硬硅钙石水热合成的形成历程及硝酸锶对它的影响

利用XRD，SEM，TEM等方法对动态水热法合成硬硅钙石的形成历程进行了研究，由C-S-H凝胶不能在高于200℃温度下稳定存在，使硬硅钙石在180℃和220℃时的形成历程不同，配料中加入硝酸锶，提高料浆的离子强度，产生原盐效应，降低了C-S-H凝胶的生成速率，延缓了硬硅钙石的形成，硬硅钙石合成过程中的料浆中固体粒子的ζ电位是不断变化的，加入硝酸锶，可以降低料浆固体粒子ζ电位的绝对值，有利于硬硅钙石纤维状晶体以及团聚体的长大。     

石灰活性对中空硬硅钙石二次粒子球形貌的影响

研究了石灰CaO晶粒尺寸和消解速度对合成中空硬硅钙石二次粒子球的影响。CaO对晶粒尺寸小，石灰消解速度快。CaO晶粒对合成硬硅钙石晶体没有影响，但影响硬硅钙石二次粒子球的形貌。CaO晶粒尺寸小能形成中空二次粒子球，球尺寸随CaO晶粒尺寸增大有所增大。CaO晶粒一旦烧结变粗则形成的是硬硅钙石堆积团。     

硅酸钾碱液水热合成针状硅灰石反应历程

利用钾长石–KOH–H_2O体系分解反应所得硅酸钾碱液合成针状硬硅钙石,用作合成硅灰石的前驱体。采用OLI Analyzer 9.2软件模拟K2O–CaO–SiO_2–H_2O体系化学平衡,预测了合成硬硅钙石的初始CaO/SiO_2摩尔比、反应温度和液固比范围。在此基础上通过单因素实验,确定了合成硬硅钙石的优化条件。反应历程为:水合硅酸钙→雪硅钙石→雪硅钙石+硬硅钙石→硬硅钙石。合成的硅灰石保持了硬硅钙石的针状形貌,分散较均匀,长约10~15μm,直径约300 nm,长径比约40,符合建材行业一级品标准。     

硬硅钙石复合隔热涂料制备与隔热性能测试

以硬硅钙石作阻隔型填料,以金红石型二氧化钛和中空玻璃微珠为反射型功能填料,制备建筑外墙隔热涂料。研究了单掺硬硅钙石、金红石型二氧化钛、中空玻璃微珠以及复合添加3种填料对涂层隔热性能的影响。结果表明:单掺硬硅钙石、金红石型二氧化钛或中空玻璃微珠均可提高涂层隔热性能,硬硅钙石的适宜掺量为9%,金红石型二氧化钛的适宜掺量为30%,空心玻璃微珠的适宜掺量为20%;复合掺入硬硅钙石、金红石型二氧化钛和空心玻璃微珠可进一步提高涂层隔热性能,掺量为9%、30%和15%时,涂层的热反射率可达93.69%。按建筑行业标准JG/T235—2008《建筑反射隔热涂料》进行检测,涂料对波长为250～2 500 nm范围内的太阳反射比为0.85,半球发射率为0.87,隔热温差为13℃,符合标准要求;空心玻璃微珠、二氧化钛和硬硅钙石复合掺入后,发挥协同作用,能更加有效地提高涂层的隔热性能。     

硝酸锶对水热合成硬硅钙石球形团聚体的影响

硬硅钙石是一种用途广泛的保温材料，本工作以硝酸锶作为矿化剂，研究了在动态水热合成硬硅钙合成中，硝酸锶对硬硅钙石球形团聚体的影响。研究表明：在合成时添加硝酸锶，可以使水化硅酸钙（C－S－H）凝胶的ξ电位的绝对值减小，从而C－S－H胶团的凝聚长大，C－S－H凝胶粒度的增大是硬硅钙石球形团聚体增大的基础，Sr^2 进入到硬硅钙石晶体内引起其晶胞常数a和c的增大，促进硬硅钙石的纤维状晶体以及球形团聚体的长大，从而有利于得到轻质硬硅钙石材料。     

