Diversity and Community Structure of Fishes in the Regulated Versus Unregulated Tributaries of the Mekong River

Diversity and community structure of fishes were studied in three neighbouring tributaries of the Mekong River in Thailand, namely the Mun, Songkhram and Gam Rivers. The rivers are located in the same ecoregion but have contrasting levels of both hydrological regulations and mitigation measures; the Mun River has a hydropower dam with a fish ladder and sluice gates that are opened during the wet season each year, the Gam River has several irrigation dams with a fish ladder at each dam site, and the Songkhram River has no dams along its river course. A total of 124 freshwater fish species were sampled in these rivers from August 2009 to June 2010. Overall species richness was highest in the Songkhram River (112), followed by the Mun (97) and Gam (54) Rivers. Average per site species richness was also significantly different among rivers but not among sampling months. Abundance–biomass comparison plots revealed considerably overlapping distributions of these two metrics from the dry to early rainy seasons in the Songkhram River and, to a lesser extent, in the Mun River. Fish assemblage data were classified into six clusters with similar community structure. Fish assemblages in the Gam River constituted a single cluster, while those in the other two rivers formed multiple clusters depending on the sampling season. The results of the cluster analysis are discussed in relation to the dominance of the three migration guilds (white, black, and grey fishes) of the Mekong River fishes. The effectiveness of the mitigation measures was determined to be limited in alleviating adverse impacts of dams in these tributaries of the Mekong River. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discharge pulses of hydroelectric dams and their effects in the downstream limnological conditions: a case study in a large tropical river (SE Brazil)

To address daily fluctuations in electricity demands, the quantities of water passing through the turbines of hydropower plants can vary significantly (up to fourfold) during a 24‐h cycle. This study evaluates the effects of hourly variations in water discharges on the limnological conditions observed in two below‐dam river stretches. The study reservoirs, Capivara and Taquaruçu, are the 9th and 10th reservoirs in a cascade of dams in the Paranapanema River in south‐east Brazil. The reservoirs exhibit different trophic conditions, water retention times, thermal regimes and spillway positions. Capivara Reservoir is deeper, meso‐eutrophic, with a high water retention time and hypolimnetic discharges (32 m) varying between 500 and 1400 m³ s^?1. In contrast, Taquaruçu Reservoir is relatively shallow, oligo‐mesotrophic, and has a low retention time, with water discharges varying between 500 and 2000 m³ s^?1. Its turbine water intake zone also is more superficial (7 m). For two periods of the year, winter and summer, profiles of limnological measurements were developed in the lacustrine (above‐dam site) zones of the reservoirs, as well as in the downstream river stretches (below‐dam site). In both cases, the sampling was carried out at 4‐h intervals over a complete nictemeral cycle. The results demonstrated that the reservoir operating regime (water discharge variations) promoted significant differences in the conditions of the river below the dams, especially for water velocity, turbidity, and nutrient and suspended solids concentrations. The reservoir physical characteristics, including depth, thermal stratification and outlet structure, are also key factors influencing the limnology and water quality at the below‐dam sampling sites. In the case of Capivara Reservoir, for example, the low dissolved oxygen concentration (<5.0 mg L^?1) in its bottom water layer was transferred to the downstream river stretches during the summer. These study results demonstrated that it is important to continue such investigations as a means of verifying whether or not these high‐amplitude/low‐frequency variations could negatively affect the downstream river biota.     

Fish catch and fishing practices in the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir and watershed (Lao PDR)

