Feasibility study of wind farms: A case study for Izmir, Turkey

Wind is one of the world's fastest growing renewable energy sources. The rapid growth in wind power is a result of improvements accomplished in technology. This paper presents the technical and economical feasibility of wind farms. The method is applied to a potential wind farm site located in Izmir, Turkey. The site is considered on technical and economical parameters for the complete plant and its running costs. For technical consideration wind speed, prevailing wind direction, and temperature measurements are performed. For economical consideration, three different scenarios namely, autoproducer, autoproducer group, and independent power producer (IPP) cases, are investigated and compared with respect to net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and pay back period (PBP) criteria. The study indicates the costs of generated energy by wind turbines with different characteristics as a function of the installed capacity. It is concluded that, the larger the installed capacity, the smaller the generating cost per kWh. The generating cost was calculated as low as 2.68 UScent/kWh for the IPP scenario. The profitability analysis also shows that, larger installed capacity with larger rated power wind turbines present higher IRR of the investment. The sensitivity analysis backs up the findings.     

Wet and dry deposition of formaldehyde in Izmir, Turkey

Samples were collected between May 2003 and May 2004 in Izmir, Turkey to measure dry and wet deposition of formaldehyde (HCHO). Particle-phase HCHO fluxes measured with dry deposition plates ranged between 2 and 56 microg m(-2) day(-1) (average+/-SD, 17+/-12 microg m(-2) day(-1)). Particulate phase dry deposition velocities calculated using the particulate fluxes measured and ambient particulate concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 9.6 cm s(-1) (1.4+/-1.4 cm s(-1)). The particulate overall dry deposition velocity agreed well with those measured previously for other pollutants using the same method. Formaldehyde concentration measured in 27 rain samples collected at the sampling site ranged between 10 and 304 microg l(-1). The annual formaldehyde wet deposition was calculated as 31.4 mg m(-2) year(-1). The annual HCHO total deposition (wet+dry) was dominated by wet deposition (83.7%).     

The city so prosperous: episodes of urban life in Suzhou

Views are the most direct means to re-configure the images of cities. Despite the cultural differences in nations of the occidental and oriental worlds, their painters and cartographers have had a strong inclination to illustrate cities as they once appeared. To understand Siena, the medieval town and its citizens' collective wishes, one could hardly overlook Ambrogio Lorenzetti's fresco of the images of Buon Governo and Mal Governo in its Palazzo Pubblico. Similarly, if one wants to understand the social and urban lives of Suzhou, China, in the eighteenth century, examining the scroll painting, Prosperous Suzhou , by Xu Yang, AD 1759, is most revealing. The painter of Prosperous Suzhou employed the scattered perspective technique to reconstruct the urban scenes in a continual visual itinerary. The images were structured upon a coherent naturalistic setting in which the essence of urban life was vividly depicted through the overlays of orchestrated events. Sharing some common characteristics of Lorenzetti's fresco, Prosperous Suzhou , in describing the city, however, translated the Chinese concept of layering in time and space most fluently into a flattened mental picture for the viewers. In this paper, I will focus on reading the urban scenes of Suzhou in the mid-eighteenth century from the scroll with reference to the surveyed cartographic records of the same period. At the same time, the techniques in representing these images and their relationships with the Chinese perception of space and time will be investigated. As a chain of memories captured in the views along the scroll, the urban experiences in Suzhou will be decoded and interpreted. By re-knitting these narratives, it is intended to trace the multiple layers of meanings in Panofsky's iconological terms so as to understand, then reconstruct, the urban values and intrinsic orders in the city of Suzhou.     

