慈溪市葡萄农药残留膳食摄入风险评估

目的开展葡萄农药残留膳食摄入风险评估工作,为葡萄食用、农药残留监管和农药最大残留限量提供科学依据。方法在2008~2013年对慈溪市生产的169批次葡萄样品进行了23种农药残留定量检测分析,分别用%ADI和%ARf D进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险评估和急性膳食摄入风险评估,用ADI值、大份餐和体重等参数计算最大残留限量估计值(eMRL)。结果近6年葡萄农药检出率为24.85%,超标率为0.59%。检出的7种农药慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)为0.010%~1.34%,平均值为0.23%;急性膳食摄入风险(%ARf D)为0.98~28.30%,平均值为8.90%。葡萄农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均很低。结论检出的7种农药最大残留限量(MRLs)均过严,建议将敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、百菌清、氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、腐霉利等7种农药的最大残留限量分别定为0.5、3.5、2.5、2.5、2.5、2.5、11 mg/kg。     

基于食品安全指数法的台山市蔬菜和水果农药残留风险评估

该研究监测了2019~2021年台山市10个类蔬果中16种农药的残留量,采用食品安全指数法（Index of Food Safety,IFS）和危害物风险系数法（Hazard Risk Coefficient,R）对其进行安全水平评估。结果表明,1 928份蔬果样品中,34份不合格,总体合格率为98.24%,芽菜类等3类蔬菜合格率低于总体水平,毒死蜱和克百威超标占比达35.90%。食品安全指数法显示,叶菜类蔬菜 为2.59,安全状态不可接受,豆类蔬菜等5类 为0.066~0.38,安全状态可以接受,其余4类安全状态良好;氟虫腈等3种农药IFS为0.68~14.05,对安全性影响不可接受,其余13种农药IFS为0.005 8~0.76,对安全性影响可以接受。危害物风险系数法显示,毒死蜱等5种农药风险系数R为2.67~6.10,处于高风险,丙溴磷等4种风险系数R为1.91~2.22,处于中风险,其余7种均为低风险。建议监管部门应采取多种评价方法综合评估农药残留风险,加大风险品种蔬果、中高风险以及对安全影响较高的农药残留监测,同时提高快检技术在监管工作的覆盖面,加大植物生长调节剂和新型农药快检技术研发。     

芹菜农药残留风险评估

目的 评估芹菜样品的农药残留风险, 为生产上安全合理使用农药及制订农药最大残留限量标准提供参考依据。方法 随机抽取基地30份芹菜样品, 检测68种农药残留, 分别运用风险系数法、慢性膳食摄入风险(acceptable daily intake, ADI)评估法、急性膳食摄入风险(acute reference dose, ARfD)评估法、风险矩阵排序法进行芹菜农药残留风险评估。结果 芹菜农药残留合格率为70.00%, 超标农药为甲拌磷、二甲戊灵、阿维菌素、对硫磷。甲拌磷、对硫磷、阿维菌素和二甲戊灵的风险系数R﹥2.5, 为高风险农药, 其余农药为低风险。慢性膳食摄入风险及急性膳食摄入风险均在可接受范围内。风险矩阵排序位于前五位的分别是甲拌磷、对硫磷、阿维菌素、异丙威、联苯菊酯。结论 芹菜种植中农药残留超标率较高, 其中甲拌磷风险最大, 其次为对流磷和阿维菌素等, 应重点监控芹菜种植中这些农药的使用。     

兰州市售葡萄中农药残留水平分析及风险评估

为了探讨湖北地区市售葡萄中农药残留特征以及其膳食暴露风险,本研究采用液相色谱串联质谱法和气相色谱串联质谱法对2022年湖北地区大型水果农贸市场和超市的128份葡萄样品中的46种农药残留进行分析,并采用英国兽药残留委员会兽药残留风险排序矩阵和食品安全指数法对检出的农药残留进行膳食暴露评估。结果表明,本次抽检的葡萄农药残留检出率为78.1%,有4个样品中的氯氟氰菊酯超标,超标率为3.1%,共检出20种农药,其中有9种未登记农药。根据残留风险得分,检出的农药中有阿维菌素、三唑醇、甲基硫菌灵等7种高风险农药,噻虫嗪、戊唑醇、啶虫脒、氯氰菊酯4种中风险农药,烯酰吗啉、嘧菌酯、抑霉唑等9种低风险农药。按照风险指数排序,中风险样品占3.1%,低风险和极低风险样品占96.9%。根据食品安全指数法的结果,20种检出农药的食品安全指数（IFS）值都低于1,说明膳食暴露风险在可接受的范围内。总体来说,本次监测的湖北葡萄样品质量安全状况良好,农药残留引起的膳食暴露风险较低。     

