Multi‐Layer Compression Tests under Hot Forming Conditions

Exact simulation of forming processes using the finite element method requires as precise specification as possible of the prevailing material data and physical boundary conditions. The article presents a method of determining the flow‐stress for sheet metals under hot‐forming conditions. The value is determined in a cylindrical multi‐layer compression test which up to now has been underestimated even for cold testing conditions. This article presents some special adaptations which are necessary for testing under high temperature conditions. The method is able to supply reliable data for FEM simulation, as is demonstrated in some examples.     

Deep‐drawing quality of cold rolled sheet made of ferritically rolled hot strip

In the so‐called ferritic rolling the finishing is shifted down into the temperature region of ferrite, which enables a production of thinner hot strips (compared to the conventional hot rolling in austenite) with a changed texture development. The present study is focused on the effect of the process parameters of such initial warm rolled hot strips on the texture formation and hence on the deep‐drawing quality of the final cold strips. A special attention is given to the transmission of the hot strip texture to the cold strip. The investigation was carried out on commercial IF‐ and ELC‐steels by a laboratory simulation with the hot deformation simulator Wumsi (rolling simulated by the plane strain compression test). It was possible to optimize cold rolling and subsequent annealing by means of the measurements of the texture development during the ferritic (warm) deformation as well as the parameters of the processing route of such special production of cold strips by means of the calculation of r‐values. If compared with the conventional processing route, a considerable improvement of deep‐drawability with a diminished earing is achievable especially with the IF‐steel.     

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Thin Strip Temper Rolling Process

 To reveal the basic deformation mechanisms under the conditions of high friction, small reduction, and long contact length in thin strip temper rolling process, an elastoplastic finite element analysis of plane strain upsetting was made based on the FEM software Marc. The results indicated that a near flat ‘zero reduction’ region was present in the center of the contact arc. The simulation results about the effect of rolling parameters on the central flat region showed that any change of increasing the rolling force could result in or enlarge the central flat region in the deformation zone. Stress distribution results illustrated that the metal was in triaxial compression state. Although the maximum and minimum principal stresses were all much larger than the yield stress of the strip, the equivalent stress became lower than that, and no further plastic strain, even a small elastic spring back occurred in the central flat region. That was the problem of ‘hydrostatic pressure’ in thin strip temper rolling.     

Finite Element Simulation of Hot Strip Continuous Rolling Process Coupling Microstructural Evolution

 Using the nonlinear rigid viscoplastic finite element method (FEM), a finite element simulation of the hot strip continuous rolling process was done, which completely integrates different phenomena such as the metallurgical behavior of the strip and the thermo mechanics in the strip based on the physical metallurgical microstructural evolution law. By combining with the process parameters of certain 2 050 mm hot strip rolling, an actual rolling process of low carbon steel SS400 was simulated using the FEM model. Based on the simulation results, the distributions of the strain field, the temperature field, and the microstructure were presented. Meanwhile, the simulated rolling force, temperature, and microstructure are in good agreement with the measured results.     

Casting and rolling in one heat

In regard of the reduction of energy consumption during the production of steel slabs and strips different charging procedures are of high economic interest. Especially hot and direct charging procedures are used in modern ways of strip production like CSP and strip casting. For simulation of these procedures and their related effects on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the material, the complete process chain of melting, casting and hot rolling in one heat has been realised in a pilot scale. In this concept process parameters such as temperature over time are controlled during the complete process. By variation of the thermomechanical process parameters the microstructure and the mechanical properties gained in different processing routes can effectively be simulated. This new set‐up allows the simulation of the casting and rolling processes not only in a laboratory scale by using conventional compression, tensile and quench tests but now also in a pilot scale. The results will be used as input parameters for FEM simulation. In this paper the set‐up of the laboratory facility is described with the measured and controlled parameters.     

特厚板温度梯度轧制有限元模拟与实验研究

针对特厚板再结晶型轧制,板坯中心难以变形导致心部晶粒粗大的问题,使用Q345B钢,采用有限元方法建立了特厚板轧制的仿真模型,以研究在特厚板轧制过程中引入厚度方向上的温度梯度对钢板心部应变的影响,并与传统均温轧制进行对比,预测了两种温度场条件下奥氏体再结晶的晶粒尺寸.采用大试样平面应变实验对模拟结果进行验证.研究结果表明,温度梯度轧制有利于增加坯料心部应变量,最大增加了61.35%.计算和实验结果显示温度梯度轧制可以减小特厚板心部晶粒尺寸,晶粒度级别提高了一个等级,说明该工艺对提高特厚板中心区域性能有利.      