A fish catch and fishing practice monitoring survey were conducted from 2008 to 2014 in villages adjacent to the Nam Theun 2 Reservoir and its upstream tributaries. The reservoir fisheries exhibited – the three expected phases following impoundment (i.e. trophic upsurge, trophic depletion and stabilization, respectively). This study focused on assessing fish catches and fishing practices from communities living next to the reservoir, and those living upstream of the reservoir, over these phases, and to identify factors that could influence total fish catch. The fish catch appeared to be higher among communities located next to the reservoir, compared to communities living in upstream areas. Fish catches in the upstream tributaries remained relatively stable after impoundment, with a slight increase in the average catch. The reservoir exhibited a low fish yield, compared to similar reservoirs, which could be linked to its oligotrophic status. The majority of the total catch biomass of the reservoir was comprised primarily of two species (i.e. Oreochromis niloticus; Hampala macrolepidota) since a stabilization of the catches was observed. Reservoir fisheries appeared to be mainly driven by hydrological factors, specifically the influence of the rainy season peak. The results of this study indicated no over‐exploitation of fisheries occurred overall, although the fishery resource is still fragile. Fishing activities are known to occur in protected zones (productive areas with large inundated habitat areas), with higher annual total catch being observed during periods of poor enforcement of these zones. As fisheries have become an important income source for villagers living along the NT2 Reservoir, regulation and adequate management of the reservoir are recommended to maintain the reservoir fisheries as a sustainable activity.     

Environmental variables and diversity index as a tool for management in tropical man‐made lakes

Fish and water samples were collected from various randomly situated sampling sites in two tropical man‐made lakes, Peechi and Pothundi reservoirs, in South India. The fish samples collected during 2014 to 2015 were taxonomically identified and the fish diversity indices of these reservoirs evaluated. The water samples collected were analysed for such environmental variables as pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration, alkalinity, hardness, chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations. T‐tests indicated significant difference in both the fish diversity and environmental variables between these two reservoirs. The Pearson correlation test identified electrical conductivity as a highly correlated environmental variable to the ichthyodiversity index in Peechi and Pothundi reservoirs, with coefficients of 0.939 and 0.7012, respectively. Principal co‐ordinate analysis also was conducted on the variables to identify the best combination of variables subjective to the particular sampling site influencing the fish diversity. The analyses explained 72.8% of the total variations for Peechi reservoir, which was represented with eigenvalues of 7.53 and 3.393, respectively, for the first two dimensions. A similar analysis of Pothundi reservoir produced eigenvalues 7.05 and 3.01, respectively, for the first two dimensions, explaining 67.1% of the total inertia. The individual factor maps (IFM‐I and IFM‐II) for Peechi and Pothundi reservoirs identified a high diversity at sampling site 3 in Peechi reservoir, and a similar finding for sites 3 and 7 in Pothundi reservoir, being related to the interactions with other environmental variables, which were greatly influenced by the predominance of macrophytes. The latter is a characteristic of rainfed tropical reservoirs, with special reference to the native fish diversity and environmental variables. The findings of this study suggest management decisions for any aquatic system may be considered after prior assessment of environmental variables and the ichthyodiversity index of the indicated waterbody.     

Temporal patterns in phytoplankton,zooplankton and fish composition,abundance and biomass in Shirati Bay,Lake Victoria,Tanzania

Shirati Bay is among the important breeding and nursery sites for major fish species in Lake Victoria. Weekly samplings were conducted to assess the temporal patterns in phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish composition, abundance and biomass in relation to prevailing water quality parameters. The study also determined the influences of plankton dynamics and water quality on the fish catch composition and biomass. It was hypothesized that temporal patterns in the composition, abundance and biomass in the plankton in the bay are controlled by water quality parameters that, in turn, affect the composition and biomass of fish catches. The phytoplankton comprised mainly cyanophytes and bacillariophytes, while the zooplankton were dominated by copepods. The heavy rain season exhibited a significantly higher plankton abundance and biomass than the dry season. The plankton abundances in both seasons exhibited significant positive correlations with water temperature and transparency. The phytoplankton community was controlled by calanoid and cyclopoid species. At higher trophic levels, Lates niloticus juveniles, Oreochromis niloticus juveniles and haplochromines controlled Cladocera and Cyclopoid copepods, while Tilapia rendalli juveniles controlled the Rotifera. This study revealed that Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta are the dominant phytoplankton, whereas cyclopoids dominate the zooplankton species in the bay. These dominant plankton groups are partly controlled by rainfall, water temperature and transparency. Fish biomass, zooplankton and phytoplankton exhibit a typical predator–prey inverse relationship. Thus, evaluation of the plankton composition, abundance and biomass should be mandatory during fisheries stock assessments to effectively manage the fishery resources in the bay.     

