PVC thermoformed containers for food packaging: establishment of a rapid extraction test for overall migration limit compliance testing

In order to demonstrate compliance with the overall migration limit given in amended EC Directive 90/128/EEC, overall migration tests are usually performed on the finished food packaging with food stimulants. For packaging converters, in particular, who thermoform a wide range of containers from an extruded sheet, the cost of testing for compliance can be prohibitive. However, the Directive also allows compliance to be demonstrated by use of a ‘more severe test’. In this study a ‘more severe test’ has been developed for PVC and VC/VA co-polymer materials involving extraction with methanol or a methanol/water mixture and evaporation to dryness. This procedure has been optimised so that it is simple and rapid to perform and gives slightly higher results for the extruded sheet compared to overall migration tests conducted with fatty and aqueous food simulants. Results are presented demonstrating the rapid extraction test to be a ‘more severe test’ and that it could be used by converters in conjunction with good manufacturing practice (GMP) to demonstrate compliance with the overall migration limit in a cost-effective way. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polypropylene: establishment of a rapid extraction test for overall migration limit compliance testing

In order to demonstrate compliance with the overall migration limit given in EC Directive 90/128/EEC, overall migration tests are usually performed on the finished food packaging with food simulants. As a consequence, the packaging industry is confronted by a significant compliance testing burden to demonstrate that their products are suitable for food use applications. However, the Directive also allows compliance with migration limits to be demonstrated by use of a ‘more severe test’. In this study a ‘more severe test’ has been developed for polypropylene materials and articles involving extraction with the solvent, diethyl ether. The solvent was removed from the samples, evaporated to dryness and the mass of the non‐volatile residue determined. This extracted residue represents the overall migration value. This procedure has been optimized so that it is simple and rapid to perform and, in general, gives slightly higher results compared to overall migration tests conducted with fatty and aqueous food simulants. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

银纳米簇用于食品包装污染物的检测及其抗菌性能的应用

目的介绍荧光银纳米簇(AgNCs)的合成方法、荧光特性、抗菌活性,及其在食品包装中的应用。方法总结国内外AgNCs在食品包装检测领域的应用,以及其作为新型抗菌材料体现出的强大抗菌效力,提出AgNCs的不足之处和可能的解决方法。结论 AgNCs由于其光漂白性低、荧光量子产率高、经济效益好,可作为荧光材料设计生物传感器用于检测食品包装内的污染物。此类生物传感器具有检测快速、灵敏与特异性识别的优点。同时AgNCs具有大的表面积与体积比,高的局部表面Ag浓度、高迁移率及低毒性等特点,使其抗菌性能优于传统的银纳米材料,由此,展望了新型抗菌检测双重功效AgNCs传感器的设计。     

Screening for Chemicals in Paper and Board Packaging for Food Use: Chemometric Approach and Estimation of Migration

An analytical survey of 20 paper and board (P&B) materials intended for food use was carried out with the aim to identify chemicals with a potential to migrate into foods. Representative materials covering a range of uses (primary and secondary packaging and article for take away foods) were obtained from distributors. A screening approach was applied by means of solvent extraction with subsequent analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A large number of analytes were detected, and a chemometric approach was used to explore the data. Principal component analysis was used to identify and select some compounds as markers for sample classification. In the corrugated and printed packaging, it is worth emphasizing the presence of residual solvents, probably coming from printing inks, as well as hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds, mainly toluene and plasticizers linked also to the recycled pulp content such as diisobutyl phthalate or diisopropylnaphthalenes, whereas in the plastic‐laminated samples, triacetin was identified as the prevailing compound. A literature search for safety data or legislative restrictions of the identified substances was performed. Additionally, the semi‐quantification of the compounds in the packaging allowed a worst case estimation of food contamination by means of the infinite total migration model; occasionally, migration estimations overcame the specific migration limits. The chosen analytical methods coupled with a chemometric approach proved to be an effective way to describe the data; it may be concluded that only the simultaneous consideration of several chemicals with a multivariate approach allowed the investigated packaging materials to be distinguished. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

