Constrained shape modification of cubic B-spline curves by means of knots

The effect of the modification of knot values on the shape of B-spline curves is examined in this paper. The modification of a knot of a B-spline curve of order k generates a one-parameter family of curves.This family has an envelope which is also a B-spline curve with the same control polygon and of order k−1. Applying this theoretical result, three shape control methods are provided for cubic B-spline curves, that are based on the modification of three consecutive knots. The proposed methods enable local shape modifications subject to position and/or tangent constraints that can be specified within well defined limits.     

A practical construction of G smooth biquintic B-spline surfaces over arbitrary topology

The motivation of this paper is to develop a local scheme of constructing G¹ smooth B-spline surfaces with single interior knots over arbitrary topology. In this paper, we obtain the conditions of G¹ continuity between two adjacent biquintic B-spline surfaces with interior single knots. These conditions are directly represented by the relevant control points of the two B-spline surfaces. By utilizing these G¹ conditions, we develop the first local scheme of constructing G¹ smooth biquintic B-spline surfaces with interior single knots for arbitrary topological type. The high complexity of deriving the local G¹ scheme is well overwhelmed. The biquintic is the lowest degree for which there exists a local scheme of constructing G¹ smooth B-spline surfaces with interior single knots over arbitrary topology.     

对可调控Bézier曲线的改进

目的 在用Bézier曲线表示复杂形状时,相邻曲线的控制顶点间必须满足一定的光滑性条件。一般情况下,对光滑度的要求越高,条件越复杂。通过改进文献中的“可调控Bézier曲线”,以构造具有多种优点的自动光滑分段组合曲线。方法 首先给出了两条位置连续的曲线G^l连续的一个充分条件,进而证明了“可调控Bézier曲线”在普通Bézier曲线的G^l光滑拼接条件下可达G^l(l为曲线中的参数)光滑拼接。然后对“可调控Bézier基”进行改进得到了一组新的基函数,利用该基函数按照Bézier曲线的定义方式构造了一种新曲线。分析了该曲线的光滑拼接条件,并根据该条件定义了一种分段组合曲线。结果 对于新曲线而言,只要前一条曲线的最后一条控制边与后一条曲线的第1条控制边重合,两条曲线便自动光滑连接,并且在连接点处的光滑度可以简单地通过改变参数的值来自由调整。由新曲线按照特殊方式构成的分段组合曲线具有类似于B样条曲线的自动光滑性和局部控制性。不同的是,组合曲线的各条曲线段可以由不同数量的控制顶点定义,选择合适的参数,可以使曲线在各个连接点处达到任何期望的光滑度。另外,改变一个控制顶点,至多只会影响两条曲线段的形状,改变一条曲线段中的参数,只会影响当前曲线段的形状,以及至多两个连接点处的光滑度。结论 本文给出了构造易于拼接的曲线的通用方法,极大简化了曲线的拼接条件。此基础上,提出的一种新的分段组合曲线定义方法,无需对控制顶点附加任何条件,所得曲线自动光滑,且其形状、光滑度可以或整体或局部地进行调整。本文方法具有一般性,为复杂曲线的设计创造了条件。     

集多种特性的三次三角伪B样条

目的 为了同时解决传统多项式B样条曲线在形状调控、精确表示常见工程曲线以及构造插值曲线时的不足,提出了一类集多种特性的三次三角伪B样条。方法 首先构造了一组带两个参数的三次三角伪B样条基函数,然后在此基础上定义了相应的参数伪B样条曲线,并讨论了该曲线的特性及光顺性问题,最后研究了相应的代数伪B样条,并给出了最优代数伪B样条的确定方法。结果 参数伪B样条曲线不仅满足C²连续,而且无需求解方程系统即可自动插值于给定的型值点。当型值点保持不变时,插值曲线的形状还可通过自带的两个参数进行调控。在适当条件下,该参数伪B样条曲线可精确表示圆弧、椭圆弧、星形线等常见的工程曲线。相应的代数伪B样条具有参数伪B样条曲线类似的性质,利用最优代数伪B样条可获得满意的插值效果。结论 所提出的伪B样条同时解决了传统多项式B样条曲线在形状调控、精确表示常见工程曲线以及构造插值曲线时的不足,是一种实用的曲线造型方法。     

B-spline surface fitting based on adaptive knot placement using dominant columns

By expanding the idea of B-spline curve fitting using dominant points (Park and Lee 2007 [13]), we propose a new approach to B-spline surface fitting to rectangular grid points, which is based on adaptive knot placement using dominant columns along u- and v-directions. The approach basically takes approximate B-spline surface lofting which performs adaptive multiple B-spline curve fitting along and across rows of the grid points to construct a resulting B-spline surface. In multiple B-spline curve fitting, rows of points are fitted by compatible B-spline curves with a common knot vector whose knots are computed by averaging the parameter values of dominant columns selected from the points. We address how to select dominant columns which play a key role in realizing adaptive knot placement and thereby yielding better surface fitting. Some examples demonstrate the usefulness and quality of the proposed approach.     