硬硅钙石的合成及陶瓷纤维加入量对其耐压强度的影响

为提高硬硅钙石制品的耐压强度,首先将预处理后的石英粉、消化后的Ca O、添加剂、去离子水(按水、固质量比为30量取)置于磁力搅拌高压釜中,在220℃分别保温0、1、3和6 h后得到相应产物,探究硬硅钙石的合成;然后,在制得的硬硅钙石粉体中分别加入0、5%、10%、15%和20%(w)的预处理陶瓷短纤维,经压滤成型和烘干后,于1 000℃保温2 h烧成,研究陶瓷纤维加入量对硬硅钙石试样烧成前后耐压强度的影响。结果表明:在硬硅钙石的合成过程中,首先生成C-S-H凝胶,然后C-S-H凝胶转化形成托贝莫来石,最终托贝莫来石完全反应生成了硬硅钙石;陶瓷纤维的引入提高了硬硅钙石试样烧成前后的耐压强度,当加入15%(w)陶瓷纤维时,耐压强度最大;1 000℃烧成前后试样中的物相分别是硬硅钙石相和硅酸钙相,烧成后试样的耐压强度比生坯试样的大。     

不同硅质原料对硬硅钙石二次粒子形貌的影响

几种硅质原料被用于硬硅钙石二次粒子制备中。实验表明。在单纯使用非品质硅质原料时，所生成硬硅钙石结晶发育差，由此形成的硬硅钙石二次粒子具有高密度和低的中空度。此实验结果与前人研究结果不一致。本实验结果同样表明使用天然粉石英作为硅质原料，加入氧氯化锆添加剂可以形成直径100nm左右结晶良好的硬硅钙石纤维，这些硬硅钙石纤维可以形成具有中空结构的低密度硬硅钙石二次粒子。它提供了一种低成本制备超轻硬硅钙石产品方法的可能。     

硅碱钙石微晶玻璃中晶相相变

采用高纯的SiO2、Al2O3、KNO3、Na2CO3、CaCO3及CaF2熔融制备了组成为8.4Na2O 1.3Al2O3 5K2O 10.8CaO 64SiO2 10.5 CaF2的硅碱钙石微晶玻璃,采用热力学计算及DTA,XRD和SEM等技术手段对其热处理过程中硅碱钙石和硬硅钙石晶相间的竞争和转变进行研究。经550℃热处理1h后,母体玻璃中有氟化钙晶相析出;在700℃下热处理1h后析出硬硅钙石晶相;在750～850℃下热处理1h后主晶相转变为硅碱钙石。经在700℃下延长微晶玻璃的热处理时间,观察到由硬硅钙石向硅碱钙石的晶相转变。这一转变趋势得到热力学计算的验证。     

硬硅钙石型硅酸钙对涂料绝热性能的影响

对动态水热法合成的硬硅钙石型硅酸钙进行了XRD、SEM表征,将所制得的硬硅钙石型硅酸钙作填料配制成硅酸盐绝热涂料,与不掺硬硅钙石的涂料在绝热性能方面进行了比较,发现硬硅钙石对涂料的绝热性能有显著的影响,并进一步按照国标GB/T 10297—1998的要求用热线法测得所配制涂料试样的热导率约为0.05 W/(m.K)。     

硬硅钙石晶须的水热合成

采用动态水热法,以硅酸钠钙为原料合成硬硅钙石晶须,通过搅拌使晶须形成高孔隙率的球形颗粒. 考察了温度、时间和原料CaO/SiO2摩尔比等反应条件对硬硅钙石晶须及其球形颗粒孔隙率的影响. 结果表明,将CaO和SiO2按摩尔比0.90~1.15溶于Na2O浓度为20 g/L的NaOH溶液中,控制液固比为30 mL/g,以300 r/min的转速在220℃下水热反应7 h以上,可制备出直径约200 nm、长径比大于20的硬硅钙石晶须,晶须相互缠绕形成的球形颗粒孔隙率最高可达93%.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.