智能包装在军用食品包装领域的应用

目的促进智能包装技术发展,进一步拓展智能包装在军用食品包装领域的应用。方法明确智能包装的概念及其在食品领域的应用类型,从现代战争对军用食品包装现实需求入手,从防护功能、管控功能角度,论证了在军用食品包装上应用智能包装的优越性,同时预测了可能面临的问题及未来发展趋势。结果智能包装在军用食品包装领域的应用,对军用食品的包装质量、供应链管理、储备管理效益都有明显的优化,将对现代军事条件下的后勤保障起到良好的推动作用。结论将智能包装应用于军用食品包装领域,既是其应用范围拓展的有益尝试,又可以很好地满足现代战争需求,因此要在军用食品的智能包装研发上加大投入,深入研究。     

食品用金属包装中有害物质检测技术研究进展

食品接触材料中有害物质成分复杂、未知性强,通过对食品包装中有害物质进行迁移检测是食品评价安全的关键步骤。通常使用液-液萃取法、固相萃取法和辅助萃取法等对食品包装进行前处理,再通过高效液相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法等对迁移到食品模拟物中的有害物质进行定量分析,从而评估食品包装的安全性。针对食品包装材料安全性研究还存在有害物质迁移机理不明确和检测方法不完善等问题,寻找高效前处理方式结合快速检测方法,且完善有害物质迁移机理建立迁移模型是以后的研究方向。     

食品包装设计的魅力研究

目的 研究食品包装设计中提升包装魅力的方法。方法 将“魅力”引入食品包装设计的范畴,拓宽魅力的专属范围。通过阐述魅力的概念以及魅力与食品包装的关系、分析食品包装中魅力的构成元素,结合具体食品包装设计案例探讨魅力在食品包装设计中的表现形式,分析魅力食品包装对消费者产生的影响。同时,提出魅力包装必须依据食品的内容与形式,归纳提升现代食品包装魅力的设计方法。结论 将食品包装设计与魅力结合,突破以往分析与评价食品包装设计的角度,能为食品包装设计提供有意义的参考。优秀的食品包装不但具备极高的审美价值,给消费者带来美的享受与乐趣,而且可提升产品的品牌价值与企业形象,食品包装的魅力营造决定着产品的销售功能,它是最具说服力的食品广告。     

食品包装材料生态化发展下的非石油基降解塑料

目前常用的非石油基降解塑料可分为全淀粉型、化学(人工)合成型和天然高分子(以淀粉为主)与合成高分子共混型3种类型。淀粉基生物降解塑料能完全生物降解,制成的薄膜具有良好的透明度、柔韧性、抗张强度,不溶于水,无毒,故市场占有率高,被广泛应用于食品包装、食品容器和一次性餐饮具等;聚乳酸生物降解塑料力学性能与聚丙烯相似,并具有与聚苯乙烯相似的光泽度、清晰度和加工性,同时具有无毒、无刺激性、强度高、易加工成型和优良的生物相容性等特点,是一种能够真正实现生态和经济双重效益的、发展速度最快的生物降解塑料;聚丁二酸丁二醇酯生物降解塑料综合性能优良,性价比合理,故在食品包装、一次性餐具、药品包装瓶、生物医用高分子材料以及汽车零部件等领域均具有良好的应用前景。非石油基降解塑料作为包装材料是必然趋势,其得到广泛应用的关键在于提高材料的改性技术与控制成本,同时须保证其对人体无毒无害,强调个性化,并注重提高市场接受度。     

GC-MS法测定食品包装材料印刷油墨中光引发剂二苯甲酮和4-甲基二苯甲酮

建立了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测食品包装材料表面印刷油墨中光引发剂二苯甲酮(BP)和4-甲基二苯甲酮(MBP)迁移量的方法。样品以正己烷为提取溶剂进行振荡提取和超声波辅助萃取,提取液用GC-MS分析检测。结果表明:该方法线性范围为0.02～0.1mg/mL,检测限为0.004～0.005mg/mL,在0.01,0.02,0.10mg/mL 3个添加水平下,2种光引发剂的平均回收率为88.2%～114.5%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为5.13%～7.95%。该方法简单快速,适用于食品包装材料的日常检测需要。     

基于机器视觉的食品包装检测系统设计

目的为提高食品外包装美观性,确保食品包装质量,基于机器视觉设计一种食品包装检测系统。方法食品包装检测系统主要包括图像获取模块、图像处理和分析模块、输出执行模块等部分。讨论图像处理的关键技术,在传统小波变换的基础上,提出一种改进算法以增强图像特征信息,提高识别率,实现食品包装边缘检测。以污染、飞墨等典型缺陷为例,论述其特征提取方法,包括圆形度、长宽比、灰度标准差等。最后进行实验研究。结果实验结果表明,所述食品包装检测系统的检测精度在99%以上,具有较高的检测准确性。结论基于机器视觉的食品包装检测系统能够满足食品包装需求。     