The city so prosperous: episodes of urban life in Suzhou

Views are the most direct means to re-configure the images of cities. Despite the cultural differences in nations of the occidental and oriental worlds, their painters and cartographers have had a strong inclination to illustrate cities as they once appeared. To understand Siena, the medieval town and its citizens' collective wishes, one could hardly overlook Ambrogio Lorenzetti's fresco of the images of Buon Governo and Mal Governo in its Palazzo Pubblico. Similarly, if one wants to understand the social and urban lives of Suzhou, China, in the eighteenth century, examining the scroll painting, Prosperous Suzhou , by Xu Yang, AD 1759, is most revealing. The painter of Prosperous Suzhou employed the scattered perspective technique to reconstruct the urban scenes in a continual visual itinerary. The images were structured upon a coherent naturalistic setting in which the essence of urban life was vividly depicted through the overlays of orchestrated events. Sharing some common characteristics of Lorenzetti's fresco, Prosperous Suzhou , in describing the city, however, translated the Chinese concept of layering in time and space most fluently into a flattened mental picture for the viewers. In this paper, I will focus on reading the urban scenes of Suzhou in the mid-eighteenth century from the scroll with reference to the surveyed cartographic records of the same period. At the same time, the techniques in representing these images and their relationships with the Chinese perception of space and time will be investigated. As a chain of memories captured in the views along the scroll, the urban experiences in Suzhou will be decoded and interpreted. By re-knitting these narratives, it is intended to trace the multiple layers of meanings in Panofsky's iconological terms so as to understand, then reconstruct, the urban values and intrinsic orders in the city of Suzhou.     

Evaluation of elderly people's requirements in public open spaces: A case study in Bornova District (Izmir,Turkey)

The aim of improving the quality and quantities of public open spaces used by each group of people who are in different ages, genders and occupations, is upgrading the users’ life quality by equipping these places with various functions and to make the urban life more attractive and meaningful by creating livable environments.     

A place for a national community: Glikson's integrative habitation unit and the political construct of the everyday

Through discussion of the 'Integrative Habitation Unit' in Kiryat Gat, designed by Artur Glikson in the early 1960s, the paper reveals the processes by which the residential environment, the basis of day-to-day life, is envisioned by architects and enlisted by a nation-state attempting to build its community by reinforcing its hold on land and people. This depicts the duality of the residential environment as a personal space and as a national domain, and exposes the political construct of the everyday.     

A place for a national community: Glikson's integrative habitation unit and the political construct of the everyday

Through discussion of the ‘Integrative Habitation Unit’ in Kiryat Gat, designed by Artur Glikson in the early 1960s, the paper reveals the processes by which the residential environment, the basis of day-to-day life, is envisioned by architects and enlisted by a nation-state attempting to build its community by reinforcing its hold on land and people. This depicts the duality of the residential environment as a personal space and as a national domain, and exposes the political construct of the everyday.     

Determination of user profile at city parks: A sample from Turkey

A survey study conducted randomly in the cities of Erzurum, Erzincan and Kars included 360 subjects interviewed face to face. It was aimed to detect the subjective features of the participants such as gender, marital status, age, educational status and income level and the reflections of these features on the city parks. Conclusively, it was determined that those who are male, unmarried, at the age of between 19 and 24, university graduate and with a monthly income of 65–125 USD use the parks in majority. In the statistical analysis, the SPSS software was used and variables were compared. Chi-square (χ²) test was used to determine the independency correlations. According to the analysis, gender and income had no significant effect on the use of city parks, but marital status, age and education status had significant effects at 5% significance levels (*p<0.05$p<0.05$, χ²: 27.805; *p<0.05$p<0.05$, χ²: 44.073; *p<0.05$p<0.05$, χ²: 39.998, respectively).     