Influence of the Abaeté River on the reproductive success of the neotropical migratory teleost Prochilodus argenteus in the São Francisco River,downstream from the Três Marias Dam,southeastern Brazil

The curimatã‐pacu Prochilodus argenteus is an important characiform from the São Francisco River basin that performs long‐distance migrations for spawning upstream during the rainy season, when the temperature and photoperiod are elevated. Despite the interruption of the migratory routes by the Três Marias Dam and accentuated decline in fishing, the curimatã‐pacu still sustains the fisheries at the Três Marias region in recent decades. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reproductive activity of P. argenteus in two sections of the São Francisco River, downstream from the Três Marias Dam, during the rainy season. In the first 34 km of the river, immediately below the dam, most of the females were in gonadal resting. At 34–54 km downstream from the dam, following the confluence with a medium‐sized tributary, the Abaeté River, there was a high frequency of males and females in reproductive activity. Follicular atresia was more frequent in the upper section of the river while postovulatory follicles occurred predominantly in the lower section. Fulton's condition factor and gonadosomatic index indicated that the females were in a better physiological and reproductive condition below the confluence with the Abaeté River. In contrast to the females, the males were less affected by damming, and testicular maturation was largely achieved in two river sections. Thus, although the section of the São Francisco River immediately below the Três Marias Dam was found to be unfavourable for the reproduction of the migratory fishes due principally to the hypolimnetic water from the reservoir, reproductive success of P. argenteus was achieved below the Abaeté River. In this section, the species encountered appropriate conditions for maturation and spawning, i.e. warm temperatures above 24°C, high water flow and dissolved oxygen, and low water transparency. These results indicate the importance of a non‐regulated tributary to minimize the ecological impact of a dam on the downstream native fish communities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

梯级水库对南渡江干流底栖动物丰枯水期沿程变化的影响

为探讨梯级水库影响下河流底栖动物种群在河流丰枯水期的沿程变化规律,通过对丰水期(8月)和枯水期(1月)采样处理和计量鉴定,对我国大型热带河流——海南南渡江干流的底栖动物的生物量、丰度、多样性、均匀度在丰枯水期的沿程变化进行了分析。结果表明:丰枯水期共检测出底栖动物2门4纲22种,各物种丰度在0～236个/m~2之间,生物量在0.27～31.5g/m~2之间;底栖动物种群结构沿程变化受梯级水库建设影响较大;丰、枯水量变化对底栖动物群落影响显著,受枯水期水库蓄水大幅度改变水流连通性影响,枯水期底栖动物种类沿程变化幅度大于丰水期;与温带河流不同,南渡江干流大多数底栖动物种类在冬季仍能较好繁殖,枯水期底栖动物丰度和生物量均大于丰水期。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi‐dimensional effects on Cladoceran (Crustacea,Anomopoda) assemblages in two cascade reservoirs in Southeast Brazil

The Cladocera assemblages in two cascade reservoirs located in the Paranapanema River in Brazil were studied during two consecutive years. Upstream Chavantes Reservoir is an accumulation system, with a long water retention time, high depth and oligo‐mesotrophic status. The downstream Salto Grande Reservoir is a small, run‐of‐river reservoir, with a short water retention time, shallow depth and meso‐eutrophic status. The goal of this study was to determine the inter‐ and intra‐reservoir limnological differences with emphasis on the Cladocerans assemblages. The following questions were posed: (i) what are the seasonal dynamics of the reservoir spatial structures; (ii) how dynamics, seasonally, is the reservoirs spatial structure; and (iii) are the reservoir independent systems? A total of 43 Cladoceran species were identified in this study. Ceriodaphnia silvestrii was the most abundant and frequent species found in Chavantes Reservoir, while C. cornuta was most abundant and frequent in Salto Grande Reservoir. The Cladoceran species richness differed significantly among sampling sites for both reservoirs. In terms of abundance, there was a significant variation among sampling sites and periods for both reservoirs. A cluster analysis indicated a higher similarity among the deeper compartments, and the intermediate river‐reservoir zones was grouped with the riverine sampling sites. For the smaller Salto Grande Reservoir, the entrance of a middle size tributary causes major changes in the system. A distinct environment was observed in the river mouth zone of another small tributary, representing a shallow environment with aquatic macrophyte stands. A canonical correlation analysis between environmental variables and Cladoceran abundance explained 75% of the data variability, and a complementary factorial analysis explained 65% of the variability. The spatial compartmentalization of the reservoirs, as well as the particular characteristics of the two study reservoirs, directly influenced the structure of the Cladoceran assemblages. The conditions of the lacustrine (dam) zone of the larger Chavantes Reservoir were reflected in the upstream zone of the smaller downstream Salto Grande Reservoir, highlighting the importance of plankton exportation in reservoir cascade systems. The comparative spatial–temporal analysis indicated conspicuous differences between the two reservoirs, reinforcing the necessity of considering tropical/subtropical reservoirs as complex, multi‐compartmental water systems.     