PET片材印刷UV墨耐紫外老化性研究

目的 为制备性能良好和绿色环保的聚乙烯醇薄膜提供一定的理论依据。方法 分类介绍壳聚糖、纳米纤维素、可降解塑料、蛋白质等生物质材料增强聚乙烯醇薄膜及其在食品包装领域的研究现状。 结果 虽然通过与不同的生物质材料共混改性,可获得性能较为优良的聚乙烯醇薄膜,且用作食品包装时,具有抗菌与抗氧化、智能标签和整体保鲜的效果,但成本问题制约了实际生产。结论 利用生物质材料可以增强聚乙烯醇薄膜的综合性能,在食品包装领域有较好的发展前景。     

基于交互理念的食品包装设计探究

目的 改善食品包装交互体验,解决食品包装缺乏人本意识,忽视消费者多重需求的问题。方法 通过分析食品包装设计现状,利用交互设计的可用性理念和用户体验理念,将以人为本的理念引入食品包装设计中。结论 在食品包装中引入交互设计理念,不仅保证了食品包装基本功能的实现,更能够促进消费者与包装的良好互动,满足消费者的精神需求,使其产生情感共鸣。坚持以消费者为核心,优化包装交互体验,注重用户多重需求,紧密结合新型技术,才能设计出真正赢得消费者支持与认可的食品包装。     

论婴幼儿食品包装设计的安全性

分析了婴幼儿这一特殊消费群体的生理和心理特点,论述了婴幼儿食品和婴幼儿食品包装安全的现状,提出安全性是婴幼儿食品包装的第一要素,进而从包装设计的角度入手,在包装材料、包装结构和包装装潢3个方面分析了影响婴幼儿食品安全的主要因素,在此基础上提出了包装材料要慎重选择、包装结构要量身定做、包装装潢要安全规范等确保婴幼儿食品包装设计安全的相应对策。     

沧州八大碗自热食品包装设计研究

目的 以沧州八大碗为研究对象,以自热食品形式为切入点,探究沧州八大碗自热食品包装的情感化设计方法,开拓区域特色美食传承新途径。方法 通过分析沧州地域文化,引出沧州八大碗发展现状,将新消费热点“自热食品形式”融入沧州八大碗并提出包装设计的重要性,深入研究情感三层次理论并搭建基于地域文化的情感化设计流程。同时,通过地域文化基因提取与自热产品市场分析提供设计基础,分别从本能层、行为层、反思层具体指导沧州八大碗自热食品包装设计实践。结论 通过设计实践使沧州八大碗自热食品包装设计从外到内都凸显沧州区域文化,充分满足用户和市场需求,以此推动沧州八大碗的传承以及区域文化的传播,使之成为区域特色美食传承新方式的典范。     

Sustainable packaging design: a holistic methodology for packaging design

This study describes a holistic methodology for sustainable packaging design. This methodology studies the combined systems of packaging and the packaged products across the whole distribution chain from manufacturer to end consumer and the life cycle from raw material extraction to the waste phase. It contains a number of indicators that are grouped into the following main categories: environmental sustainability, distribution costs, product protection, market acceptance and user friendliness. The methodology integrates a number of different analytical methods. It is intended to be used in packaging design and optimisation, for idea generation, decision support and as documentation of properties of existing packaging systems. The study describes experiences with the methodology from one case study in the Norwegian Food Industry. The experiences show that the methodology is very comprehensive, and gives a good overview of the properties of a packaging solution. It enables quantitative comparisons between different packaging solutions throughout the design process. The methodology reduces the risk of implementing sub‐optimal packaging solutions. An additional benefit of the methodology is gained by working in cross‐functional teams. One potential drawback is that the methodology can be resource and data intensive. The methodology can be used as a tool box in packaging design, i.e. it is not necessary to use all methods and quantify all indicators to gain benefit. However, all indicators and requirements should be evaluated and considered. In all cases, it should be considered to include additional indicators if important sustainability issues have not been addressed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