The influence of the abandoned Kalecik Hg mine on water and stream sediments (Karaburun,Izmir, Turkey)

This study covers the geochemical investigations on water and stream sediments to evaluate the influence from the abandoned Kalecik Hg mine. The groundwater samples (S5, S8, S9, WW10) are neutral, slightly alkaline waters which have pH values varying between 7.3 and 7.5. Electrical conductivity (EC) values of groundwaters for spring samples are low (250-300 microS/cm). However, groundwater obtained from a deep well has a higher EC value of 950 microS/cm. Hg concentrations of groundwater samples vary between 0.01 and 0.13 microg/l. Hg concentrations of other water samples taken from mining area from surface waters and adits are between 0.10 and 0.99 microg/l. Adit water (A4) collected at the mine has the highest Hg content of 0.99 microg/l and a pH of 4.4. Trace element concentrations of mine water samples show variable values. As is observed only in MW1 (310 microg/l). A4 was enriched in Cd, Co and Cr and exceed the Turkish drinking water standards (Türk Standartlari Enstitüsü, 1997). Cu concentrations vary between 6.0 and 150 microg/l and are below the Turkish water standards. Mn concentrations in mine waters are between 0.02 and 4.9 mg/l. Only for sample A4 Mn value (4.9 mg/l) exceeds the standard level. Ni was enriched for all of the mine water samples and exceeds the safe standard level (20 microg/l) for drinking water. Of the major ions SO(4) shows a notable increase in this group reaching 650 mg/l that exceeds the drinking water standards. Stream sediment samples have abnormally high values for especially Hg and As, Sb, Ni, Cr metals. With the exception of sample Ss6 of which Hg concentration is 92 mg/kg, all the other samples have Hg contents of higher than 100 mg/kg. Pollution index values are significantly high and vary between 69 and 82 for stream sediment samples.     

浅析住区环境中的场所精神

如何在住区环境设计中体现场所精神，尊重居民的参与权，创造居住者的认同感与归属感等问题进行了探讨，以期实现住区环境与所在区域的自然环境、社会文化、人的意识和价值取向的相互适应。     

Goodwin House, a place for healing

The following report is excerpted from a senior thesis project prepared by Kirstin Shank. For her thesis, Shank produced an exceptionally thorough and thoughtful proposal for a home for people living with AIDS and HIV. The specifics of her plan may not be easily translated for all such centers, but her holistic approach to designing a therapeutic environment can indeed serve as a models for designers across the country grappling with similar challenges.     

苏州市机动车配建停车位建设差额收费政策

在分析苏州市停车供需矛盾和机动车停车配建现状的基础上,测算了苏州市的配建停车位和社会公共停车位的建设成本,提出了苏州市机动车配建停车位差额费征收政策建议,以供苏州市配建停车规划管理参考。     

The last round in restructuring the city: Urban regeneration becomes a state policy of disaster prevention in Turkey

In Turkey, urban regeneration mirrors a shift towards neoliberal urban policies based on economic strategy-making. The measures in the name of “regeneration for liveable cities” are rapidly transforming the appearance of inner-city areas with great revenue-generating potential. The boundaries of legitimization are described in areas where the process of depression is visible and the social acceptability of the residential population decreases, and at present are under the risk of disasters, mostly in squatter housing areas and dilapidated historical centers. Legal regulations have been reformulating this system since the 1980s so that applications can be supported effortlessly and facilitated through government assistance.This study discusses the final legal regulation, namely Law No. 6306, which is the Law on the Regeneration of Areas Under the Risk of Disasters. The study leans on the hypothesis that: This law has opened a new gateway for a fast and organized system of urban regeneration. Urban regeneration has gained a new momentum with the inclusion of risk identification in a country under the risk of earthquakes. The study methodology begins with a literature review concerning urban regeneration, development of urban regeneration in Turkey, and disaster risk. Second, legal regulations in favor of urban regeneration and Cabinet decisions on risk areas in Turkey are critically examined. Finally, areas that are designated to be under the risk of disasters in Ankara are analyzed based on earthquake risk identification, urban development, and urban policy strategies in favor of regeneration.The findings of the study substantiate the hypothesis. Regeneration is now increasing the resilience of societies to natural disasters. However, the development of the criteria of disaster risk as a reason for regeneration is not mature enough to be a part of a mitigation strategy and an integrated planning approach. While all risk areas are in deprived or squatter housing areas, risk assessment is not so difficult in terms of physical vulnerability. Economic and social vulnerabilities are out of the scope, and there is no regeneration perspective. Thus, the interventions that are performed with this law produce the same results, that is, a single recipe of regeneration which is poorly integrated into a planned urban development strategy. Gentrification is still the unpronounced, yet expected, result.     