板材轧制过程轧制力刚塑性有限元快速计算

 为了满足板材轧制过程在线控制快速计算的要求,首先建立了板材轧制平面应变刚塑性有限元能量泛函。其次,通过合理的简化建立了只考虑变形区的快速有限元模型,且对有限元建模的关键问题包括中性点、第一类速度奇异点和刚性区等进行了处理。最后,开发了板材轧制快速计算有限元程序,并且利用现场轧制数据测试了快速有限元程序的计算速度和精度,结果表明计算速度和精度满足在线快速计算的要求。     

2050mm六辊铝带材冷轧机轧制过程有限元分析

采用有限元软件MSC Marc建立了2050 mm六辊铝带材冷轧机的模型,并进行了静态和动态轧制数值模拟分析,得到的结果可以指导轧制工艺的改进,并为进一步的研究打下了坚实基础.     

Slow Hot Rolling in Direct Linkage with Thin Slab and Strip Continuous Casting: Effect on the Evolution of Austenite Grain

This work was carried out in context with the development of strip casting with the single‐belt process. In this new process the hot rolling is performed in‐line with considerably lower velocity than in conventional hot rolling. It is of interest to study the effect of low rolling speed on the material properties. Based on a finite element model used to predict the thermomechanical behaviour of the strip in tandem mills, the microstructural evolution of austenite was computed. In order to take account of the non‐isothermal conditions in industrial hot rolling, the material equations for recrystallization and grain growth are modified. The parameter studies were carried out over a wide range of volumetric flow rate extending from that in thin slab casting to that in conventional finishing rolling. They demonstrate that the “slow hot rolling” can produce a fine grain of austenite. Austenite grain evolution was computed for conventional rolling with a seven stand mill and for in‐line hot rolling of strip produced by the single‐belt process. It is found that the final grain size of austenite is about the same for the two processes under the condition that strip thickness behind the last stand is the same.     

特厚板厚度方向形变传递规律的仿真分析

 基于Gleeble热压缩试验、有限元方法对一种HSLA钢特厚板轧制过程中厚度方向变形向心部传递的规律进行了仿真研究。首次从有限元角度定量揭示出特厚板生产中高温、低速、大压下量的轧制规范机理。仿真所用材料本构模型由Gleeble试验数据结合Arrhenius方程所构建,研究了轧制速度、压下量、轧制温度以及板坯厚度对特厚板厚度方向应变分布的影响规律。结果表明,轧制速度小于1 m/s时（平均应变速率小于 0.33 s－1）,有利于变形向钢板心部传递,削弱截面效应;压下量越大,钢板等效应变越大,且厚度方向最大等效应变出现的位置向心部偏移;轧制温度对等效应变的分布影响不显著,但是高温轧制有利于减小轧机负荷;板坯越厚,变形分布不均匀性越显著。当板坯厚度为500 mm时,截面的最大、最小等效应变差达到0.2。生产中,在设备允许的情况下,建议特厚板的轧制采用高温、低速、大压下量规范。     

极薄箔带轧制的适轧厚度理论及数值模拟

 微制造、微电子行业的小型化、轻量化和移动化的发展方向需要厚度更薄、尺寸精度更高的极薄和超薄金属箔材，极薄和超薄金属箔材制造技术越来越重要。极薄带轧制试验及生产实际中,Stone最小可轧厚度公式有较多不合理之处。通过有限元模拟得到不同厚度极薄箔带在不同压下率时的接触轮廓与轧制压力变化规律，为Stone最小可轧厚度赋予新含义，即表示在极小压下变形量条件下是否存在中性区的临界厚度值；建立了极薄箔带适轧厚度解析计算模型，即根据轧制力条件和箔带厚度可计算出其单道次能够获得的最大压下量，为已有轧机确定产品规格范围并制定轧制规程及为设计轧机时确定轧辊直径和力学参数提供理论指导。     

板带轧制过程多参数耦合模拟系统的开发

考虑轧件和辊系间的接触力与变形协调关系，采用一种选代的方案，开发了一个分析三维板带轧制过程的计算机模型。它耦合了计算轧件变形的三维刚塑性有限元法，计算辊系变形的影响函数法和弹性有限元法。该系统可用来精确预报轧制压力横向分布，前后张力横向分布，金属横向流动，以及轧后板带的横向板厚分布，包括板凸度和边部减薄等，并且具有较高的计算效率。     

冷轧工作辊热凸度及其对板形影响

冷轧过程中工作辊的热凸度变化是决定带材板形质量的重要因素,研究分析工作辊的热变形及其对板形的影响对于提高带材质量有着重要的意义.以某厂1 450 mm冷连轧生产线为研究对象,运用大型有限元分析软件ANSYS与LS-DYNA分别建立四机架与五机架的工作辊二维热凸度有限元仿真模型和三维有限元轧制仿真模型,并将2个仿真模型相...     

