超声场与添加剂对鼓泡塔中传质性能的影响

利用超声场鼓泡塔和双电导探针气泡特征参数测量仪实时测定了加入不同种类和不同浓度添加剂前后鼓泡塔内氨气气含率与传质系数变化规律。实验结果表明:无添加剂时,超声频率为20-50-100 kHz组合,功率100 W时,鼓泡塔内气含率比无超声作用时增加了37%~74%,传质系数增大了39%~61%;气含率和传质系数随加入正辛醇浓度的增大呈现逐渐增长的趋势,当正辛醇浓度超过1.0%(V)时,气含率和传质系数趋于稳定;超声频率为20-50-100 kHz组合,超声功率100 W,正辛醇浓度为1.0%时鼓泡塔内气含率比无添加剂加入时增加了20%,传质系数增大了16%,可见超声场与添加剂协同作用有利强化气液相间分布、提高传质效果。     

分散颗粒和超声场对鼓泡塔内传质性能的影响

用双电导探针气泡特征参数测量系统实时测定超声场与分散颗粒(活性炭)对鼓泡塔水+CO₂体系气泡Sauter直径和体积传质系数影响的变化规律。实验结果表明:无活性炭颗粒添加时,多频超声场比单频超声场更有利于提高体积传质系数,输入功率为100 W、组合超声频率为20-50-100 kHz时,体积传质系数增幅达40%~64%;加入活性炭颗粒后,体积传质系数随加入活性炭固含量的增大呈现先增大后逐渐减少的趋势,气泡Sauter直径变化规律相反,当体系中活性炭固含量为1.0 kg·m^-3时,传质增强最明显。体积传质系数随加入活性炭粒径的减小呈现增大的趋势。与无活性炭颗粒(d_s=0)比较,活性炭(固含率1.0 kg·m^-3)粒径d_s=38 μm时,液相体积传质系数在扣除吸附传质效果后仍增大1.58倍,同时引入超声场后,当组合超声频率为20-50-100 kHz,超声功率100 W时,液相体积传质系数增大2.02倍,可见超声场和分散颗粒对气液传质有显著的协同强化作用。     

喷嘴结构对射流鼓泡反应器混合和传质性能的影响

喷嘴结构对射流鼓泡反应器的混合和传质性能具有重要的影响。以空气-水作为模拟介质,使用双探头电导探针、电解质示踪法和动态溶氧法,对比研究了缩径式圆形喷嘴和旋扭三角形喷嘴对射流鼓泡反应器中气泡尺寸分布、平均气含率、液相混合时间和气液传质系数的影响规律。实验发现,随着气速或液体射流Reynolds数的增大,两种喷嘴对应的平均气含率、液相混合时间和气液传质系数具有相同的变化规律;与缩径式圆形喷嘴相比,采用旋扭三角形喷嘴的射流鼓泡反应器中气泡尺寸更小,平均气含率更高,宏观混合时间更短;当气体输入功占总输入功比例超过20%时,喷嘴结构对气液传质系数的影响较小,当气体输入功占总输入功比例小于20%时,旋扭三角形喷嘴的气液传质性能优于缩径式圆形喷嘴。研究结果可为工业射流鼓泡反应器喷嘴结构的优化提供理论指导。     

喷嘴结构对射流鼓泡反应器混合和传质性能的影响

喷嘴结构对射流鼓泡反应器的混合和传质性能具有重要的影响。以空气-水作为模拟介质,使用双探头电导探针、电解质示踪法和动态溶氧法,对比研究了缩径式圆形喷嘴和旋扭三角形喷嘴对射流鼓泡反应器中气泡尺寸分布、平均气含率、液相混合时间和气液传质系数的影响规律。实验发现,随着气速或液体射流Reynolds数的增大,两种喷嘴对应的平均气含率、液相混合时间和气液传质系数具有相同的变化规律;与缩径式圆形喷嘴相比,采用旋扭三角形喷嘴的射流鼓泡反应器中气泡尺寸更小,平均气含率更高,宏观混合时间更短;当气体输入功占总输入功比例超过20%时,喷嘴结构对气液传质系数的影响较小,当气体输入功占总输入功比例小于20%时,旋扭三角形喷嘴的气液传质性能优于缩径式圆形喷嘴。研究结果可为工业射流鼓泡反应器喷嘴结构的优化提供理论指导。     

