大米中16种真菌毒素同时检测分析

目的建立大米中黄曲霉毒素、伏马毒素、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇类毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、T-2毒素、HT-2毒素以及杂色曲霉毒素等16种真菌毒素便捷准确的液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法大米样品经粉碎均质后采用70%甲醇水溶液浸泡提取,通过PriboFastRM226多功能净化柱净化,利用液相色谱串联质谱的多反应监测模式进行测定分析,采用内标法定量。结果 16种真菌毒素均具有良好的线性关系(r0.99),3个加标水平回收率为85.2%～102.8%,相对标准偏差范围为2.05%～4.75%。在61件大米检测中,共有5件样品检出真菌毒素,检测到的真菌毒素有5种,其中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马毒素B_1、伏马毒素B_2、15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇各有1件样品检出,黄曲霉毒素B_1有3件检出,检出率为8.33%,检出的5种真菌毒素含量在0.69～71.47μg/kg,均未超过国家食品安全标准规定的真菌毒素限量标准。结论大米中真菌毒素的检出率低,含量符合国家标准要求,该检测方法准确、可靠、便捷,可适用于大米中多种真菌毒素的检测。     

白酒酒醅中真菌毒素的检测

该实验建立了白酒生产原料酒醅中31种真菌毒素的液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品使用乙腈与1%的甲酸水混合溶液（85∶15,V/V）提取,经QuEChERS法净化后,采用多反应监测模式（MRM）检测,可同时对31种真菌毒素进行定性定量分析。结果表明,该方法的相关系数R2为0.991～0.999,线性关系良好,检出限和定量限分别为0.1～5.0 μg/kg和0.4～16.5 μg/kg,平均回收率为83.1%～108.7%,回收率实验结果的相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.5%～9.6%。对10个随机抽取的酒醅样品进行检测,检出的真菌毒素分别有：黄曲霉毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物、T-2毒素、新茄病镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素、杂色曲霉素。该方法的灵敏度、准确度和精密度良好,可满足白酒生产原料中31种真菌毒素的检测。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定牛奶中24 种真菌毒素

运用基质分散固相萃取净化,建立牛奶中24 种真菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素B2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素G2、黄曲霉毒素M1、赭曲霉毒素A、玉米赤霉烯酮、玉米赤霉酮、α-玉米赤霉烯醇、β-玉米赤霉烯醇、α-玉米赤霉醇、β-玉米赤霉醇、T-2毒素、HT-2霉素、伏马毒素B1、伏马毒素B2、伏马毒素B3、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、交链孢霉单甲基醚、交链孢酚、腾毒素、细交链孢菌酮酸）多残留检测的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品经80%乙腈溶液（体积分数）提取,通过基质分散固相萃取净化,氮吹至近干,1 mL 50%乙腈溶液（体积分数）复溶,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱进行测定。经ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3反相柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm）分离,梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源-多反应监测模式采集。24 种目标物的相关系数（R2）均大于0.985,加标回收率为71.0%～123.0%,相对标准偏差均小于10%。该方法具有操作简单、重复性好、灵敏度高、杂质干扰小等特点,可以用于牛奶中24 种真菌毒素的检测。     

杂质吸附固相萃取–液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定粮食中15种真菌毒素

建立了同步检测粮食中15种真菌毒素的杂质吸附固相萃取–超高效液相色谱串联质谱方法。样品经0.1%酸化84%乙腈水溶液提取,杂质吸附柱Prime-HLB净化后,加入稳定同位素内标补偿基质效应干扰,选择Phenomenon Kinetex Bipheny l100A作为分离柱,采用梯度洗脱,超高效液相色谱–串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）检测,内标法定量。结果表明,15种真菌毒素的线性相关系数均大于0.996,检出限为0.2~15 μg/kg,定量限为0.8~30 μg/kg;三种基质3个添加水平的回收率为76.9%~116.1%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.4%~10%;对玉米基质标准物质进行检测验证,表明8种真菌毒素的检测值均在标示范围内;采用本方法检测了市售粮食135批次,共有97批样品检出真菌毒素,检出率为71%,多毒素同时污染现象较为普遍。方法可用于粮食及其制品中真菌毒素的快速检测。     

