Tourism Routes as Vehicles for Local Economic Development in South Africa: The Example of the Magaliesberg Meander

Tourism routes have emerged as a significant element for promotion of tourism, especially in small towns and rural areas. In South Africa, considerable policy attention is currently focused upon the development of new tourism routes. This article examines the local development impacts of the Magaliesberg Maender, a route tourism initiative that traverses across two South African provinces. It is argued that whilst this tourism route has extended the tourism growth potential of the locality, its wider impacts upon surrounding communities have been limited because of the weakness of local government to address issues concerning tourism planning.     

Conference and exhibition tourism in the developing world: The South African experience

Conclusion Tourism scholarship concerning conferences and exhibitions is dominated by writings concerned with developed countries. An examination of the South African experience, therefore, provides a useful complement to the existing writings and reveals certain parallel themes, particularly concerning issues of local development. Historically, in the apartheid period the market for conference and exhibition tourism was based upon domestic demand. After the democratic transition, however, it is evident that new opportunities were opened for the attraction of international conferences and exhibitions to South Africa. Undoubtedly, a watershed event in the development of South African participation in the global market for conferences was the successful hosting in Johannesburg during 2002 of the World Summit on Sustainable Development. The positive local development impacts of the attraction of such conferences have been the essential catalyst for the development and continuous upgrading of three international quality convention centres in the country. These three major convention facilities represent the apex of an estimated 1700 conference and exhibition centres that currently exist across South Africa and serve both domestic and international MICE markets. With heightened levels of competition for the conference and exhibition market—both domestic and international—uncertainty surrounds the long-term prospects of many of these facilities. The task of monitoring the progress, dynamics and changing fortunes of conference and exhibition tourism merits a place on the research agenda of urban tourism studies in South Africa over the next decade.     

Urban Volunteer Tourism: Orphanages in Johannesburg

Volunteer tourism is one of the most vibrant forms of alternative tourism and a particular focus in Africa. Despite a growing stream of international volunteer tourists, African scholarship is undeveloped. South Africa offers the largest range of different volunteer tourism opportunities in Africa which includes work in community welfare projects such as orphanages. This research opens up debates around urban volunteer tourism in South Africa. The investigation is a case study of international volunteer tourists at orphanages in Johannesburg, South Africa’s largest city. The aim was to understand the volunteer tourism channel to Johannesburg and reflect upon the impacts of this controversial form of volunteer tourism. The findings point to the strongly positive benefits of these volunteers for the orphanages and the children in Johannesburg. Among possible explanations is that ‘place matters’ and that volunteers choosing to work in the orphanages of South Africa’s business capital, a city that has a fearful reputation in respect of crime and safety of visitors, are committed to ‘making a difference’ in their volunteer work.     

Informal Sector Business Tourism in the Global South: Evidence from Maseru, Lesotho

Domestic tourism is a neglected theme within tourism scholarship about the global South. This article addresses informal sector domestic tourism and is anchored upon the typology of tourism by Gladstone (2005) in which distinctions are drawn between international and domestic tourism and formal and informal sector tourism. The specific focus is informal sector business tourism, the nature of which challenges Western definitions of business tourism. The study reports findings from 52 interviews conducted with informal business tourists and accommodation providers in Maseru, Lesotho’s capital city. It is revealed the nature of low-income informal sector business tourism in the global South is radically different to that of conventional business tourism in terms of its organisation, characteristics of business tourists, and impacts. Arguably, informal sector business tourism is inherently pro-poor in its local impacts. Further comparative research work is required concerning these forms of ‘invisible’ tourists in African cities.     

Resident Perceptions of the 2010 FIFA Soccer World Cup Stadia Development in Cape Town

The 2010 Federation Internationale de Football (FIFA) World Cup to be hosted in South Africa is expected to provide an opportunity to further the country’s objectives of using sporting events to signal international recognition and promote socio-economic development. Studies on sport tourism events tend to focus on economic impacts and neglect social issues (Ritchie and Adair 2004). In particular, residents’ perceptions are overlooked although they are often directly impacted by sport events, especially when they reside in close proximity to the event location. The 2010 FIFA World Cup is heralded as a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity with significant legacy benefits for South Africans. However, generally, the actual voices of local residents are absent in relation to debates pertaining to this event and concomitant anticipated benefits (Swart and Bob 2007). One hundred residents in each location were interviewed. The focus of the study was to examine the perceptions of the residents towards the proposed stadia development and potential impacts of the 2010 World Cup. The findings reveal that there is considerable support and positive perceptions relating to South Africa’s hosting of the 2010 World Cup. However, there were several concerns raised in relation to the distribution of anticipated benefits and the impacts of the stadia on their lives.     