散射管气体鼓泡塔流场分布特性及优化

鼓泡塔因其较好的气-液传质性能具有高污染物脱除效率,被广泛应用于生物化工和烟气处理等领域。鼓泡塔散射管气体分布器的几何尺寸和结构是影响相间传质效率的关键因素,优化塔内流场对于提高鼓泡塔内气-液两相间的传质效率至关重要。采用Fluent软件对有内构件散射管横向进气口式的鼓泡塔进行模拟研究,基于双流体方法和群体平衡模型(PBM)模型对鼓泡塔三维建模,采用一阶迎风差分格式离散,使用Phase Coupled Simple算法进行压力速度耦合。研究了散射管所在圆环直径d分别为0. 375D、0. 5D、0. 625D、0. 75D时(D为鼓泡塔直径),散射管进气口的布置对整体和局部气含率、液速和气泡尺寸等的影响。研究结果表明,随着散射管分布环直径的增大,整体气含率先增大后减少,平均气泡直径先减小后增大;当散射管所在圆环直径d=0. 5D时,鼓泡塔整体气含率和液相循环速度最大,平均气泡直径最小,鼓泡塔流场综合性能最好。     

射流鼓泡反应器中液相体积传质系数的测定

羰基合成反应一般采用射流鼓泡反应器,该类反应器气液混合的方式采用射流而非机械搅拌,其主要优点是结构简单、制作简便、维护费用低。研究该类型反应器的传质系数对于其设计、优化及放大操作均具有重要意义。本研究采用缩颈式圆形喷嘴,以动态溶氧法对射流鼓泡反应器内的液相体积传质系数进行测定,考察了表观气速、射流雷诺数对液相体积传质系数的影响。研究发现,随气速增大液相体积传质系数的变化规律为先增大而后保持不变。维持表观气速不变,随雷诺数增加液相体积传质系数增大,但当表观气速小于0.0012 m/s时,雷诺数对传质改善较小。建立了液相体积传质系数的经验关联式,当气体输入功率占总功率56%时,液相体积传质系数最大,气体鼓泡和液体射流的协同作用最强。     

鼓泡塔细胞反应器流体力学与传质特性

以超大规模细胞培养为目的,构建了与细胞培养体系十分接近的冷模实验体系,系统地研究了微载体(Cytodex I)、细胞保护剂(Pluronic F68)和消泡剂(Antifoam C)对鼓泡塔反应器中气、固、液三相流流体力学和氧传质特性的影响。在0.04～0.17cm/s 表观气速范围内采用 50 μm 孔径的烧结金属滤芯曝气时,在含有 0.5 和 1.0 g/L 的 Pluronic F68 的磷酸盐缓冲溶液冷模体系中,气含率与表观气速成线性增加关系,而气泡直径受表观气速影响较小;相同气速下的冷模体系与空气-水体系相比,气含率显著提高,气泡直径明显减小。在所研究的表观气速范围内微载体均可全悬浮,对气含率有一定增强,但微载体浓度为14%～20% 时对气泡大小几乎无影响。消泡剂用量在 1.60×10^-4时,可以有效抑制泡沫的形成。添加剂对液膜传质系数 k_L有较大负面作用,抵消了小气泡带来的传质面积增加,总的体积传质系数k_La 变化不大。Euler-Euler 多相流计算流体力学模型与拟稳态实验数据吻合较好,可用于指导反应器放...     

高温高压下浆态鼓泡床气液传质系数的测定

采用气体动态吸收法,对高温高压下浆态鼓泡床中气液传质系数进行了测定,考察了系统压力、温度、表观气速及固含量等操作条件对传质系数的影响. 结果表明,在温度298~473 K、气体压力1.0~3.0 MPa、表观气速0.03~0.10 m/s、固含量0%~20%(w)的实验条件下,体积传质系数随着压力、温度及表观气速的增加而增大,随固含量的增加而减小. 同时对不同塔径的传质系数进行了比较,表明在相同的操作条件下,大塔的传质系数略高于小塔.     

鼓泡床反应器内流动与传质行为的研究进展

总结了有关浆态鼓泡床反应器内流动、混合用气液传质特性的研究成果,详细地介绍了鼓泡床反应器内气含率、液速、液体轴向扩散系数、传质系数的测量方法,阐述了鼓泡床反应器性能的主要影响因素,如系统压力、温度、气体表观气速、液体性质及固含率等对流动、液相混合和传质特性的影响,并对鼓泡床反应器的应用前景进行了详述.     

多级鼓泡塔中液相返混系数与交换速度的研究

采用示踪方法对高2 000 mm,内径282 mm多级筛板鼓泡塔内液相返混系数进行测量研究,并通过扩散-返混模型以及RTD曲线给出鼓泡塔内筛板上下二侧液体交换速度,同时考查了表观气速、开孔率等因素对轴向扩散系数与液体交换速度的影响.根据实验得出鼓泡塔内轴向返混系数以及液体交换速度与表观气速、开孔率有很大关系,均随表观气...     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。