采油用生物表面活性剂

本文是一篇专论,在B05菌在以烃类为唯一碳源,代谢产生的表面活性剂为鼠李糖脂实验的基础上,对应用于采油领域的微生物表面活性剂研究状况、来源及分类、提取与应用等基本理论进行了阐述.     

浅谈采油工艺中表面活性剂的应用

本文通过一些案例阐述了表面活性剂在油田采油中的应用和它的工作原理。根据表面活性剂的性质对其在油田开发和生产中的作用进行了阐述,为我国石油生产中石油表面活性剂和表面活性剂生产企业提供了一定的借鉴和思路拓展。对采油工艺中表面活性剂的用途核用法作了简要的概括和介绍。     

含氟表面活性剂的研究进展

介绍了含氟表面活性剂的分类结构、特性、合成方法及应用领域。重点介绍其在传统工业（化工、纺织、造纸及橡胶工业）和在含氟材料合成中的应用现状。针对目前存在的问题,提出了对人类健康和生存环境造成影响的PFOS（Pedluorooctane Sulfonate）和PFOA（Perfluorooctanoic Acid）的研究方向,并概述了含氟表面活性剂近年来的研究进展。     

新型表面活性剂吞吐采油技术应用研究

针对低孔、低渗、低丰度的"三低"油田的油井进入中高含水期后,开发难度大,部分油井产油量无法进一步提高的问题,开展了新型表面活性剂吞吐采油技术应用研究。通过室内实验评价新型表面活性剂性能,确定其配伍性,利用表面活性剂的洗油及解堵特性进行单井吞吐采油,提高油井产量。试验选取2口井进入现场,试验后平均单井累计增油83t,达到了较好的经济效益,试验效果显著,为低渗透油田进一步提高采收率探索出新的途径。     

可分解表面活性剂的研究进展

对可分解型表面活性剂的合成和应用研究进展进行了综述。     

生物表面活性剂强化降解土壤中PAHs研究进展

从生物降解有机污染物多环芳烃(PAHs)的限制因素入手,介绍了生物表面活性剂(BS)强化生物降解效果的研究进展。总结了近年来代表性成果,解释BS对生物降解过程强化作用机理,包括增溶作用、增加细胞吸附PAHs、促进微生物摄取PAHs等;讨论了BS的生物毒性、生物降解性和吸附性对降解过程的抑制效果。分析出强化效果受多污染物相互作用、环境因子、BS体系、土壤构成等因素影响。但值得关注的是这些科学研究大多只在实验室规模上进行,应用到场地修复之前仍需要许多改进。场地修复时使用合理复配体系可提高去除效率,非常具有应用前景。     

含氟表面活性剂的生产应用现状及研究进展

介绍了含氟表面活性剂的结构、类型、特性及主要合成方法,对其应用领域、生产与市场现状进行了综述,重点介绍了其在纺织工业、橡胶工业、造纸工业及制药工业的应用现状,并概述了含氟表面活性剂近年来的研究进展.     

农药用表面活性剂研究进展

介绍了农药用表面活性剂在农药加工及植物表面的作用机理,现有农药用表面活性剂产品的主要种类和目前存在的问题。对梳型、有机硅、有机氟、生物、微生物这几类具有发展前景的农药用表面活性剂的研究进展进行了综述并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂在微生物采油中的应用

随着科学技术的进步,越来越多的生物物质被运用到石油开采过程中,同时发挥着重要的积极作用。脂肽是生物代谢过程中产生的一种具有表面活性功能的活性剂,在提高原油采收率方面具有很好的发展潜力。本文主要是在分析脂肽类生物表面活性剂的结构与特性的基础上,探讨其在微生物采油中的具体应用。     

表面活性剂在强化采油中的应用

综述了用表面活性剂强化采油的原理，所用表面活性剂类型及其选配等多方面的问题，对提高采油率具有参考价值。     

Characterizations of surfactant synthesized from Jatropha oil and its application in enhanced oil recovery

Surfactants are frequently used in chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) as it reduces the interfacial tension (IFT) to an ultra‐low value and also alter the wettability of oil‐wet rock, which are important mechanisms for EOR. However, most of the commercial surfactants used in chemical EOR are very expensive. In view of that an attempt has been made to synthesis an anionic surfactant from non‐edible Jatropha oil for its application in EOR. Synthesized surfactant was characterized by FTIR, NMR, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimeter analyser, FESEM, and EDX analysis. Thermal degradability study of the surfactant shows no significant loss till the conventional reservoir temperature. The ability of the surfactant for its use in chemical EOR has been tested by measuring its physicochemical properties, viz., reduction of surface tension, IFT and wettability alteration. The surfactant solution shows a surface tension value of 31.6 mN/m at its critical micelle concentration (CMC). An ultra‐low IFT of 0.0917 mN/m is obtained at CMC of surfactant solution, which is further reduced to 0.00108 mN/m at optimum salinity. The synthesized surfactant alters the oil‐wet quartz surface to water‐wet which favors enhanced recovery of oil. Flooding experiments were conducted with surfactant slugs with different concentrations. Encouraging results with additional recovery more than 25% of original oil in place above the conventional water flooding have been observed. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2731–2741, 2017     

Polymeric surfactants for enhanced oil recovery. IV—Thermodynamic properties of ethoxylated alkylphenol formaldehyde polymeric surfactants

The thermodynamic properties of some low molecular weight ethoxylated alkylphenol formaldehyde polymeric surfactants have been investigated. Surface tension as a function of concentration of the surfactants in aqueous solutions was measured at 28, 38, 48 and 58°C, using the spinning drop technique. From these measurements, the minimum area per molecule at the aqueous solution/air interface (A_min) was determined. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization (ΔG_mic, ΔH_mic, ΔS_mic) and of adsorption (ΔG_ad, ΔH_ad, ΔS_ad) for these polymeric nonionics were calculated. Micellization is more sensitive to ethylene oxide chain length while adsorption is more dependent on the length of the alkyl chain.     