Tourism SMME Development on the Urban Fringe: The Case of Parys,South Africa

Tourism is increasingly regarded as a viable avenue for local economic development. Small towns on the urban fringe have benefitted from tourism development in South Africa, the town of Parys being one of them. Parys has experienced tourism development over the past few years which has resulted in local economic growth, as especially reflected in the trade industry, amidst the decline of sectors such as manufacturing and mining. The study focusses on the factors that gave rise to the development of tourism in this town, as well as on opportunities and barriers to further development. A profile of tourism, small, medium and micro enterprises, is provided along with other main findings regarding the nature of the tourism industry in the area which includes the unique selling points of the area, visitor characteristics, demand and target market segments. Strategic development initiatives, in the light of the findings, recommend for the future development of the tourism industry in the area to include tourism product development focussed on attractions; the identification of key market segments such as budget tourists and the family market; destination and product marketing; investment in tourism infrastructure and ensuring the responsible management of tourism development in the area.     

基于“娱、农、景、绿”混合功能的滨海旅游区开发设计策略研究--以上海市奉贤区滨海地区为例

目前,滨海旅游区相关研究面临着如何应对旅游开发与生态环境保护的矛盾,使得彼此成为推动相互发展的内生动力的严峻现实。文章以上海市奉贤区奉贤碧海金沙——海湾森林公园北侧沿海地域为研究对象,结合景观资源评级,以生态保护为主题,提出基于“娱、农、景、绿”的混合功能开发策略,强调带动当地旅游经济效益、提高湿地的种群生态多样性等功能,为我国滨海旅游的可持续发展提供参考。     

The Limits of Urban Heritage Tourism in South Africa: The Case of Constitution Hill, Johannesburg

Heritage tourism is a significant contemporary feature in many developing countries, particularly in Africa, and fast growing in popularity in South Africa. As many heritage sites are located in cities, heritage tourism is a potential growth segment for urban tourism. This paper analyses strategic policy and interest in heritage tourism for the South African tourism economy. The case of Constitution Hill in Johannesburg is examined as a case study to elucidate the limits of urban heritage tourism. It is argued this iconic heritage attraction is seemingly failing to attract many local visitors or tourists despite its important national heritage status. Using structured interviews with stakeholders and questionnaires with visitors and local residents, the research critically explores their understanding of heritage tourism as well as their perceptions of its influence on the physical landscape as a driver for local development.     

旅游发展对目的地景观的影响

旅游业的发展和旅游者的大量涌入，会对旅游目的地的景观产生广泛而深远的影响。在诠释景观定义及其与旅游关系的基础上，从自然景观和人文景观两个角度出发，分别探讨了旅游发展对目的地景观的积极影响与消极影响。总体来说，旅游开发对景观的积极影响，主要体现在可以提高居民和游客对景观的保护意识，并且为保护提供一定的经费：而消极影响主要体现在会加剧环境的压力和加速地方特色的消失。最后初步提出了既发展旅游业，又保护地方景观的原则。     

Second Home Owner Perceptions of Their Environmental Impacts: The Case of Hartbeespoort

Second home tourism studies have found that there are environmental concerns which arise through the development and continued use of a second home. The majority of these studies, however, have been conducted in the Global North, and no research of this kind has yet been conducted in South Africa. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the environmental implications of second home tourism in Hartbeespoort, South Africa, with special reference to the perceptions second home owners hold with regards to their impacts on the environment. The perception held by majority of second home owner respondents is that neither they, nor their households, impact upon the environment. This perception brings the environmental sustainability of second home tourism in South Africa into question.     

The Military as an Economic Agent in Local Economic Development: The Case of South Africa

Military bases can be important agents for local and regional economic development. This article examines the role of military spending in local economic development in South Africa, a country which, under apartheid, had high levels of military spending. The local economic impacts are analyzed of three operational military bases at Potchefstroom, Louis Trichardt’ and Heidelberg. It is argued that the military assumes a significant role in local economies and should be used by localities as a basis for competitive advantage in planning for local economic development.     

温州旅游发展定位初探

从机遇和挑战两方面对温州旅游业的发展进行了分析,并对温州市旅游业开发的条件进行了研究,结合温州市旅游发展的优势,阐述了温州旅游业发展的目标和定位,从而促进温州旅游业的发展.     