基于REOF的珠江三角洲河网区水位时空变异特征分析EI北大核心CSCD

基于1962—2016年珠江三角洲河网区12个水文站的月平均水位资料,利用Mann-Kendall趋势检验法、旋转经验正交函数法(REOF)等方法分析了该地区平均水位的时间演变趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:水位呈显著上升趋势的月份主要集中在1—3月和12月,水位呈显著下降趋势的月份主要集中在8—9月;珠江三角洲河网区平均水位分布特征可划分为4个典型空间异常型,第一空间异常型表现为旱季水位呈上升趋势,雨季水位呈下降趋势,第二、三、四空间异常型均表现为旱季和雨季水位均为先上升再下降的趋势。     

汉江中下游丰枯水期水质时空变化特征

为探究汉江中下游丰、枯水期水质时空变化特征,于2019年6月丰水期和2020年1月枯水期对汉江中下游(丹江口-武汉段)开展全面调查,布设了18个干流采样断面和2个支流采样断面进行采样和分析,并采用综合污染指数法和综合营养状态指数评价法对水质进行评价。研究结果表明:汉江中下游干流综合污染指数在丰、枯水期整体表现为无显著性差异,但从各断面比较来看,大多数断面丰水期污染程度大于枯水期,空间上丰、枯水期沿程各断面变化趋势相似,污染较大的断面分布在襄阳、汉川和武汉段;主要污染因子为总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₃-N),其中TN浓度在丰、枯水期各断面均超过地表水Ⅱ类标准,且丰水期显著大于枯水期,TP浓度多数断面丰水期大于枯水期,超过Ⅱ类水标准限值断面的比例为27.8%,NH₃-N在枯水期均处于Ⅱ类水标准限值内,仅在丰水期个别断面出现超标现象。通过综合营养状态评价可知,汉江中下游综合营养状态指数处于中营养到轻度富营养状态,整体上呈沿程递增趋势,时间上表现为丰、枯水期无显著性差异,但枯水期综合营养状态指数波动更大。对污染成因进行分析,汉江中下游水质主要受点源、非点源污染和支流汇入,以及水利工程等的影响。研究成果可为汉江中下游水资源保护和可持续发展提供科学依据。     

Temporal and spatial patterns based on sediment and sediment–water interface characteristics along a cascade of reservoirs (Paranapanema River, south-east Brazil)

Physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments in a cascade of eight reservoirs located in the Paranapanema River (south‐east Brazil) were analysed during two consecutive years during summer (January), autumn (April), winter (July) and spring (October) of 2000 and 2001, respectively. The granulometric texture, organic matter content and nutrient concentration (total nitrogen and phosphorus) were determined in the superficial sediment of 19 sampling stations, as well as the temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and redox potential in the bottom layer of the water column. Seasonal and spatial changes were observed for both years, especially for organic matter and nutrient concentrations. Three different areas could be identified along the river, which corresponded to the upper, middle and lower Paranapanema basin. The first area was characterized by an increase of nutrients and organic matter in the sediments and a decrease of temperature and dissolved oxygen in the downstream direction. The second one represented a region where fluctuations in nutrient and organic matter concentrations and a reduction in dissolved oxygen were observed. In the third area, there was an increase in nutrient and organic matter in the sediments and also an increase in temperature and dissolved oxygen towards the river mouth. The results of the principal components analysis, using water and sediments variables, showed the ordination of sampling stations by periods: wet (January–April) and dry (July–October) during 2000. This pattern was also verified during 2001, but with slight changes, probably due to the increase in the rains which would have produced certain homogenization effects along the river.     

