南平地区开发建筑节能型住宅的探讨

从全国看建筑节能是十分紧迫的一个问题,南平同样存在这个问题,应抓紧开发节能住宅。     

Integrating physical and virtual environments to conserve energy in buildings

Fundamental understandings of how energy is consumed, monitored, and controlled are key prerequisites for an energy conservation process. Users who know exactly when energy consumption occurs and where it takes place are able to make more informed decisions about how to lower their energy consumption. Energy conservation projects in the U.S. have reported a 2-11% savings when users are presented with information on energy consumption. Engineers are increasingly turning to virtual environments to improve system design and development and optimize performance and increase efficiency during operation. A bottom-up approach to real-time energy monitoring by integrating virtual and physical domains to increase user awareness on where, when, how and why aspect of energy to make inform decisions regarding energy consumption, optimization and conservation is proposed. A virtual 3-D environment is developed to display actual space/zone/building real-time power consumption information and to allow users to easily locate equipment/loads that are in standby/inefficient and causing energy waste in the real/physical environment. The proposed system is demonstrated via a prototype board that is virtually integrated with an actual Zero Net Energy Test House (ZNETH) as part of future Net-Zero Energy buildings research. The results establish a promising tool in this filed.     

Energy conservation in small enterprises

Compared to other non-residential buildings that have been widely researched, industrial buildings have higher thermal loads, higher air-change rates, longer operating hours and greater pollution control requirements. This paper presents the results of preliminary audits carried out on a sample of 12 representative small business enterprises in Greece including food, marble, wood, paper, plastic, metallurgical and service companies. Energy intensity varied from 50 to just over 300 kWh/m² with heavier industry buildings having values up to 1300 kWh/m². The successful adoption of energy conservation measures in key energy waste areas was assessed, including: (1) building envelope, (2) artificial lighting, (3) heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and refrigeration systems, (4) space and water heating, (5) electrical and mechanical equipment and (6) distribution and transportation. It was found that businesses were more sensitized to energy conservation in the area of air conditioning followed by electromechanical equipment (important energy waste area that may yield the biggest energy conservation results, still in need of great improvement though the cost may be very high) and space/water heating; compliance with energy conservation measures was worst in the areas of artificial lighting (least important energy waste area in the case of most businesses) and the building envelope. A more detailed modeling study on a larger sample is proposed as a next step.     

户式空调系统的节能设计

通过对户式中央空调应用情况的调查研究,找出了影响建筑节能的原因,从技术角度阐述了户式空调的节能设计应注意的问题,对减少建筑能耗,缓解能源供应紧张状况,阐述了自己的观点。     

中央空调能耗现状与节能途径探讨

本文介绍了数个中央空调工程能耗情况的调查,并对调查结果进行了分析,得到了一些规律性的意见。在此基础上,探讨了中央空调节能的一些途径,特别是对末端设备、冷冻水及冷却水系统的节能重点进行了讨论,提出了一些切实可行的节能措施。     

Building typologies as a tool for assessing the energy performance of residential buildings - A case study for the Hellenic building stock

Successful strategies towards minimizing the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions attributed to the building sector require knowledge on the energy-related characteristics of the existing building stock. Despite the numerous studies on energy conservation applications in buildings, current knowledge on the energy-related characteristics of the building stock still remains limited. Building typologies can be a useful instrument to facilitate the energy performance assessment of a building stock. This work is based on a harmonised structure for European building typologies (TABULA) developed for residential buildings, but the methodology may be extended to the tertiary sector as well. National typologies are sets of model buildings with characteristic energy-related properties representative of a country's building stock. The model buildings are used as a showcase for demonstrating the energy performance and the potential energy savings from typical and advanced energy conservation measures (ECMs) on the thermal envelope and the heat supply system. The proposed Hellenic residential building typology is presented for the first time along with an assessment of various ECMs that are used for an estimate of the energy performance of building stock in Greece in an effort to meet the 9% indicative national energy savings target by 2016.     