纤维素基可降解抑菌食品包装材料的研究及应用进展

目的 对纤维素在抑菌食品包装领域的研究进行综述,分析纤维素在抑菌材料中的作用和抑菌效果.方法 归纳近几年国内外基于纤维素、纤维素衍生物以及纳米纤维素的抑菌包装材料的制备方法和抑菌效果,对纤维素基可降解抑菌食品包装的发展方向提出展望.结果 天然高分子纤维素具有优异的生物兼容性、可降解性、可再生性、无毒性等特点,已成为开发现代食品包装材料的重要资源;制备的纤维素基食品包装材料具有优异的力学性能和显著的抑菌效果,且降低了传统化石包装材料有害物质对食品安全的潜在影响.结论 纤维素基食品包装材料有望取代化石包装材料,最大程度地保障食品质量与安全,是现代食品包装产业的发展方向,具有较大前景.     

The Use of a Microwave Extraction System for High Temperature Testing of Food Contact Materials

The suitability of using a commercially available microwave extraction system equipped with a feedback temperature controlling mechanism for high temperature testing of food packaging materials was studied. The variables studied included sample heatup time, uniformity of temperatures obtained in replicate samples within the microwave oven chamber, uniformity of temperatures obtained for independent runs under a given set of temperature/ simulant conditions and the effect of glass in the test vessels. The food simulants examined were water, 8% ethanol in water, 95% ethanol in water and food oil. The temperatures examined were from 100 to 175°C. The system used was found to reach the set-point temperatures rapidly (within 5–15 min) and show good temperature reproducibility, both within replicate samples of a given run and replicate runs. Glass (used typically as spacers in test vessels) was shown to increase the observed temperature variability between samples slightly, but not dramatically. Pressures observed ranged from no increase in pressure for food oil at any temperature up to 175°C to an additional 87 p.s.i. in 95% ethanol at 135°C (the highest temperature to which the volatile simulants were exposed).     

微波条件下PVC食品保鲜膜中DNBP在水基模拟物中的迁移行为研究

以气相色谱-质谱联用技术为分析手段,研究了在微波条件下PVC食品保鲜膜中DNBP在3种水基食品模拟物中的迁移规律。实验结果表明,DNBP的迁移量随微波功率、加热时间和加热温度的增加而增大,并与食品模拟物的种类有关;当加热温度和加热时间相同时,微波加热条件下DNBP在3种食品模拟物中的迁移量均高于常规加热方式。     

提高食品包装材料安全性的途径

食品包装材料迁移引起的食品安全危害日趋突出.国家有关部门应当进一步完善食品包装材料的安全性标准,建立科学的食品包装材料安全体系,实施良好的生产管理规范,严格市场准入制度和监管机制,并在此基础上,应用新型环保无苯型增塑剂、无苯无酮环保型油墨、聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯和聚丙烯等新材料,同时采用活性包装、抗菌包装、用氧化法漂白替代含氯物质漂白等新技术,从根本上提高我国食品包装材料的安全性.     

Migration of Photoinitiators in Food Packaging: A Review

Photoinitiators are highly photoactive compounds included in the formulations of UV curing printing inks and varnishes. Twenty five of those photoinitiators can be found in the bibliography regarding food packaging migration and analytical methods with an increasing interest in the last 9 years because of the foodstuffs contamination with 2‐isopropylthioxanthone detected in 2005. An overview about migration of photoinitiators in food packaging is firstly given in terms of Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed notifications, mechanisms of migration, and specific migration limits. Besides set off, a migration model based on diffusion and partition coefficients is considered to analyse the factors affecting migration: physicochemical properties of the photoinitiator, characteristics of the foodstuffs and food simulants, temperature and packaging. Molecular weight, volatility, polarity and lipophilicity are considered as the main physicochemical properties of the photoinitiators playing a role in migration. In relation with the food packaging, information from published works is reviewed, taking into account the special migration behaviour of paper and cartonboard as well as the efficiency of different plastic films as barriers to avoid or reduce migration. Results of the application of the migration model are compared with reported data from the bibliography. Finally, the use of polymeric multifunctional photoinitiators is concluded as the best option for ultraviolet curing inks and varnishes to print food packaging. They have higher molecular weight together with fewer and lower volatility photodecomposition byproducts and a higher probability than conventional photoinitiators of being bound into the cured polymer matrix. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.