液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定食用植物油中的多种真菌毒素

基于分步液液提取以及脂质净化柱净化的样品前处理方式,建立同时测定食用植物油中28种真菌毒素的高效液相色谱-串联质谱的测定方法。28种真菌毒素的定量限范围0.07～1.25μg/kg,三水平加标回收率范围60%～120%,峰面积相对标准偏差小于12.5%,均满足国家标准GB/T 27404-2008《实验室质量控制规范食品理化检测》中实验室质量控制规范以及真菌毒素限量标准的要求。应用本方法对市售食用植物油样品进行真菌毒素的风险监测,结果显示:黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮及其衍生物、杂色曲霉素、T-2毒素有不同程度的检出。其中,花生油中主要的真菌毒素种类为黄曲霉毒素、杂色曲霉素以及玉米赤霉烯酮;菜籽油和玉米油中主要的真菌毒素种类为玉米赤霉烯酮及其衍生物。     

高效液相色谱－串联质谱法测定桃仁中 10种真菌毒素

目的 建立了桃仁中黄曲霉毒素G2、G1、B2、B1、赭曲霉毒素A、呕吐毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮、伏马毒素B1、B2及T-2毒素10种真菌毒素的液相色谱－串联质谱测定法。方法 样品经70%甲醇溶液超声提取,用水稀释后经HLB柱净化,经C18色谱柱分离,以电喷雾离子源在正负离子多反应监测(MRM)模式下测定,外标法定量。结果 10种真菌毒素的线性关系良好,γ＞0.995。回收率在60％～100％之间。结论该法快速简便,准确,可用于中药材中真菌毒素的多成分残留测定。     

基于UPLC-MS-MS技术定量确证小麦中10种真菌毒素

建立了小麦中黄曲霉毒素B_1、黄曲霉毒素B_2、黄曲霉毒素G_1、黄曲霉毒素G_2、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮等10种真菌毒素的超高液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法检测的方法。小麦样品经乙腈-水-乙酸溶液震荡超声提取后,采用多功能净化柱净化。待测物经Kinetex SB-C_(18)色谱柱分离,甲醇-0.1%甲酸为流动相,梯度洗脱,正负模式同时扫描,三重串联四级杆质谱多反应离子监测(MRM)方式检测,基质标准校正,外标法定量。结果表明,在一定的浓度范围内,10种真菌毒素线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,方法的检出限为0.015~1μg/kg,空白样品中添加高中低不同浓度的真菌毒素的回收率为65.12%~89.16%,RSD%(n=6)在4.26%~9.46%之间。该方法分析速度快、重复性好、灵敏度高,适合小麦中多种真菌毒素的高灵敏度快速测定。     

多功能净化柱净化-超高液相色谱串联质谱法检测云南所售部分面条及面条制品中的6种真菌毒素

目的 建立多功能净化柱净化-超高液相色谱-串联质谱法检测云南所售部分面条及面条制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A和玉米赤霉烯酮6种真菌毒素的含量。方法 样品经乙腈-水-甲酸(70: 29: 1, V:V:V)溶液浸泡提取, 通过Pribo Fast?M226多功能净化柱净化, 采用超高液相色谱-串联质谱的多反应监测模式进行分析, 外标法进行定量。结果 6种真菌毒素在0.05~400 μg/L范围内线性关系良好(r>0.994), 加标回收率为87.6%~101.3%, 相对标准偏差为1.09%~3.65%。81份面条样品中, 脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检出含量为15.2~664 μg/kg, 检出率为98.77%, 检测值均未超过国家食品安全标准规定的参考限量值, 其余5种真菌毒素均为未检出。结论 本检测方法具有快速便捷、准确性好、灵敏度高、特异性强等特点, 适用于面条中6种真菌毒素的同时测定。     

市售调味酱中5种真菌毒素的测定

建立了用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测芝麻酱、花生酱及黄豆酱中5种真菌毒素(黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素B2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素G2、赭曲霉毒素A)的检测方法.样品采取乙腈-甲酸-水(70∶1∶29,体积比)混合溶液提取,利用多功能净化柱净化,采用1％的甲酸水相和混合甲醇-乙腈有机相进行梯度洗脱,经多反应监测模...     

