pH敏感型聚合物胶束作为药物载体研究进展

近年来,刺激响应型聚合物胶束作为纳米药物载体因其独特的优势,如具有靶向性高、良好的生物相容性和毒副作用小等优势,而应用于药物靶向治疗中,其中pH敏感型聚合物胶束是基于生理条件下包载药物,特定pH条件下释放药物,而达到药物靶向释放目的。本文主要综述pH敏感型聚合物胶束的种类、特性、应用于药物靶向治疗的原理和研究进展,为开发和应用pH敏感型聚合物胶束提供参考。     

刺激响应和靶向型介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒递送抗肿瘤药物的研究进展

传统化疗药物在正常细胞和肿瘤细胞中都有分布,存在多药耐药和毒性增加等不良影响,需要开发先进的药物递送系统。在纳米载体表面附加靶向基团可以进行药物的靶向递送,在纳米载体表面修饰环境敏感分子可以得到刺激响应的新型药物递送系统。介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(MSN)药物递送系统可以改变药物的生物分布特征,在肿瘤细胞中实现增强的高通透性和滞留效应,增加药物在肿瘤部位的积累,因此,开发靶向肿瘤的MSN药物递送系统可以克服多药耐药问题。详细调研了2019~2021年关于刺激响应和靶向型MSN药物递送系统的文献,对不同类型的MSN在抗肿瘤药物递送中的研究进展进行了综述。     

pH敏感性叶酸修饰羧甲基壳聚糖/CaCO_3混合纳米球作为药物载体的研究

以叶酸为靶向基团,将其连接到羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)上,制得偶联叶酸的羧甲基壳聚糖(FCMC),在FCMC溶液中碳酸钙自组装形成一种具有靶向性的FCMC/CaCO_3混合纳米球。同时对纳米球结构进行表征,并对比了修饰叶酸前后混合纳米粒理化性能。在此基础上,将亲水性药物二甲双胍作为模型药物,对2种载体的包封率、载药量及释放行为进行了对比研究。结果表明,FCMC/CaCO_3混合纳米球大小均一,分散性良好,碳酸钙的引入使得纳米球对亲水性药物包封率较高,该纳米球对药物的释放具有较好的pH敏感性和缓控释放能力,是潜在的智能药物给药系统基质材料。     

TiO2纳米结构作为载体在药物缓控释传递系统的应用

TiO₂纳米结构以其生物相容性好、机械强度高、耐热耐腐蚀等优点,在药物缓控释传递系统载体应用方面引起广泛关注。结合近几年研究报道,本文将单一和功能化TiO₂纳米结构作为药物缓控释载体进行分类,简述了制备方法、结构表征、载药方法、释药机理等,分析了功能化TiO₂纳米结构修饰结合外界刺激响应在药物缓控释系统的应用。结果表明,相比单一结构,功能化修饰后的TiO₂纳米结构具有载药率高、缓控释效果明显、生物相容性好等优点;功能化修饰结合外界刺激响应,进一步提升药物缓控释效果;而相比单一和双重刺激响应,多重刺激响应能够更好地实现局部靶向释药。最后预测该纳米结构作为药物缓控释传递系统载体的研究发展方向并指出目前实现临床应用所面临的问题。     

pH敏感型药物载体材料的研究进展

近年来,新型智能纳米载体在疾病治疗方面越来越受到人们的关注。pH敏感药物载体材料在智能纳米载体中具有重要的地位。本文简单介绍了pH敏感药物载体材料的作用机理,并从pH敏感型水凝胶、pH敏感型胶束、pH敏感型脂质体、含pH敏感的多重敏感材料四方面入手,综述了pH敏感型材料在药物传递系统中的应用。     

磁性纳米颗粒的制备及在靶向药物传输领域的应用

磁性纳米粒子因其独特的物理化学性质引起了研究人员的广泛兴趣,近年来在生物医学领域的潜在应用也受到了极大关注。通过载体传输的方法将药物靶向递送至病变部位,以减少对正常部位的副作用。为了提高药物的药效学作用并减少其毒性和副作用,靶向药物递送和缓释已成为关注的焦点。作为药物递送工具,磁性纳米颗粒提供了被靶向的可能性。在本文中我们简要的介绍了磁性纳米颗粒常见的合成方法及作为药物载体的优点。     

作为药物载体的聚氨酯纳米胶束的研究进展

聚氨酯材料具有生物相容性好、合成简单且分子结构可设计性强等优点,不可降解的聚氨酯材料在生物医学领域已经得到应用。目前可生物降解聚氨酯纳米胶束用作药物载体的研究受到广泛关注。本综述主要从生物相容性、刺激响应性、靶向作用、细胞摄取能力强的聚氨酯纳米胶束这几个方面,介绍了作为药物载体的可生物降解聚氨酯纳米胶束的研究进展。     

