海工码头结构混凝土耐久性检测与评估

为研究环境因素对结构混凝土耐久性的影响,现场检测了宁波某海工码头工作平台不同结构区域的结 构混凝土耐久性能. 检测结果表明碳化深度和钢筋保护层厚度的特征值与设计值的比值为大气区>水位变动区 >水下区;混凝土表面氯离子浓度和碱含量为水下区>水位变动区>大气区;表观氯离子扩散系数为水位变动区> 水下区>大气区. 大气区混凝土易受CO2 侵蚀而导致混凝土钢筋保护层劣化. 有害介质氯离子与CO2 共同侵蚀 导致水位变动区混凝土钢筋锈蚀和钢筋保护层劣化. 作业时间有限和环境恶劣降低了水下区混凝土对钢筋的 保护能力,导致钢筋锈蚀速度和钢筋保护层劣化加快.     

钢筋锈蚀率的概率模型及时变可靠度分析

氯离子引起的钢筋锈蚀是导致钢筋混凝土结构性能劣化的主要原因,因此有必要对钢筋锈蚀率的计算进行详细研究。考虑钢筋锈蚀过程中各影响因素的不确定性,将钢筋初锈时间和保护层开裂时间作为随机变量,首先分3种情况建立钢筋锈蚀率的计算模型;然后通过Monte Carlo模拟对锈蚀率进行概率分析,确定锈蚀率的概率分布类型和统计参数,最后根据收集的试验数据建立钢筋混凝土受弯构件剩余承载力与钢筋锈蚀率的关系,对受腐钢筋混凝土受弯构件进行时变可靠度分析。研究表明:钢筋锈蚀率服从正态-正态双峰分布;暴露时间越长,钢筋未锈蚀和混凝土保护层未开裂的概率越小;构件可靠度随时间的增加明显降低。     

浅谈钢筋混凝土构件表面防护与剥蚀修补

调查与研究表明,混凝土碳化、氯离子侵蚀是导致钢筋混凝土构件钢筋锈蚀的主要原因,钢筋锈蚀使构件产生裂缝、混凝土剥落等表层剥蚀破坏。我省在加固水闸公路桥、丁作桥等水上构件时,采用HS环氧厚浆涂料防碳化、防氯离子侵蚀表面封闭处理,对构件表面剥蚀破坏部位用苏水ME-4高性能修补砂浆修补．均取得良好效果。     

混凝土保护层锈胀裂缝扩展规律试验研究

基于通电加速腐蚀方法,研究了4种试件的表面开裂时间和表面裂缝宽度随时间的演化。开裂初期,表面裂缝宽度随时间缓慢增大,当裂缝宽度达到一定值后,表面裂缝宽度随时间迅速增大,最后呈稳定扩展趋势;纵向钢筋的锈蚀并不均匀,钢筋面向保护层一侧的钢筋表面锈蚀较为严重。     

海工混凝土氯离子分布概率模型分析与应用

在海工混凝土结构中,由于氯离子侵蚀导致的钢筋锈蚀问题十分普遍。为准确判断钢筋初锈时间,预测结构耐久性劣化规律,在现有氯离子扩散模型的基础上,基于蒙特卡罗理论,利用MATLAB软件对钢筋周围氯离子浓度分布进行随机抽样模拟。结果表明一定时间段内（10年、50年、100年）钢筋周围氯离子浓度服从对数正态分布,并提出判断钢筋锈蚀的概率模型,以概率方法判断钢筋锈蚀,其可靠性将大大增加。结合该模型对连云港港区现场服役混凝土构件进行了氯离子含量预测,现场取粉试验结果基本符合该模型分布,其均值吻合较好,并对港区混凝土结构耐久性使用寿命失效概率进行了风险评估。     

东海环境下混凝土中Cl~-渗透性能及对钢筋锈蚀的影响研究

以实际海洋工程结构为依托,通过实海暴露试验和实验室性能检测,对服役时间、裂缝宽度、保护层厚度和Cl~-浓度影响钢筋混凝土结构的腐蚀劣化进行了研究。结果表明,混凝土初期氯离子渗透速度较快、后期明显减小;裂缝可作为氯离子渗透的有效途径;而保护层厚度越大,外界腐蚀性介质侵入越困难;氯离子可有效增强混凝土孔隙液的导电能力,导致钢筋腐蚀;且随氯离子浓度增大,钢筋自腐蚀电流密度增大并逐渐趋于稳定。     

人工气候环境下水工混凝土钢筋初始锈蚀时间预测

根据人工气候环境下的混凝土侵蚀试验测得的混凝土中氯离子质量分数,分别研究了腐蚀24 d,40 d,80 d,120 d和160 d后混凝土的氯离子扩散参数,基于Fick第二定律和Monte-Carlo法模拟了混凝土中钢筋的初始锈蚀时间。结果表明,在人工气候环境下混凝土保护层有效厚度对水工混凝土钢筋初始锈蚀时间的影响较大。     

混凝土构件锈蚀胀裂时的钢筋锈蚀率

本文建立了由于钢筋锈蚀导致的混凝土保护层胀裂时的钢筋混凝土构件的力学模型，应用弹性力学理论得到了混凝土保护层胀裂时的钢筋锈蚀率的解析表达式，并讨论了与混凝土保护层胀裂时的钢筋锈蚀率相关的各个影响因素，得到以下结论：随着混凝土保护层厚度和混凝土等级的增加，混凝土胀裂时的钢筋锈蚀率会增大；混凝土内钢筋直径的减小，也会导致混凝土胀裂时钢筋锈蚀率的增加；不同的钢筋锈蚀产物，有着不同的铁锈膨胀率，随着铁锈膨胀率的减小，混凝土保护层胀裂时的钢筋锈蚀率增大；而铁锈的名义弹性模量和名义泊松比对混凝土保护层胀裂时的钢筋锈蚀率影响很小。     

海工环境混凝土中氯离子扩散敏感性分析

混凝土结构耐久性问题是当今世界普遍关注的问题。由于氯离子侵蚀,导致钢筋锈蚀,使结构发生早期破坏,丧失了结构的耐久性能,已成为实际工程中的重要问题。基于Fick第二定律,分别考虑表面氯离子浓度、温度、水灰比、初始氯离子含量,计算氯离子扩散。敏感性分析表明表面氯离子浓度、温度、水灰比对混凝土中氯离子扩散影响较大,初始氯离子含量影响较小。     

防止混凝土内钢筋锈蚀风险所需保护层厚度研究

为探讨混凝土碳化与氯离子侵蚀的相互影响及其对混凝土的危害,给定了各种边界条件,研究了因混凝土碳化导致钢筋锈蚀的机理和过程,分析了混凝土未碳化的定量深度。结果表明,对于双重影响条件(即碳化和氯离子侵蚀)下的混凝土,就碳化本身而言,造成混凝土恶化的风险并不是很大,但混凝土碳化会明显加快氯离子的侵蚀,二者共同作用是造成混凝土性能恶化的重要原因。为防止碳化引起的钢筋锈蚀,应精确考虑混凝土保护层厚度。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。