A COMPARISON OF TWO ELECTROFISHING PROGRAMMES USED TO MONITOR FISH ON THE ILLINOIS RIVER,ILLINOIS, USA

The Illinois River Biological Station monitors fish communities in the Illinois River using two different electrofishing programmes, one using three‐phase alternating current [AC; The Long Term Illinois Fish Population Monitoring Program or long‐term electrofishing (LTEF)] and the other pulsed direct current [DC; The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP)]. In 2001, we replicated three‐phase AC sampling sites with pulsed‐DC electrofishing gear to test for differences between the two collection methods and programmes. Electrofishing runs at each site were standardized by length and time, with 48 samples collected for each gear. Our objective was to test for differences in fish catch rates using total catch, species richness, fish size ranges, and sample composition and structure. Total catch was significantly greater for LTRMP electrofishing (4368 total fish, mean = 91.0 fish per sample) compared with LTEF electrofishing (1423 total fish, mean = 29.6 fish per sample). Species richness also was significantly greater for LTRMP electrofishing (50 total species, mean = 12.9 species per site) compared with LTEF electrofishing (38 total species, mean = 7.9 species per site). Size ranges of fishes, composed of 100‐mm‐length groups, showed higher total catches for the LTRMP within all length groups. Although our analyses suggest that collections from the LTRMP were significantly greater in most instances, a consistent pattern of species composition between the two programmes was not evident. Our results suggest that caution must be taken when attempting to compare fish community composition and structure information between these programmes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金沙江下游与三峡梯级水库群协同消落方式研究

梯级水库群消落期协同运行方式是梯级水库群联合调度重要环节。以溪洛渡、向家坝、三峡与葛洲坝梯级水库群为背景,将消落期来水分成丰水年组、平水年组和枯水年组,以分组期望发电量最大为目标,建立了消落期随机联合优化调度模型,结合各库不同消落期初水位开展了模拟计算,得到不同水文年型下梯级水库群的期望协同消落方案。结果表明:金沙江下游与三峡梯级水库群协同消落方式能在一定程度上提高梯级期望总发电量;当来水较少且三峡消落期初水位较低时,金沙江下游与三峡梯级水库群协同消落方式可显著提高三峡和葛洲坝水库的供水效益。最后,总结归纳了不同情境下溪洛渡-三峡协同消落策略,以指导金沙江下游与三峡梯级水库群消落期实际运行。     

Dynamics of discharge,sediment transport,heavy metal pollution and Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) catches in the lower Pilcomayo river (Bolivia)

The Pilcomayo river is one of the few intact natural river systems left on the South American continent. The high, largely natural, sediment loads of the river have led to the development of an alluvial fan system, which is still active. The river is currently retracting due to siltation of its bed, and in the near future the river is likely to abruptly change its course. There is a large difference in discharge between the wet and dry seasons. Pollution of the transported sediments by heavy metals from the mining district of Potosí is largely prevented by dilution of the toxic mining sludges with clean sediments derived from natural erosion processes. The Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) is a migrating fish which is very important for commercial fishing. The Sábalo grows up in the floodplains in the lower reaches of the river and starts its upstream migration at the end of the rainy season to spawn in the Andean foothill at the beginning of the next rainy season. Pollution does not seem to affect fish catches. Sábalo catches in a given year, however, do appear to depend strongly on the mean discharge in the three preceding years. Annual discharge is strongly influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

赣江中下游枯水期水量调度研究

针对近年来赣江中下游枯水年枯水期因河道径流量较少而引起的赣江沿岸地区生产生活用水安全问题,进行了赣江中下游枯水期水量调度研究。在分析河道合理流量和水库可调水量基础上,考虑赣江中下游地区水资源、自然生态环境的实际情况和社会经济发展水平,提出赣江中下游枯水期水量调度原则与方法,制定了赣江中下游枯水调度方案,为赣江流域的水资源管理和调配提供技术支撑,对于缓解流域用水紧张局面,保障赣江中下游地区用水安全,维持赣江健康生命及区域经济社会可持续发展具有重大意义。     

