gum with guar gum. For CE analyses, standards of locust bean and guar gums were extracted with 30% CH₃CN, removing the residual proteins from the gum matrix. A 8.75 mM NaH₂PO₄-20.6 mM Na₂B₄O₇ buffer, pH 9, was used to separate these proteins and to identify marker proteins that were present in the guar gum. These markers did not co-migrate with components in the extracts of mechanically processed locust bean gum, and are used as indicators of adulteration. Using PLM with toluidine blue and iodine staining techniques, unadulterated locust bean gum samples were distinguished from mixed samples through the differential staining of components in locust bean versus guar and tara gums. These experiments in the use of CE and PLM provide orthogonal and complementary methods for the verification of 'true' positives and the elimination of 'false' positives.