纳米药物载体在医药领域应用的研究进展

纳米药物载体由于在提高药物稳定性、药物的缓释和控释、生物相容性及靶向性上具有诸多优点,深受科学家的青睐,是现今医药领域研究的热点之一。纳米药物载体种类繁多,本文选取具有典型代表性的纳米脂质体、固体脂质纳米粒、纳米囊和纳米球、聚合物胶束以及磁性纳米颗粒等纳米药物载体,对其结构性能、优缺点及应用研究进展作简要的综述,并就研发新的纳米药物载体进行展望。     

刺激响应性聚合物纳米胶束在药物控释中的应用研究

聚合物纳米胶束不仅可以提高药物的溶解度、生物利用度,延长药物在人体内的循环时间,还可以有效控制药物的释放而实现靶向治疗效果,极大地减少药物对人体的副作用。通过嵌段共聚物的纳米工程,可制备出具有细胞或组织靶向性且对物理或化学刺激敏感的高分子药物载体。本文综述了对pH值、温度、超声波和光具有响应性的聚合物纳米胶束的制备及其在药物控制释放领域的应用。     

聚合物载体及胶束载药控释靶向研究进展

近年来,聚合物纳米载体受到各领域的广泛关注。其中,胶束因其自组装形成特殊的核壳结构,成为研究的热点。本文简单介绍了聚合物药物载体,总结了胶束在自组装载药、响应性控释和靶向性传递方面相关研究进展。     

Bioengineered Ferritin Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy

Ferritin naturally exists in most organisms and can specifically recognize the transferrin 1 receptor (TfR1), which is generally highly expressed on various types of tumor cells. The pH dependent reversible assembling and disassembling property of ferritin renders it as a suitable candidate for encapsulating a variety of anticancer drugs and imaging probes. Ferritins external surface is chemically and genetically modifiable which can serve as attachment site for tumor specific targeting peptides or moieties. Moreover, the biological origin of these protein cages makes it a biocompatible nanocarrier that stabilizes and protects the enclosed particles from the external environment without provoking any toxic or immunogenic responses. Recent studies, further establish ferritin as a multifunctional nanocarrier for targeted cancer chemotherapy and phototherapy. In this review, we introduce the favorable characteristics of ferritin drug carriers, the specific targeted surface modification and a multifunctional nanocarriers combined chemotherapy with phototherapy for tumor treatment. Taken together, ferritin is a potential ideal base of engineered nanoparticles for tumor therapy and still needs to explore more on its way.     

Surface decoration of magnetic nanoparticles with folate-conjugated poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-itaconic acid): A facial synthesis of dual-responsive nanocarrier for targeted delivery of doxorubicin

The aim of study was to develop a novel drug nanocarrier via facile coating of a folate-conjugated dual-responsive copolymer with carboxylic functional groups on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles for the efficient loading and cell-specific targeting of a positively charged anticancer agent. The nanocarrier exhibited many favorable capabilities such as narrow distributed nano-ranged size (～30 nm), high drug loading capacity (～65%), and stimuli-responsive drug release. The results of various cell cytotoxicity studies such as MTT assay, DAPI staining, and flow cytometry concluded that the developed smart nanocarrier paves a way for efficient cancer therapy by the multiple targeting strategies.     

Dual-Responsive Drug-Delivery System Based on PEG-Functionalized Pillararenes Containing Disulfide and Amido Bonds for Cancer Theranostics

The construction of a smart drug-delivery system based on amphiphilic pillararenes with multiple responsiveness properties has become an important way to improve the efficacy of tumor chemotherapy. Here, a new PEG-functionalized pillararene (EtP5-SS-PEG) containing disulfide and amido bonds was designed and synthesized, which has been used to construct a novel supramolecular nanocarrier through a host-guest interaction with a perylene diimide derivative (PDI-2NH₄) and their supramolecular self-assembly. This nanocarrier showed good drug loading capability, and dual stimulus responsiveness to enzyme and GSH (glutathione). After loading of doxorubicin (DOX), the prepared nanodrugs displayed efficient DOX release and outstanding cancer theranostics ability.     

Smart Hydrogels for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems

Since the last few decades, the development of smart hydrogels, which can respond to stimuli and adapt their responses based on external cues from their environments, has become a thriving research frontier in the biomedical engineering field. Nowadays, drug delivery systems have received great attention and smart hydrogels can be potentially used in these systems due to their high stability, physicochemical properties, and biocompatibility. Smart hydrogels can change their hydrophilicity, swelling ability, physical properties, and molecules permeability, influenced by external stimuli such as pH, temperature, electrical and magnetic fields, light, and the biomolecules’ concentration, thus resulting in the controlled release of the loaded drugs. Herein, this review encompasses the latest investigations in the field of stimuli-responsive drug-loaded hydrogels and our contribution to this matter.     