河北省设施黄瓜农药残留风险评估

目的 明确河北省设施黄瓜农药残留状况和居民的膳食摄入风险情况。方法 对采自主产区的90份设施黄瓜样品进行农药残留检测,分别通过%ADI 和%ARfD 进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险评估和急性膳食摄入风险评估,借鉴英国兽药残留委员会兽药残留风险排序矩阵进行风险排序。结果 检测的87种农药中有26 种农药检出残留,检测的90份样品的阳性样品比率为100.0%。不同人群慢性膳食摄入风险(ADI%)在0.00%～17.58%之间,急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)在0.06%～54.29%之间。根据残留风险得分,高风险农药有3种,即阿维菌素、联苯菊酯和毒死蜱。结论 河北省设施黄瓜农药残留检出率较高,仅有1个样品农药残留超标。农药残留对居民的膳食摄入风险均很低,没有健康风险。建议优先登记盐酸吗啉胍等抗病毒药物在黄瓜上的使用,并制定盐酸吗啉在黄瓜上的MRL值。     

我国和CAC葡萄农药残留标准比较

本文比较了我国和食品法典委员会所制定的葡萄中农药残留最大残留限量(MRLs),结果表明:我国与CAC所制定的相关标准,仍有一定的差距.并对完善食品安全体系提出几点建议,为我国今后制定更加完善的残留标准奠定一定的基础.     

设施栽培草莓中农药残留膳食风险评估

以北京、河北、山东、安徽和辽宁五个设施栽培草莓主产区的120个样品为研究对象,进行88种农药残留分析及膳食摄入风险评估,利用风险排序矩阵对检出农药进行风险排序,并计算最大残留限量估计值。结果表明,120个草莓样品中农药检出率为100%,共检出50种农药,其中23种农药在我国或国际食品法典委员会制定了草莓中最大残留限量值,均未超标;检出农药的慢性和急性膳食摄入风险分别为0.0005%~33.02%(平均值1.39%)和0.01%~72.51%(平均值5.51%),均小于100%;根据农药风险得分排序,检出的农药可划分为4类,其中高风险农药仅有1种,为水胺硫磷,中风险农药有6种,占12.5%,以低风险以下农药为主(41种),占85.4%;建议尽快制定或修订草莓中阿维菌素、敌敌畏和多菌灵等45种农药的最大残留限量值。     

葡萄中43种农药残留的快速分析方法与膳食暴露风险评估

采用改进的QuEChERS(Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe)方法进行样品前处理,结合气相色谱串联质谱(Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, GC-MS/MS),建立了葡萄中43种农药残留的分析方法。采用此方法对武汉市2022年采集的124份市售葡萄样品进行检测,分析其农药残留现状。通过膳食摄入风险和食品安全指数法对农药残留的膳食暴露风险进行评估。结果表明,43种农药在1～500μg/L线性关系良好,相关系数R2均大于0.99。该方法的检出限为0.08～3.11μg/kg,定量限为0.24～9.33μg/kg;在3个水平(10、50、100μg/kg)的添加浓度下,回收率为71.7%～128.8%,相对标准偏差为2.6%～9.7%,可满足葡萄中农药残留检测的要求。124份样品农药残留的检出率为46.8%,共检出12种农药。其中,氯氟氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯超标,超标率分别为3.2%和0.8%。对检出的12种农药进行膳食暴露风险评估,慢性膳食暴露风险范围为0.092%～0.598%,急...     