清源山游客中心节能技术的运用

本文介绍了清源山游客中心项目中总平面节能设计、围护结构隔热节能技术、照明系统节能设计、空调系统节能设计、节能施工技术等多项节能技术的运用。     

国内外电梯能耗研究情况简介

为了开展电梯节能审查和监管工作,以及开展电梯产品节能降耗工作,必须建立行业统一的电梯能效评价指标和检测方法。世界上一些国家和地区已经开展了电梯能效评价和检测方面的研究,这里介绍瑞士、美国、我国香港地区以及国际标准化组织取得的研究成果。     

A cost effective approach to design of energy efficient residential buildings

The objective of this study is to identify cost-optimal efficiency packages at several levels of building energy savings. A two-story residential building located in Jordan is selected as a case study. DesignBuilder software is used to predict the annual energy usage of a two-story residence in Irbid, Jordan. Real-time experimental data from a single isolated controlled room was used to verify the proposed model. In addition to energy analysis, the economic, environmental, and social benefits of the proposed design have been investigated. The sequential search optimization approach is used to estimate the minimum cost of the building while considering various design scenarios. In addition, the impact of various energy conservation techniques on residential buildings is assessed, and the payback period for each program is calculated. Ultimately, the optimal combination of design to achieve energy efficiency measures has been identified in several climate regions. The simulations results predict that the annual electricity consumption can be reduced up to 50% if the proper combinations of energy conservation measures are selected at the lowest cost. The payback period is 9.3 years. Finally, energy efficiency measures can lead to a total of 9470 jobs/year job opportunities.The study provide practical framework to link between energy performance criteria and economic goals of building. Linking the energy performance requirements to economic targets provides guidelines for homeowners, contractors, and policymakers for making a suitable decision regarding the retrofitting of existing residential buildings. The study focuses on developing new methodologies that support minimizing costs during a building's lifecycle while maximizing environmental benefits which can not be identified by a series of parametric analyses using individual energy-efficient measures.     

低技术化的节能建筑设计——被动式节能的应用

节能建筑成为当今建筑学的一个热门话题。面对节能建筑的发展,分析了高技术节能实验存在的弊端,列举了利用设计手段的低技术化被动式建筑设计达到建筑节能的目的。大力发展低技术化、被动式的节能设计方法,可以有效的提高行业对于节能建筑的主动性和积极性,并促进节能建筑的发展和推广。     

Automatic generation of energy conservation measures in buildings using genetic algorithms

Building energy simulations are key to studying energy efficiency in buildings. The state-of-the art building energy simulation tools requires a high level of multi disciplinary domain expertise from the user and many technical data inputs that curb the usability of such programs. In this paper an IT tool is presented, which has the capability of predicting a building's energy utilization configuration based on the reported annual energy and a few non-technical inputs from the user; and correspondingly generates cost effective energy conservation measures for the intended savings.The approach first identifies the system variables that are critical to a building's energy consumption and searches for the combination of these parameters that would give rise to the annual energy consumption as reported by the facility. Genetic algorithms are utilized to generate this database. A statistical fit is formulated between the system variables and the annual energy consumption from the database. Using this correlation, system configuration for the target energy efficiency is determined with corresponding energy conservation measures. A cost analysis is carried out to prescribe the most cost effective energy conservation measures. Competency of the tool is demonstrated in the paper through case studies on three geographies with different climate conditions.     

建筑节能的文化性与艺术性探究

本文主要从体型的节能、布局的节能、空间的节能、结构的节能以及装饰的节能等几个不同的方面,以蒙中医院为例来介绍建筑的节能策略以及在节能设计中包含的文化性与艺术性,其中包括双L布局和袋状流线以及特色中庭与米字形绗架,还有遮阳百叶。在艺术以及文化的视角来审视建筑的节能,不断探究有关建筑节能方面的文化性与艺术性的设计策略。     

Development of an energy model for the residential sector: Electricity consumption in Andalusia, Spain

Electrical energy consumption in the residential sector has soared over the years. This is largely due to the growing number of residential housing units. The development of models allows us to estimate and predict the evolution and behavior of electricity consumption in this sector as well as its end-uses. The data thus obtained are extremely useful for the elaboration of energy-saving measures that can enhance energy efficiency. In June 2008 the Spanish government approved a set of guidelines in the document titled, Estrategia Española de Cambio Climático y Energía Limpia [Spanish Strategy for Climate Change and Clean Energy]. Its main objective was to replace conventional incandescent light bulbs with energy-saving light bulbs in the residential sector. This process would be carried out over a three-year period.This article describes the design, development, and application of a model capable of calculating electricity consumption for lighting in the residential housing sector. These results were reinforced by data from questionnaires administered to a representative sample of households. Finally, this energy model was applied to Andalusia. This allowed us to obtain the savings in electricity consumption for lighting when the objectives in the Spanish strategy for energy conservation had been achieved.     