Smart magnetic self-assembled micelle: an effective nanocarrier for thermo-triggered paclitaxel delivery

Magnetic micelle nanoparticles with thermoresponsive behavior were designed for thermo-triggered paclitaxel delivery. For this purpose, thermoresponsive triblock copolymer poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-b-polycaprolactone-b-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) was prepared. The magnetic micelle was formed by self-assembly of triblock copolymer on the magnetite which was coated by oleic acid. The size of the magnetic micelle was between 30–40?nm reported by transmission electron microscopy. Also, dynamic light scattering indicated the hydrodynamic diameter was thermal dependent. Moreover, the drug release profile showed thermo-triggered release of paclitaxel. Thus, the smart nanocarrier has potential to be applied in both chemotherapy and hyperthermia treatment.     

pH and magnetic field responsive protein-inorganic nanohybrid conjugated with biotin: A biocompatible carrier system targeting lung cancer cells

Multi-stimuli responsive carrier systems, specifically targeting tumor cells are of high significance to improve the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. In the present study, we have developed, characterized, and biologically evaluated magnetic casein-calcium ferrite hybrid biopolymeric carrier conjugated with biotin for targeted delivery of cinnamaldehyde to lung carcinoma. The dual stimuli-responsive carrier was successfully synthesized with small size, good stability, and high drug encapsulation efficiency. Natural drug cinnamaldehyde was encapsulated in the hybrid carrier, on which biotin was conjugated to facilitate selective cellular uptake. The prepared drug-carrier system exhibited pH-responsive drug release behavior with a higher release rate under acidic conditions, which can be effectively applied in targeted cancer chemotherapy. The superparamagnetic nature of calcium ferrite enabled magnetically-modulated drug delivery with faster drug release, reaching 85.5% within 4 h, in response to magnetic field stimulus. Kinetic modeling of drug release projected the diffusion-controlled release mechanism. Cell viability assay performed on L929 fibroblast and A549 lung cancer cells verified the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of the developed formulation, respectively. The nanohybrid carrier significantly increased the anticancer potential of cinnamaldehyde with an 18-fold reduction in the IC₅₀ value, signifying the biotin-functionalized protein-inorganic nanohybrid as an efficient multifunctional platform for targeted drug delivery.     

Smart membranes for biomedical applications

Smart membranes with tunable permeability and selectivity have drawn widespread attention because of their unique biomimetic characteristics. Constructed by incorporating various stimuli-responsive materials into membrane substrates, smart membranes could self-adjust their physical/chemical properties(such as pore size and surface properties) in response to environmental signals such as temperature,pH, light, magnetic field, electric field, redox and specific ions/molecules. Such smart membranes...     

Stimuli-accelerated polymeric drug delivery systems

The controlled delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients to the site of disease represents a major challenge in drug therapy. Particularly when drugs have to be transported across biological barriers, suitable drug delivery systems are of importance. In recent years responsive delivery systems have been developed which enable a controlled drug release depending on internal or external stimuli such as changes in pH, redox environment or light and temperature. In some studies delivery systems with reactivity against two different stimuli were established either to enhance the response by synergies of the stimuli or to broaden the window of possible trigger events. In the present review numerous exciting developments of pH-, light- and redox-cleavable polymers suitable for the preparation of smart delivery systems are described. The review discusses the different stimuli that can be used for a controlled drug release of polymer-based delivery systems. It puts a focus on the different polymers described for the preparation of stimuli-sensitive systems, their preparation techniques as well as their stimuli-responsive degradation. © 2022 The Authors. Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Industrial Chemistry.     

Functional amphiphilic and biodegradable copolymers for intravenous vectorisation

This paper aims at reporting on the design of polymeric drug nanocarriers used in cancer therapy, with a special emphasis on the control of their biodistribution. First, the prominent role of poly(ethylene oxide) in the lifetime of nanocarriers circulating in the blood stream is highlighted, and the origin of a passive targeting based on a difference in the anatomy of tumors and normal tissues is discussed. The main body of the review is devoted to the targeting of nanocarriers towards tumors and the underlying concepts. As a rule, either the constitutive polymer is stimuli-responsive and the locus of drug release is where the stimulation occurs, or a ligand endowed with specific recognition is grafted onto the nanocarrier. Finally, the fate of the nanocarrier after drug delivery and the bioelimination of the polymer(s) involved are briefly considered.