Determination of bioclimatic comfort in three different land uses in the city of Erzurum,Turkey

This study was carried out to determine the human bioclimatic conditions in rural, urban and urban forest areas in the conditions of the city of Erzurum, where an extreme continental climate type prevails. Data were obtained over a 10-month period and human bioclimatic conditions in these three different land-use types were evaluated using human bioclimatic indices, suitable for the data obtained. In the study, thermohygrometric index (THI), which assesses air temperature and relative humidity, and “beer garden days” index, which uses the days when temperature at 21:00 is over 20 °C, were used. While in these three areas “hot” and “comfort” ranges were determined to be 10% of the period, the number of “beer garden” days was only 20 days in rural, 15 days in urban forest and 18 days in urban areas of Erzurum. Consequently, it has been determined that the most suitable area for the human comfort in the conditions of Erzurum is in the urban area which is followed by the urban forest and the rural areas, both for each observation time and across the whole period.     

河北省石家庄市城市地震安全社区示范试点建设

社区是城市社会的基本细胞和应对突发公共事件的主体,社区在防灾减灾中具有强大的不可代替的作用。我国是地震灾害严重的国家之一,地震灾害严重威胁着人民群众的生命和财产安全,因此,开展创建全国一流城市地震安全示范社区活动,对落实胡锦涛总书记在两院院士大会上提出的加强防灾减灾能力建设的要求,坚持以人为本,打造安全环境,服务民生,提升社区安全,有着极为重要的意义。     

走进地震安全示范社区

我国大陆地区的安全社区建设近年来取得了长足进展,国家安全社区促进中心在2007年9月命名了全国首抽21个“国家安全社区”。安全枉区建设涉及交通,卫生．消防,地震等多个领域。 构建地震安全社区是有效预防和减轻地震灾害的重要途径。在2008年国务院防震减灾联席工作会议上,回良玉副总理明确指出“要大力推进城市地震安全社区示范工作”,中国地震局也提出了“开展地震安全社区示范建设”的要求。我们煽发的这组稿件,反映了几个不同地区的社区结合当地的实际情况,在地震安全社区建设中积极探索新思路,开展的卓有成效的特色工作。     

A reconnaissance report: 1995 Dinar, Turkey, earthquake

During the 1st October 1995 Dinar, Turkey, earthquake, a total of 90 people died and about 240 people were injured. The number of collapsed or heavily damaged buildings exceeded 8000 within a radius of 20 km around the epicentre. The ground rupture was about 11 km long along an unexpected, new fault line. The reinforced concrete moment resisting framed structures as well as brick masonry houses experienced the most severe damage, especially those situated on soft soil layers of alluvium formations.     

Public housing,home ownership,and community participation in Chicago's inner city

The impact of public housing on the motivation of its tenants to engage in action to prevent its deterioration has been a topic of recent debate. This discussion has led some to advocate the sale of public housing to tenants as a means of giving them a stake in their community, and, thus, the motive to prevent its deterioration. By using the Urban Poverty Family Life Survey, this paper estimates the effects of public housing and home ownership on rates of community participation. The results do not support those who claim that residents of inner‐city public housing are less likely to become involved in community affairs than inner‐city home owners. The results also suggest that factors other than housing tenure status, such as church attendance, family structure, and the number of families known in the neighborhood are responsible for variation in rates of community participation. Taken together, these results stress the need to look beyond the simple causal relationship between community participation and home ownership.     

重庆大渡口双山社区设计

结合工程实例,对其前期策划进行了分析,并对其区位、人群等因素进行了分析,从功能结构、空间构成、交通组织、绿化系统、环境景观等方面对其规划系统的设计进行了阐述,从而为人们提供了良好的休闲场地。