Township Tourism Demand: Tourists’ Perceptions of Safety and Security

Township tourism has emerged as an important part of the urban tourism product in post-1994 South Africa. Approximately, 25 % of all international tourists visiting Cape Town participate in township tours. However, in recent years, doubts about personal safety have cast a negative light on the township tourism offering. Consideration regarding tourist safety and security, therefore, is important since it may have implications for the future growth and development of this market. The aim of this study was to investigate tourists’ perceptions of safety and security whilst on a township tour. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 317 tourists who participated in township tours in the Greater Cape Town area. The study found that the majority (73 %) of respondents felt safe whilst on a township tour. Eighty-three percent of those surveyed were satisfied with the township tour that they went on, whilst 82 % of respondents said that they would recommend a township tour. This paper argues that there is a latent demand for culture-led, experience-based township tourism product development to create more opportunities for entrepreneurship and local economic development. Further recommendations for policymakers and tour operators are also provided.     

基于区域发展的灵山湾国家森林公园规划及建设

通过对青岛灵山湾国家森林公园发展旅游的SWOT分析,提出了基于区域发展、以森林和滨海资源的可持续利用为主导的特色旅游是公园健康发展的保证,并对其开发的原则和各功能区的项目设置提出建议.     

粤港澳大湾区入境旅游发展差异及其影响因素

采取构建旅游发展指数、基尼系数、GIS方法和市场集中度、熵值法等研究方法，对粤港澳大湾区入境旅游发展水平及客源结构差异的时空演变特征进行刻画，研究发现：①2000年至今，粤港澳大湾区入境旅游发展经过培育阶段（2000~2003年）、快速发展阶段（2004~2008年）和新常态阶段（2009~2017年）3个阶段；②入境旅游区域差异虽有所减小，但持续呈现以香港、澳门为第一层级，深圳、广州为第二层级，其余7市位于第三、四层级的多级格局；③在客源结构方面，香港市场多样性最强，客源结构多元且受距离限制小；澳门的市场多样性不断下降，客源集中在东亚、东南亚等近程市场；珠三角市场稳定性较强；④9市2区在城市功能和地位上的差异是入境旅游呈现多级格局且客源结构存在差异的主要原因。     

On the Fringe of the Economy: Migrant Street Traders in Durban

The number of migrants working on the streets of cities throughout South Africa has increased tremendously over the past few years. This study draws on qualitative data to understand the experiences of migrant street traders in Durban, South Africa. The qualitative data for the study come from in-depth interviews with local and migrant street traders. Migrant street traders are attracted to Durban because of the economic opportunities that the city offers as well as the lower crime rate than other cities. The findings suggest that migrant street traders make an economic contribution towards the development of the city. Migrants create employment by hiring locals to assist them in their businesses. Some tension exists between local and migrant street traders because of fear of competition. Crime is a concern because it impacts negatively on their businesses. Other challenges experienced by the migrant traders include the harsh treatment by the police and lack of support for informal traders by the municipality. More emphasis should be placed on providing a supportive environment for street trading in Durban.     

湘西凤凰古城保护与旅游发展

通过对湘西凤凰古城的综述,详细分析了＂旅游过热＂对凤凰古城发展的影响,并探讨了旅游开发背景下的凤凰古城保护原则,从而化解了旅游的大规模开发和古城保护之间的矛盾。     

旅游规划的社区参与研究——以阳朔遇龙河风景旅游区为例

以阳朔遇龙河风景旅游区为例,提出并分析了遇龙河旅游区居民参与旅游开发的主要策略,如:给居民提供参与旅游规划、旅游发展决策的机会,对居民进行教育和培训等。指出社区居民是当地旅游发展的核心力量,社区居民参与不仅仅是旅游可持续发展的需要,也是社区自身发展的需要。     

海南省社会主义新农村建设与乡村旅游发展

海南省正在全面推进国际旅游岛建设,同时也在加快建设社会主义新农村步伐,这为海南乡村旅游发展带来契机。由于海南省区域存在差异性,经济发展也处于不同层次,为此,有必要通过对国外乡村旅游发展的经验研究,分析海南乡村旅游发展存在的问题,探讨在国际旅游岛建设的背景下,海南乡村旅游发展与社会主义新农村建设结合的对策。     

Outlining triple bottom line contexts in urban tourism regeneration

This viewpoint offers perspective on pressing issues concerning urban tourism planning, policy and development. This paper outlines how different approaches and contexts of urban tourism regeneration, planning and development are considered in relation to the triple bottom line. Triple bottom line approaches are widely recognized by scholars, teachers, planners and businesses in the area of tourism when planning for sustainable tourism futures. While notions of people, profit and planet are important to conceptually outline, it is important to reflect on the recent literature and examples that emphasise contexts of sustainability. It must be noted that sustainability is often regarded as a term that looks at the environment and financial growth. Increasingly, researchers are focusing on social impacts seeking to address opportunities such as new enterprises, volunteering, education and training, in addition to restored place and community pride. This viewpoint attempts to present perspectives and encourage directions to further consider in urban tourism research, with an emphasis on sustainability and regeneration.