西瓜农药残留的风险评估

为明确西瓜中残留农药的种类、残留风险水平及最大残留限量建议值,该研究以2018年和2019年山东、新疆、海南、广西4省422份西瓜样品为研究对象,开展了60种农药残留的定量分析,进而通过急慢性膳食摄入风险、风险排序、农药最大残留限量估计值等,对残留农药膳食风险、风险相对较高残留农药种类、最大残留限量进行了分析与探讨。结果显示：残留农药共18种,其中嘧霉胺、多菌灵、啶虫脒、烯酰吗啉残留样品所占比例相对较高,分别为18.25%、16.59%、14.22%、13.27%;残留农药的%ADI和%ARfD值分别处于0.0000%~0.0112%和0.1191%~39.7521%之间,远小于100%;甲维盐、哒螨灵、三唑磷3种农药的风险得分分别为24.02、24.02、24.12,风险相对较高;9种残留农药尚未制定最大残留限量,8种符合制定最大残留限量的要求,其中吡虫啉和三唑磷残留兼具风险相对较高,且无最大残留限量的特点,最大残留建议值依次为1、0.02 mg/kg。综合以上分析：样品存在农药残留,但其残留膳食风险均处安全水平,建议加快制定西瓜中吡虫啉和三唑磷的最大残留限量。     

主产区杨桃中农药残留风险评估

目的 明确主产区广西、广东、福建及海南杨桃中农药残留状况,评估其农药残留风险,为杨桃安全生产及农药最大残留限量制修订提供科学依据。方法 对在主产区采集的70份杨桃中105种农药残留进行检测,并对检出的农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)、急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)进行评估及风险排序。结果 在70份杨桃中共有53份样品检出农药残留,检出率为75.7%;检出的农药共有18种,检出最多的前三位是多菌灵、甲基毒死蜱、啶虫脒,检出率分别为42.8%、17.1%、15.7%;检出农药的慢性膳食摄入风险均值为2.03%;急性膳食摄入风险均值为5.89%,所有农药残留风险值均低于100%,风险很低。杨桃中高风险农药是灭多威、3-羟基克百威、三氯杀螨醇3种。结论 主产区杨桃中农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均很低,在杨桃安全生产和消费、质量安全监管中应对高风险农药重点关注,建议加快对杨桃中使用农药的登记和最大残留限量的制修订。     

西安市猕猴桃主产区农药残留风险评估

目的通过对西安市猕猴桃进行系统的农药残留情况及膳食暴露风险分析,明确猕猴桃农药残留风险状况。方法对2018年西安市周至县14个猕猴桃主产乡镇共200批次样品进行农药残留定量检测分析,用每日允许摄入量和急性参考剂量进行慢性膳食摄入风险评估和急性膳食摄入风险评估,利用猕猴桃大份餐、每日允许摄入量和人均参考体重计算最大残留限量估计值。并参照兽药残留风险排序矩阵方法(英国兽药残留委员会)对农药和样品进行风险排序。结果 200个猕猴桃样品中有137个样品检出了农药残留,未有超标农药和禁用农药检出;在检出的14种农药中,慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均值远远小于100%;将14种检出农药按照风险得分分为Ⅲ类,第Ⅰ类为高等风险农药,共1种;第Ⅱ类为中等风险农药,共0种;第Ⅲ类为低等风险农药,共有13种;以风险指数排序,低风险样品占35.5%,极低风险样品占64.5%,检出农药残留种类为3个以上的样品有占比5.5%,检出农药残留种类为1～2个的样品占比61.5%,未检出农药残留有66个样品,占比33%。结论西安市周至县猕猴桃农药残留处于低风险状态,但仍然要加强日常监管工作。     

臭氧降解蔬菜中农药残留机理与效果研究

研究了臭氧降解蔬菜中农药残留机理和效果。结果表明，臭氧对甲胺磷、氧化乐果、敌敌畏、对硫磷和溴氰菊酯均有较强的降解作用。甲胺磷降解速度最快，其次为溴氰菊酯、氧化乐果、敌敌畏、对硫磷。不同种类蔬菜中以叶菜中农药残留最易降解，其次为莱豆、果莱。经5min处理结果比较，臭氧与果蔬清洗剂对叶菜中农药残留的清洗效果相当，对茄果类蔬菜臭氧清洗效果优于果蔬清洗剂。     