A Geometric Approach for Multi-Degree Spline

Multi-degree spline (MD-spline for short) is a generalization of B-spline which comprises of polynomial segments of various degrees.The present paper provides a new definition for MD-spline curves in a geometric intuitive way based on an efficient and simple evaluation algorithm.MD-spline curves maintain various desirable properties of B-spline curves,such as convex hull,local support and variation diminishing properties.They can also be refined exactly with knot insertion.The continuity between two adjacent segments with different degrees is at least C1 and that between two adjacent segments of same degrees d is Cd 1.Benefited by the exact refinement algorithm,we also provide several operators for MD-spline curves,such as converting each curve segment into B′ezier form,an efficient merging algorithm and a new curve subdivision scheme which allows different degrees for each segment.     

两种带形状参数的曲线

本文构造了两种带参数的三角样条基,基于这两组基定义了两种三角样条曲线。与二次B样条曲线类似,这两种曲线的每一段都由相继的三个控制顶点生成。这两种曲线具有许多与二次B样条曲线类似的性质,但它们的连续性都比二次B样条曲线更好。对于等距节点,在一般情况下,这两种曲线都整体C3连续,在特殊条件下,它们都可达C5连续。两种曲线中的形状参数均有明确的几何意义,参数越大,曲线越靠近控制多边形。另外,当形状参数满足一定条件时,这两种曲线都具有比二次B样条曲线更好的对控制多边形的逼近性。运用张量积方法,将这两种曲线推广后所得到的曲面也具有较好的连续性。     

三种形状可调三角样条曲线

构造了3种带参数的三角样条基,基于这3组基定义了3种三角样条曲线。与二次B样条曲线类似,这3种曲线的每一段都由相继的3个控制顶点生成,且这3种曲线具有许多与二次B样条曲线类似的性质。但这3种曲线的连续性都比二次B样条曲线要好。对于等距节点,在一般情况下,这3种曲线都是整体C²连续的,在特殊条件下它们都可以达到C³连续。另外,这3种曲线都具有比二次B样条曲线更好的对控制多边形的逼近性。     

基于结点调整B-spline曲面G1/G2的光滑拼接

文中提出了一种构造具有简单结点的B样条曲面G1/G2光滑拼接的方法。本方法根据B样条曲面达到拼接的条件,经过对原曲面和待拼接曲面的偏导曲线进行离散化处理和结点调整,将其转化为Bézier的表示方式。根据Bézier的拼接条件,获得B样条曲面间控制点的关系。最终实现B样条曲面G1/G2的光滑拼接。     

带约束的B 样条曲线曲面延伸技术

论文提出了一种带光滑有序点列约束的B 样条曲线延伸方法。该算法能 够根据约束点列的情况对曲线延伸部分所对应的节点值进行优化,通过插值尽量少的约束 点,使得延伸曲线与约束点列之间的最大距离小于预先给定的误差值,并且延伸曲线与原始 曲线之间自然达到最大阶连续。该方法也同样适用于带曲线约束的B 样条曲面延伸。实例 表明,所提出的算法是可行且有效的。     

Lofted B-spline surface interpolation by linearly constrained energy minimization

This paper proposes a new approach for lofted B-spline surface interpolation to serial contours, where the number of points varies from contour to contour. The approach first finds a common knot vector consisting of fewer knots that contain enough degrees of freedom to guarantee the existence of a B-spline curve interpolating each contour. Then, it computes from the contours a set of compatible B-spline curves defined on the knot vector by adopting B-spline curve interpolation based on linearly constrained energy minimization. Finally, it generates a B-spline surface interpolating the curves via B-spline surface lofting. As the energy functional is quadratic, the energy minimization problem leads to that of solving a linear system. The proposed approach is efficient in computation and can realize more efficient data reduction than previous approaches while providing visually pleasing B-spline surfaces. Moreover, the approach works well on measured data with noise. Some experimental results demonstrate its usefulness and quality.     

B样条曲线同时插入多个节点的快速算法

基于离散B样条的一个新的递推公式，提出B样条曲线同时插入多个节点的新算法。不同于Cohen等插入节点的Oslo算法，本算法用新的方法离算离散B样条，求每个离散B样条的值只需O(1)的运算量，从而使本算法高效，其时间复杂性为O(sk n)，其中k为B样条曲线的阶，n k 1为原节点数，s为新插入节点的个数,本算法的通用性强，适用于端点插值的和非端点插值的B样条曲线，可同时在曲线定义域内外的任意位置上插入任意个节点。     