青稞真菌毒素检测分析

采集甘肃、西藏、青海、四川四省共299份青稞样品,采用高效液相色谱串联质谱方法对其13种真菌毒素进行检测分析.结果表明:4个省份青稞样品中13种真菌毒素均未超标,仅检出T-2毒素(T-2 Toxin)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN).青海部分地区T-2检出率为49.26％;四川部分地区T-2、ZEN,检...     

LC-MS/MS multi-method for mycotoxins after single extraction, with validation data for peanut, pistachio, wheat, maize, cornflakes, raisins and figs

Mycotoxin analysis is usually carried out by high performance liquid chromatography after immunoaffinity column cleanup or in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. These methods normally involve determination of single compounds only. EU legislation already exists for the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and patulin in food, and legislation will come into force for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and the fumonisins in 2007. To enforce the various legal limits, it would be preferable to determine all mycotoxins by routine analysis in different types of matrices in one single extract. This would also be advantageous for HACCP control purposes. For this reason, a multi-method was developed with which 33 mycotoxins in various products could be analysed simultaneously. The mycotoxins were extracted with an acetonitrile/water mixture, diluted with water and then directly injected into a LC-MS/MS system. The mycotoxins were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected using an electrospray ionisation interface (ESI) and tandem MS, using MRM in the positive ion mode, to increase specificity for quality control. The following mycotoxins could be analysed in a single 30-min run: Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, alpha-zearalenol, alpha-zearalanol, beta-zearalanol, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, penicillic acid, fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, diacetoxyscirpenol, 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, zearalanone, ergotamin, ergocornin, ergocristin, alpha-ergocryptin, citrinin, roquefortin C, fusarenone X, nivalenol, mycophenolic acid, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether. The limit of quantification for the aflatoxins and ochratoxin A was 1.0 microg kg(-1) and for deoxynivalenol 50 microg kg(-1). The quantification limits for the other mycotoxins were in the range 10-200 microg kg(-1). The matrix effect and validation data are presented for between 13 and 24 mycotoxins in peanuts, pistachios, wheat, maize, cornflakes, raisins and figs. The method has been compared with the official EU method for the determination of aflatoxins in food and relevant FAPAS rounds. The multi-mycotoxin method has been proven by the detection of more than one mycotoxin in maize, buckwheat, figs and nuts. The LC-MS/MS technique has also been applied to baby food, which is subject to lower limits for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, ergot alkaloids in naturally contaminated rye and freeze-dried silage samples.     

固相萃取柱净化-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速测定液态乳中14 种真菌毒素

建立使用固相萃取柱净化液态乳中14 种真菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素B2、黄曲霉毒素G1、黄曲霉毒素G2、黄曲霉毒素M1、赭曲霉毒素A、橘霉素、T-2毒素、杂色曲霉素、伏马毒素B1、伏马毒素B2、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、青霉酸）多残留的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法。样品经含0.1%甲酸-乙腈沉淀蛋白和提取,固相萃取柱Oasis PRiME HLB净化后,以0.1%甲酸溶液与乙腈为流动相,经ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3色谱柱（2.1?mm×100?mm,1.8?μm）分离,梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾-正离子多反应监测模式,外标法定量。结果表明：14?种真菌毒素的定量限（RSN≥10）为0.5～5?μg/kg,高、中、低3?个添加水平时,平均回收率为67.7%～112.7%,相对标准偏差为0.43%～7.28%。该方法的检测速度快,净化效果较好,基质干扰较少,灵敏度高,结果准确、可靠,可用于液态乳中真菌毒素的检测分析。     

LC-MS/MS multi-method for mycotoxins after single extraction, with validation data for peanut, pistachio, wheat, maize, cornflakes, raisins and figs.