HVAC system strategies for energy conservation in commercial buildings in Saudi Arabia

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in energy consumption in Saudi Arabia. The building sector being the largest consumer of electric energy represents a major potential contributor for reducing energy consumption. Due to their functional and operational characteristics, commercial buildings relatively consume more energy (per unit area) than other types of buildings. The heating, ventilating and air-conditioning system (HVAC) is one of the largest end-users of energy in these buildings, particularly in harsh climates. Energy efficient design and operation of HVAC systems in commercial buildings can offer major opportunities for reduced energy consumption and contribute to sustainable development. However, improper utilization of energy conservation measures can result in reduced environmental quality. This in turn exposes the occupants to thermal discomfort and health risks, and consequently diminishes the economic value of the facility. Therefore, a well assessed and balanced energy conservation strategy is required to achieve energy efficiency while maintaining desired level of thermal comfort. In this study, major design and operational parameters for different types of HVAC systems influencing energy consumption are investigated utilizing the Visual-DOE program. Results indicate that energy savings of up to 30% can be obtained while maintaining acceptable level of thermal comfort when HVAC systems are properly selected and operated.     

西安地区既有居住建筑节能改造初探

针对西安地区既有居住建筑能耗大的问题,本文通过论述既有居住建筑改造现状和能耗现状,并对其能耗进行分析,指出西安地区既有居住建筑节能改造的重点在于围护结构的改造和周边环境的改进。同时,提出了相关的节能改造措施,希望能为西安地区既有居住建筑节能改造提供参考。     

地铁站节能设计初探 ——第五届全国大学生节能减排竞赛参赛作品简介

当前,建筑节能已成为趋势和国策而势在必行,社会各界都认识到建筑产业在节能减排方面可以挖掘的巨大潜力。本文以第五届全国大学生节能减排竞赛参赛作品为例,结合地铁站的建筑特征,针对目前地铁站在节能方面的不足,重点分析了地铁站的通风和采光在节能方面的潜力;并研究了各种可再生能源(包括太阳能、自然光和地源热泵等)的利用,使用相关软件对设计进行了模拟计算分析,以便在设计过程中采取相应节能措施,降低建筑能耗。     

An approach for energy conscious renovation of residential buildings in Istanbul by Trombe wall system

Turkey has a great potential of solar energy, which is the primary source of renewable energy; however, sufficient benefit cannot be obtained from this clean energy source. In Turkey, 36% of the total energy consumed in buildings is used for heating. Due to the lack of regulations in encouraging the solar energy utilization in buildings, the heating energy consumption plays an important role in the energy economy of our country. Therefore, energy conservation methods become necessary. Energy conservation is important for the existing buildings as for the new buildings. In this study, the south facade of a flat in an existing building in Istanbul in Turkey is recommended to be renovated by the application of Trombe wall principle, which is a well-known indirect passive solar gain system. An approach is proposed for this application and the comparison of the existinsg facade with the renovated facades has been made according to thermal performances and hourly variations of wall interior temperatures. The results of this theoretical application study are given in this paper.     

Low exergy systems for high-performance buildings and communities

There is an obvious and indisputable need for an increase in the efficiency of energy utilisation in buildings and in the energy supply system within communities. Heating, cooling and lighting appliances in buildings account for more than one third of the world's primary energy demand. In turn, building stock is a major contributor to energy-related environmental problems and CO₂ emissions. There are great potentials to be obtained through a more efficient supply of energy and rational use of energy in buildings.An optimisation of the exergy flows in buildings and related supply structures, similar to other thermodynamic systems such as power stations, can help in identifying the potential of increasing efficiency in energy utilisation. Through analyses, it can be shown that calculations based on the energy conservation and primary energy concept alone are inadequate for gaining a full understanding of all important aspects of energy utilisation processes. The high potential for a further increase in the efficiency of; for example, boilers, cannot be quantified exclusively by performing energy analyses—the energy efficiency is close to 100%; however, this potential can be demonstrated by using an exergy analysis, whereby the exergy efficiency of a common gas boiler is about 8%. It is necessary to work out new and more efficient ways to supply energy to satisfy the demand for energy services.This paper outlines the international co-operative work in the general framework of the International Energy Agency (IEA), the ECBCS Annex 49 “Low Exergy Systems for High Performance Buildings and Communities” [Annex 49, Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems—Low Exergy Systems for High Performance Buildings and Communities, homepage: http://www.annex49.com, 2007].     

室内空调条件下建筑围护结构屋面(墙、窗)的节能控制--建筑热环境与节能研究(之三)

在围护结构(屋顶、墙、窗)隔热控制的基础上，提出了屋顶、墙、窗的节能控制条件，窗——墙作用因子(算符)和隔热一节能作用因子(算符)。在已知墙的隔热控制指标条件下，可简单地计算出窗的隔热控制指标；同时，在已知墙、窗的隔热控制指标情况下，也可简单地计算出墙、窗的节能控制指标。