Residue levels and health risk of pesticide residues in bell pepper in Shandong

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to investigate pesticide residues in bell peppers from Shandong Province, China. A total of 299 samples were collected from 17 cities in 2016. The concentrations of 26 pesticide residues were determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed that there were 25 pesticides (15 OPs, 7 PYs, 3 CBs) found in 86 bell pepper samples, and the total number of positives was 120. The total frequency was 28.76%. The detection frequency for OPs, PYs and CBs was 16.39%, 12.37% and 3.01%, respectively. The most frequently detected pesticide was bifenthrin, with the frequency of 5.02%. 5.35% of samples contained pesticide residues above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by China. 7.36% of samples contained more than one pesticide. The values of %ADI were below 100, while the %ARfD of carbofuran and methidathion exceeded 100 for children. The cumulative risk was highest for OPs. From the public health point of view, the levels of pesticide residues in bell peppers do not pose a serious health risk to adults, but the acute health risk to children should be paid more attention.     

河北产区桃农药残留风险评估

目的 明确河北产区桃中农药残留水平和风险状况.方法 在河北省采集70份桃样品进行农药残留检测与分析,对检出农药残留进行急性和慢性膳食摄入风险评估,并利用风险排序矩阵对农药残留风险大小进行排序.结果 70批次桃样品共检出农药残留33种,农药残留检出率为100％,个别样品存在农药残留超标现象,超标农药为多菌灵和甲氨基阿维菌...     

The fate of fungicide and insecticide residues in Australian wine grape by-products following field application

Pesticides applied to grape vines before harvest may concentrate in the grape seed due to their high oil solubility. Twenty-four samples of grape marc, representing a range of red and white wine grape varieties, were collected and analysed for selected fungicides and insecticides. Fifteen of the 24 samples were matched with insecticide and fungicide application diaries. Residue concentrations of the fungicides, procymidone, iprodione, cyprodinil, fenhexamid, fludioxinil, pyrimethanil and trifloxystrobin, and the insecticides, indoxacarb and tebufenozide, were higher in grape seed oil and grape seed meal than in the fruit and the marc. The relative concentrations were approximately proportional to the octanol to water partition coefficients, log K_ow. A range of other fungicides and insecticides were detected but were not significantly concentrated in the oil and seed meal relative to fruit and marc. The presence of pesticide residues in grape seed oil and grape seed meal will impact on the possibility of producing these wine by-products.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in breastmilk: difficulties in sample collection and in assessing intakes

Organochlorine pesticides are highly lipophilic and stable resulting both in their persistence in the environment and their tendency to pass up the food chain. Residues of these compounds are detectable in breastmilk and have been monitored since the 1950s. Samples can be collected using non-invasive techniques and the results are frequently used to assess degradation in the environment as well as risks to recipient infants. As a food, breastmilk is unique. It is manufactured entirely for an individual consumer with some of its constituents driven by its recipient. It can form the sole source of nutrition for a considerable period of an infant's life. Standard calculations of exposure to residues rely on consumption of 750-850ml breastmilk day^-1 containing 3.5% fat for a 5-kg infant. The fat content of breastmilk, however, is highly variable, which means that that using fixed breastmilk volumes and fat can lead to an imprecise calculation of individual risk. The fat concentration of breastmilk changes throughout a single feed, between feeds and as lactation progresses. This variation therefore raises the methodological problem of how to secure a representative sample of breastmilk. Furthermore, maternal factors such as age and parity also affect concentrations because of the persistence of organochlorine pesticide residues in maternal fat stores. It is therefore critical that samples are collected in a systematic manner taking account of these variables, particularly if the results not only are to be used for risk assessment, but also in comparing changes in environmental concentrations. Reviews of the literature have shown that these variables have often been disregarded in drawing up sampling strategies and methodologies are poorly reported in publications. The paper discusses the literature currently available on monitoring organochlorine pesticide residues in breastmilk and presents an overview of some of the factors that need to be taken into account when collecting samples and assessing infant exposure.     

生物传感器在农药残留分析中的研究现状及展望

综述了几类生物传感器包括酶传感器、微生物传感器、免疫传感器在农药残留分析中的应用进展,并探讨了其发展趋势.