赣江中下游河道枯水期水量调度探讨

近年来,赣江中下游枯水流量不断刷新历史最低纪录,给沿江城市经济生活带来较大影响,有必要研究利用中上游水库枯季向赣江中下游河道补水问题。在分析赣江中下游河道径流频率的基础上,确定了分别对应特大干旱、严重干旱、中度干旱和轻度干旱的4个枯水预警等级,再结合城市用水情况、上游水库建设情况,提出了赣江中下游用水户枯季供水优先级和4级枯季供水预警响应预案。预案的提出为应对枯水季节赣江中下游沿江城市应急供水打下了基础。     

Zooplankton as an indicator of trophic conditions in two large reservoirs in Brazil

The physical and chemical variables of the water, and the composition and structure of the zooplankton communities, in Três Marias and Furnas Reservoirs in Minas Gerais, Brazil, were compared to characterize these environments in relation to their trophic state. Higher values of electrical conductivity and chlorophyll‐a, total solids, suspended organic matter and total nitrogen concentrations were recorded in Três Marias Reservoir. Higher water transparency and nitrite and nitrate concentrations were observed in Furnas (P < 0.000). Higher zooplankton densities were always obtained in Três Marias Reservoir and, during the rainy period (P < 0.000), with mean values in the dry and rainy periods of 23 721 and 90 872 org m^?3, respectively, in Três Marias Reservoir and 9022 and 40 434 org m^?3, respectively, in Furnas Reservoir. Copepoda was the dominant group in both reservoirs, mainly the younger stages (nauplii and copepodids). Based on the absolute and relative values, the contribution of rotifers was higher in Três Marias Reservoir than in Furnas Reservoir. Although the Trophic State Index, based on water transparency and chlorophyll‐a and total phosphorus concentrations, indicated an oligotrophic state for both reservoirs, the higher densities of the zooplankton community in Três Marias Reservoir, as well as the predominance of cyclopoids and smaller‐sized species such as bosminids, characterized this environment as mesotrophic. Larger‐sized species such as calanoids, daphniids and sidids in Furnas Reservoir characterized the better water quality of this reservoir.     

滇池宝象河水体氨氮时空变化特征研究

宝象河作为流入滇池的第二大河流,其水质状况将影响滇池的富营养化程度。通过对宝象河主要耗氧污染物之一氨氮(NH_3-N)含量的动态监测与研究,探讨了宝象河水体氨氮的时空变化规律及其影响因素。研究结果表明:宝象河流域水体NH3-N浓度在雨季主汛期达到最低值,在枯水季节12月至次年1月达到峰值,随季节变化大致呈现旱季升高,雨季降低的趋势;从空间上来看,上游白土镇到下游入滇口水体NH_3-N浓度总体呈现逐渐降低的趋势;流域内频繁的农业生产活动及生活污水汇入是影响宝象河水体氨氮浓度变化的主要因素,在一定程度上加剧了宝象河的水体富营养化。根据分析结果,提出了具有针对性的宝象河污染防控措施。     

深圳湾水质时空分布特征及污染源解析

基于深圳湾、珠江口、水质净化厂尾水、面源与截排溢流水体等水质数据,系统分析深圳湾水质时空分布特征及其污染物来源。结果表明:深圳湾现状水质不达标,关键污染因子为无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(DIP);雨季水质普遍劣于旱季,内湾水质明显劣于外湾。污染物入湾途径包括:6个入湾河口(后海河、大沙河、小沙河、凤塘河、新洲河、深圳河)、1个污水排放口(福田水质净化厂尾水排放口)、34个雨水排放口和深圳湾湾口。经过旱季污水收集、尾水提标改造等水环境治理措施后,深圳湾主要污染源为面源与截排溢流污染,其入湾氮、磷营养盐浓度可达地表水V类标准,是深圳湾现状水质的5～15倍,雨季面源与截排溢流水体的氮、磷入湾总负荷达到76.2 t和283.8 t,将对已无氮磷营养盐剩余容量的深圳湾水质造成严重冲击。