板带粗轧全过程三维热力耦合模拟分析

为了预测热轧过程的温度与轧制力变化情况,利用热力耦合三维有限元模拟方法,对板带热轧粗轧过程进行了全流程模拟仿真分析。介绍了仿真模型的建立、材料参数以及初始条件、边界条件的设置,并对模拟结果进行了分析。最后利用现场实测温度数据和轧制力数据与模拟结果进行对比分析,仿真结果与实测值基本吻合,可为现场的实际生产提供指导。     

CSP线高强度细晶热轧板的混晶和变形拉长晶粒的成因

对CSP线生产的高强度细晶热轧板的混晶和拉长晶粒的成因进行了分析,用有限元分析法模拟了热轧带钢的变形区的剪切应变场和温度场,用Gleeble实际模拟轧制工艺和组织变化。结果表明,CSP线高强度细晶热轧板的混晶和拉长晶粒的形成与钢板轧制过程中的钢板表层的变形场及温度场有关,也与先析出铁素体的形成后再进行轧制变形的过程有关;采用奥氏体深过冷轧制,既保证得到细晶粒又避免产生混晶和被变形拉长的晶粒。新的CSP轧制工艺,成功地生产了高强度高成形性细晶粒C-Mn热轧板。     

板带热连轧过程力能参数、温度和组织变化的预报

采用0rowan公式计算轧制过程中轧件应力应变、有限差分法计算温度变化，建立了板带热连轧生产过程温度变化、微观组织演变综合预报模型。用此模型对鞍钢现场轧制工艺进行了温度变化、奥氏体晶粒大小以及相变过程进行了解析计算，其预报值与现场实测结果吻合较好。     

热轧带钢金属横向流动及影响因素

提出了一种分析热轧带钢金属横向流动问题的新方法.首先使用ANSYS软件建立辊系-轧件静力学耦合模型,计算并提取变形后工作辊有载辊形曲线;然后使用ANSYS/LS-DYNA建立动力学分析模型,采用己得到的有载辊形曲线,模拟带钢轧制过程,求解得到沿带钢全宽的横向流动状态;并进一步分析了弯辊力、工作辊辊形以及来料凸度变化等因素对带钢金属横向流动的影响,得到基于插值计算的带钢横向流动计算模型.有限元方法验证了计算模型的可靠性.      

Micro‐scale Strain Distribution in Hot‐worked Duplex Stainless Steel

A modified microgrid technique has been applied to a laboratory‐made duplex stainless steel, to experimentally simulate the local state of deformation of the austenite‐ferrite microstructure of low‐alloy steels subject to intercritical deformation. A sample containing such a microgrid was deformed by plane strain compression at high temperature under conditions representative of hot rolling processes. The distortion of the microgrid after hot deformation revealed, in a quantifiable manner, the plastic flow of both phases and different deformation features. The micro‐strain distributions measured can be used to validate the models predicting the hot deformation of low alloyed C‐Mn steels during intercritical rolling.     

方矩形管端部成型机制

 利用非线性有限元方法,结合实际生产中方矩形管辊压成形过程,建立了有限元仿真模型。基于该模型对7机架实际辊压成型过程进行了模拟运算,得到了成形过程中稳定段处节点位移矢量、应力和应变的分布情况。通过对仿真计算结果的分析,得到管头端面上在角部和边部的过渡区存在着“位移中性面”,在端面上角部和边部的中心处伴有明显的金属“外翻”和“内翻”的情况,仿真结果与现场轧制结果相符。     

加工条件对管线钢组织影响的实验研究

管线钢的最终组织和性能与控轧工艺以及加速冷却直接相关。采用一种新型的模拟轧制过程设备来研究X70级别管线钢在热变形冷却后的组织；设计了一系列的平面应变压缩实验来模拟板带轧制过程参数特别是精轧温度和冷却速率对最终组织的影响。采用恒定的变形速度70 s-1以及恒定的道次间隙时间，在850、900、950 ℃温度下的单道次和多道次压缩变形，随后研究2种不同冷却速率（3 ℃/s，6 ℃/s）获得的最终微观组织。观察发现，对于950、900、850 ℃的变温变形，出现了严重的混晶现象，而850 ℃下进行的3次压缩试样在6 ℃/s冷却到660 ℃后铁素体晶粒尺寸达到4.3 μm。