超高性能混凝土国内外研究与应用进展*

介绍了超高性能混凝土（UHPC）的制备原理和性能特点,对UHPC国内外研究和应用情况进行了综述,指出了我国UHPC研究和应用中存在的问题。结果表明：UHPC是一种具有优异的力学性能、耐久性能和环保效益的新型水泥基复合材料。国外在UHPC理论研究和应用研究方面都取得了大量成果,在实际工程中已经获得了广泛的应用;近年来我国在理论研究和应用方面也得到了快速发展;如何简化UHPC制备工艺、降低生产成本、补偿自收缩是今后的主要研究方向,完善相关规范标准以更好地指导UHPC现浇工程应用是目前首要解决的问题。随着环保和可持续发展理念的日益重视,UHPC这种低碳环保材料将有广阔的发展前景。     

纳米材料在提高采收率中的研究进展?

近年来，纳米材料因其有吸引力的物化特性已在生物医药、电子储能、保护涂层等领域发挥重要作用。随着石油资源的需求不断增加和开采难度提高，石油勘探和提高石油采收率技术需要不断创新，以满足未来对碳氢燃料的需求。将功能化的纳米材料与提高采收率技术结合，可以改善驱替剂的流变性能，改变储层岩石的润湿性、降低油水界面张力、提高原油的流动性等，进一步提高原油采收率，为油田的有效、可持续开发提供新的技术手段。本文首先综述了当前在提高采收率领域中的应用较多的几类纳米材料；之后，对纳米材料在提高采收率中的作用机理做了总结；最后，讨论了纳米材料在提高采收率技术中存在的问题，并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

三次采油用表面活性剂结构对油/水界面性能的影响

测定了几种不同分子结构的磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂、两性表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂水溶液与国内某油田原油间的界面张力。结果表明:磺酸盐类表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的能力相对较高,且磺酸盐的烷链长度、芳环种类对界面张力的影响较大,调整磺酸盐的分子结构可以使油水界面张力降低到10~(-2)mN/m数量级;醇/酚醚类非离子表面活性剂以及两性表面活性剂仅能使油水界面张力降低至0.1 mN/m~10 mN/m数量级。     

驱油用水溶性聚合物的研究进展

聚合驱油主要是向注水中加入聚合物,提高水的粘度,减弱水相的粘性指进现象,达到提高原油采收率的目的。本文介绍了聚合驱的驱油机理、三次采油中常用的水溶性聚合物以及新型水溶性聚合物研究进展。     

国内外增韧改性环氧树脂的研究进展

对国内外增韧改性环氧树脂的研究进展作了较为全面的综述。重点介绍了近年来困外在增韧改性环氧树脂方面所取得的一些研究成果,并列举了几种增韧改性新技术。     

Bacillus subtilis-based microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) in polymer microfluidic chip

Microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) is a tertiary oil recovery process that manipulates the microbial environment inside oil reservoirs to modify the physical/chemical properties of the reservoirs to enhance the oil recovery. Up to now, the detailed MEOR mechanism is still not entirely clear due to the multiple influence factors (e.g., pH, nutrients, temperature, porosity, and permeability) on microbial growth and reproduction, as well as the lack of understanding of microbial's influencing mechanism on the oil recovery process. In this study, a Bacillus subtilis-based MEOR process was conducted in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based microfluidic device to mimic the MEOR process in the reservoir. The porous microstructure based on real sandstone slice images was fabricated with laser ablation on a PMMA substrate. Two different MEOR approaches were conducted in the PMMA-based microfluidics devices: the direct injection of displacing reagent (biosurfactant produced by bacteria) into the microfluidic chip for the oil recovery (ex-situ), and the incubation of bacteria solution inside the chip followed with brine flooding (in-situ). The result indicates the ex-situ MEOR process with B. subtilis can reach a recovery rate of 38.56%, while the in-situ MEOR process with B. subtilis reached a recovery rate of 40.27%. The proposed study provides a new tool for understanding the MEOR process, with advantages in visibility and accurate fluid control during the MEOR process.     

Rheology and polymer flooding characteristics of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide for enhanced heavy oil recovery

Polymer flooding characteristics of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solution with the addition of NaOH were examined in homogeneous glass‐bead packs. The heavy oil recovery in unconsolidated sandstone formations by applying the alkali‐polymer flooding was observed. Experimental results showed that HPAM solution was sensitive to temperature, salinity, and alkali, finding that alkali‐polymer solutions are more effective in improving viscosity than conventional polymer solutions. The solution of 0.5 wt % NaOH mixed with 1500 ppm HPAM (12 mol % hydrolysis degree) was found to be the optimal choice, which gives rise to the highest viscosity on the rheological characterization. Flood tests using the alkali‐polymer solution showed an increase in oil recovery by 30% over water‐flooding when the water‐cut reached 95%, indicating that alkali‐polymer could be more effective in improving sweep efficiency than polymer flood. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013