Mycotoxin analysis is usually carried out by high performance liquid chromatography after immunoaffinity column cleanup or in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. These methods normally involve determination of single compounds only. EU legislation already exists for the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and patulin in food, and legislation will come into force for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and the fumonisins in 2007. To enforce the various legal limits, it would be preferable to determine all mycotoxins by routine analysis in different types of matrices in one single extract. This would also be advantageous for HACCP control purposes. For this reason, a multi-method was developed with which 33 mycotoxins in various products could be analysed simultaneously. The mycotoxins were extracted with an acetonitrile/water mixture, diluted with water and then directly injected into a LC-MS/MS system. The mycotoxins were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected using an electrospray ionisation interface (ESI) and tandem MS, using MRM in the positive ion mode, to increase specificity for quality control. The following mycotoxins could be analysed in a single 30-min run: Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, alpha-zearalenol, alpha-zearalanol, beta-zearalanol, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, penicillic acid, fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, diacetoxyscirpenol, 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, zearalanone, ergotamin, ergocornin, ergocristin, alpha-ergocryptin, citrinin, roquefortin C, fusarenone X, nivalenol, mycophenolic acid, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether. The limit of quantification for the aflatoxins and ochratoxin A was 1.0 microg kg(-1) and for deoxynivalenol 50 microg kg(-1). The quantification limits for the other mycotoxins were in the range 10-200 microg kg(-1). The matrix effect and validation data are presented for between 13 and 24 mycotoxins in peanuts, pistachios, wheat, maize, cornflakes, raisins and figs. The method has been compared with the official EU method for the determination of aflatoxins in food and relevant FAPAS rounds. The multi-mycotoxin method has been proven by the detection of more than one mycotoxin in maize, buckwheat, figs and nuts. The LC-MS/MS technique has also been applied to baby food, which is subject to lower limits for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, ergot alkaloids in naturally contaminated rye and freeze-dried silage samples.     

A new solid phase extraction clean-up method for the determination of 12 type A and B trichothecenes in cereals and cereal-based food by LC-MS/MS

A new reliable and cost-efficient solid phase extraction-based clean-up method for the determination of 12 type A and B trichothecenes [deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol, monoacetoxy-scirpenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 triol and T-2 tetraol] in cereals and cereal-based food is presented. Furthermore, the suitability for the simultaneous determination of zearalenone is examined. Toxins were extracted from cereal samples using ACN/water (80/20, v/v), purified by means of a new Bond Elut Mycotoxin column and analyzed via liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Limits of detection were calculated for the matrix wheat and ranged from 0.3 to 5 ng/g, depending on the toxin. Average recovery rates for the tested compounds in seven cereal-based matrices have been determined ranging from 65 to 104%. The relative standard deviations of the complete method ranged from 2.67 (DON, wheat) to 20.0% (T-2 toxin, oats).     

Mycotoxin contamination of sorghum and its contribution to human dietary exposure in four sub-Saharan countries

This research aimed at evaluating the safety, and the type, level and prevalence of mycotoxins in grain sorghum of four sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Mali and Sudan). A multi-analyte LC-MS/MS method for quantification of 23 mycotoxins (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, neosolaniol, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, roquefortine C, HT-2 toxin, alternariol, T-2 toxin, FB1, FB2, FB3, zearalenone, aflatoxin G₁, aflatoxin G₂, aflatoxin B₁, aflatoxin B₂, sterigmatocystin, OTA, altenuene, alternariol monomethylether) was applied to different sorghum matrices. Of the 1533 analysed samples, 33% were contaminated with at least one of the following mycotoxins: aflatoxins, fumonisins, sterigmatocystin, Alternaria toxins, OTA and zearalenone. Country of origin, colour, source and collection period of sorghum samples significantly influenced the type, level and prevalence of mycotoxins. Sterigmatocystin (15%), fumonisins (17%) and aflatoxins (13%) were the most prevalent. FB1 (274 ± 585 µg/kg) had the highest mean concentration followed by FB2 (214 ± 308 µg/kg) while diacetoxyscirpenol (8.12 ± 19.2 µg/kg) and HT-2 (11.9 ± 0.00 µg/kg) had the lowest concentrations. Neosolaniol, fusarenon-X, 3-acetyl deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, nivalenol and roquefortine C were not detected in any of the samples. Sudan had the lowest prevalence and mean concentration of all mycotoxins. Pink sorghum had the highest concentrations of fumonisins and aflatoxins. Mycotoxins from Aspergillus spp. and Alternaria spp. are the mycotoxins of concern in SSA grain sorghum with regard to prevalence, concentration and possible health risk from exposure. Based on the performed risk characterisation, daily consumption of sorghum containing aflatoxins, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, sterigmatocystin and OTA could result in exceeding the established health-based guidance values for these toxins.     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-质谱法检测食品中14 种真菌毒素