高阶连续的形状可调三角多项式曲线曲面

目的目前使用的B样条曲线曲面存在着高连续阶与高局部调整性两者无法兼而有之的不足,且B样条曲线曲面的形状被控制顶点和节点向量唯一确定,这些因素影响着B样条方法的几何设计效果与方便性。本文旨在克服这种局限,以期构造具有高次B样条方法的高连续阶,低次B样条方法的高局部调整性,以及有理B样条方法权因子决定的形状调整性的曲线曲面。方法在三角函数空间上构造了一组含参数的调配函数,进而定义具有与3次B样条曲线曲面相同结构的新曲线与张量积曲面。结果新曲线曲面继承了B样条方法的凸包性、对称性、几何不变性等诸多性质。不同的是,同样是基于4点分段,3次均匀B样条曲线C2连续,而对于等距节点,在一般情况下,新曲线C5连续,当参数取特殊值时可达C7连续。新曲线在C5连续的情况下存在1个形状参数,能较好地调整曲线的形状同时又无须改变控制顶点。另外,将形状参数设为特定值,新曲线可以自动插值给定点列。新曲面具有与新曲线相应的优点。结论在强局部性下实现高阶连续性的形状可调分段组合曲线曲面,为高阶光滑曲线曲面的设计提供了可能,并且新曲线实现了逼近与插值的统一表示,能较好地应用于工程实际。调配函数的构造方法具有一般性,可用相同方式构造其他具有类似性质的调配函数。     

A class of general quartic spline curves with shape parameters

With a support on four consecutive subintervals, a class of general quartic splines are presented for a non-uniform knot vector. The splines have C² continuity at simple knots and include the cubic non-uniform B-spline as a special case. Based on the given splines, piecewise quartic spline curves with three local shape parameters are given. The given spline curves can be C²∩G³ continuous by fixing some values of the curve?s parameters. Without solving a linear system, the spline curves can also be used to interpolate sets of points with C² continuity. The effects of varying the three shape parameters on the shape of the quartic spline curves are determined and illustrated.     

B-样条曲线的节点去除与光顺

研究了B-样条曲线节点的去除问题,简化了B-样条曲线内部节点精确去除的充要条件.基于约束优化方法,通过扰动B-样条曲线的控制顶点,给出了节点去除的一个新算法,并用于光顺B-样条曲线.     

两种带形状参数的三角曲线

定义了带形状参数的三次三角多项式曲线和三次三角样条曲线。前者具有 与二次Bézier 曲线类似的端点性质,但逼近性比二次Bézier 曲线更好,且在拼接时能达到 更高阶的连续性。而后者与二次B 样条曲线类似,其每一段由相继的三个控制顶点生成。 对于等距节点,在一般情况下曲线C2 连续,在特殊条件下可达C3 连续。     

基于差分进化算法的B 样条曲线曲面拟合

应用B 样条曲线曲面拟合内在形状带有间断或者尖点的数据时,最小二乘法得到的 拟合结果往往在间断和尖点处误差较大,原因在于最小二乘法将拟合函数B 样条的节点固定。本 文在利用3 次B 样条曲线和曲面拟合数据时,应用差分进化算法设计出一种能够自适应地设置B 样条节点的方法,同时对节点的数量和位置进行优化,使得B 样条拟合曲线曲面在间断和尖点处 产生拟多重节点,实现高精度地拟合采样于带有间断或尖点的曲线和曲面数据。     

基于动态参数化的二次B样条插值曲线

参数化为构造B样条插值曲线提供了自由度,但在以往的研究中,这些自由度并未得到充分利用．该文给出的二次B样条曲线插值方法充分利用了参数化的自由度,直接利用插值曲线直观的几何约束条件如曲线在数据点处的切向、曲线段的相对高度等进行参数化,使得构造出的插值曲线不仅在两端,而且在中间各段具有预期的几何性质．该文的方法比起以往的参数化方法来,能更直观有效地控制插值曲线的形状．而且,所构造的插值曲线具有局部性质或近似局部性质,即当改变某个数据点的位置时,插值曲线的形状只作局部改变或除局部范围外,曲线形状改变很小或完全不变．不同于以往的插值方法,该文的方法在构造插值曲线的过程中根据曲线的几何约束条件动态地递推确定参数值、节点向量和控制顶点,整个过程不必解方程组,计算简便．该文还给出了相应的算法和应用例子．实验结果表明,该文的方法十分有效．     

Parametrization and shape of B-spline curves for CAD

It is found that Bézier-type B-spline curves cannot, in general, be given an arc length parametrization. In view of this, two ways of choosing knots are discussed: an iterative method and a simple formula. The formula, already published in the context of ab initio design, is found to be useful when applied to interpolating B-apline curves; when the B-spline nodes are used as parameter values, good shape and good parametrization are usually achieved.     

Reducing control points in surface interpolation

Surface interpolation to rectangularly arranged points is an integral part of surface design and modeling in CAD/CAM and graphics. Using B-spline surfaces, the process involves curve interpolations through rows of data points and through columns of control points. This method, as well tuned as it is, proves inadequate for recent problems such as those of reverse engineering. Data acquisition devices, such as scanners, may be used to return rows of data points, but it's not guaranteed that each row contains the same number of points. The problem then arises of passing a smooth surface through these points (assuming that interpolation is justified, meaning the number of points isn't large). Since each row contains different numbers of points, regular data interpolation can't be used. One method to solve this problem is to interpolate each row with B-spline curves and to pass a smooth surface through these curves via surface skinning. While this is a legitimate solution, the number of control points tends to become prohibitively large, especially if the number of rows is large. This article addresses the problem of how to reduce the number of control points while maintaining precise interpolation. The idea is to give the knots some flexibility so that each row can be interpolated with as few new knots added as possible