建立QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-质谱检测食品中14 种真菌毒素的方法。均质样品用1%乙酸-乙腈提取,经分散固相萃取净化后,采用ACQUITU UPLC BEH C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm）分离。采用电喷雾电离、多反应监测方式,可同时对食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、青霉酸、黄曲霉毒素M1、黄曲霉毒素G2、桔青霉毒素、黄曲霉毒素B1、黄曲霉毒素B2、黄曲霉毒素G1、玉米赤霉烯酮、赭曲霉毒素A、杂色曲霉毒素、HT-2毒素、T-2毒素、鬼臼毒素14 种真菌毒素进行定性和定量分析。最低检出限为0.5～1 μg/kg。该方法简便快速、选择性佳、灵敏度高,适用于食品安全事件分析中真菌毒素的分析。     

Simple and high-throughput method for the multimycotoxin analysis in cereals and related foods by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid, reliable and sensitive method was developed to determine 12 mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, fumonisins B1 and B2, ochratoxin A, HT-2 and T-2 toxin and zearalenone) simultaneously in maize, walnuts, biscuits and breakfast cereals. The method is based on a single extraction step using acetonitrile/water mixture (80/20 v/v) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). The selectivity of the MS/MS detection allowed the elimination of further clean up steps. Extraction, chromatographic and detection conditions were optimised in order to increase sample throughput and sensitivity. Matrix-matched calibration was used for quantification and recoveries of the extraction process ranged from 70.0% and 108.4%, with relative standard deviations lower than 25% in all the cases, when samples were fortified at 5 and 50 μg/kg. Limits of detection ranged from 0.01 to 2.1 μg/kg and limits of quantification ranged from 0.03 to 6.30 μg/kg, which were always below the tolerance levels of mycotoxins set by European Union in the matrices evaluated. Several samples were analysed and aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and T-2 toxin were detected in one maize sample, with concentrations lower than 6.0 μg/kg and deoxynivalenol was detected in a breakfast cereal at 42.1 μg/kg.     

Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial formula milk and cereal-based baby food on the Qatar market

The present study was conducted to explore the occurrence of mycotoxins in commercial baby foods in Doha-Qatar. LCMS/MS- and HPLC-based analysis of baby food (n = 67) for 12 mycotoxins confirmed the presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1, 33%), ochratoxin A (OTA, 31%), deoxynivalenol (DON, 27%), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1, 22%), fumonisin B2 (FB2, 10%), zearalenone (ZEN, 4%) and T-2 toxin (2%). Noodles exhibited the maximum contamination percentage, with 33% of the samples being contaminated above the EU maximum limits, for at least one mycotoxin. Among the multi-grain flake samples, up to 28% and for the milk and milk-based-cereal samples, 14% contained at least one mycotoxin above the EU maximum limits. From all cereal-based food samples, 22%, 5%, 2% and 2% were concurrently contaminated with 2, 3, 4 and 5 mycotoxins, respectively. The occurrence of toxicological important mycotoxins in Qatari market warrants the implementation of strict regulatory limits to protect human health.     

Mycotoxins and the cereals industry—a review

Mycotoxicoses in humans and animals associated with the consumption of mouldy cereals have long been recognized and many are now linked with the occurrence of specific mould metabolites (mycotoxins). Mycotoxins which have been detected in cereals are aflatoxins, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol and of these only aflatoxin B₁ has so far been shown to exhibit serious toxicity to humans. Surveys have shown that the occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals in the UK and USA is rare except for localized problems with corn in the Southern United States. Also it is clear that aflatoxins are more likely to occur in warm humid climates while the other mycotoxins listed above are more characteristic of temperate climates if there is a wet harvest.