连续纤维增韧碳化硅基复合材料内耗特征及机制

采用强迫振动法研究了不同应变振幅下C/SiC和SiC/SiC复合材料从室温到600℃的内耗特征,并讨论了其内耗产生机制.结果表明,C/SiC复合材料内耗随温度升高先减小, 后增加,并在120℃附近达到最小值;SiC/SiC复合材料内耗随温度升高一直增加;C/SiC 复合材料具有比SiC/SiC复合材料更高的内耗水平和更低的动态模量;C/SiC和SiC/SiC复合材料内耗随应变振幅增加而减小,但动态模量和应变振幅无关.     

C/SiC复合材料的氧化对其内耗行为的影响

通过分析C/SiC在高温(1250、1300和1350℃)空气氧化过程中质量、强度、物相、气孔率、微观形貌演变规律, 并同时采用动态热机械分析仪测得内耗的变化趋势, 研究了氧化对其内耗行为的影响规律, 进而为以内耗表征复合材料的氧化行为奠定基础。为明确C/SiC各组元在氧化与内耗行为对应关系中所发挥的作用, 进一步研究了SiC陶瓷在1300℃、空气中的氧化与内耗行为之间的对应关系。结果表明: SiC陶瓷氧化对其内耗行为的影响规律不明显且影响程度较弱; C/SiC在氧化过程中的内耗行为受C相的氧化损伤控制, 且作用规律明显, 其内耗保持率曲线均出现峰值, 其中1250、1300和1350 ℃的峰值分别为6.65、3.48和1.59。     

界面相对3D-SiC/SiC复合材料静态力学性能及内耗特征的影响

采用先驱体浸渍裂解工艺制备无界面、SiC、PyC和PyC/SiC等界面相SiC/SiC复合材料,研究了SiC/SiC复合材料的微观结构及静态力学性能,并通过强迫振动法系统分析了界面相对复合材料内耗行为的影响。研究结果表明,引入界面相有效改善了复合材料的微观结构及力学性能,并降低了复合材料的内耗。其中, PyC/SiC复相界面中亚层SiC限制了PyC界面相与纤维的结合及塑性形变,提高了复合材料的力学性能;同时,界面相对SiC/SiC复合材料内耗行为有显著影响,材料内耗水平与界面剪切强度成反比。对比50和350℃时的材料内耗变化率发现,随界面剪切强度增大,材料内耗呈降低的趋势,且含有PyC的PyC/SiC界面复合材料具有较低的内耗变化率,说明PyC/SiC复相界面的SiC/SiC复合材料更适于高温振动环境。     

三向正交碳纤维增强纳米碳化硅生物复合材料的制备和力学性能

碳纤维增强的纳米碳化硅陶瓷基复合材料力学性能优良,且具有一定的生物相容性,因此可作为一种新型的可取代钛合金的全尺寸整体人工骨骼。研究了具有三向正交结构的T300和M30碳纤维预制体对C/SiC复合材料制备过程和抗弯强度的影响规律。以聚碳硅烷为先驱体,以二乙烯基苯为溶剂和交连剂,采用聚合物浸渍热解法制备了C/SiC复合材料,采用阿基米德排水法测量其密度和气孔率,采用三点抗弯法测量其抗弯强度。M30 C/SiC抗弯强度比T300 C/SiC高6.7％,表明碳纤维弹性模量对复合材料基体开裂强度有显著影响,并通过增加纤维径向强度以及承担载荷的比例提高了复合材料的断裂强度。      

预制体结构及界面对三维SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能的影响

为研究预制体结构及界面对三维编织SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能的影响,采用先驱体浸渍裂解法（PIP）分别制备了三维四向和三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料,并引入热解炭/碳化硅（PyC/SiC）复合界面层,进行拉伸性能测试和断口形貌观察。结果表明,三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料拉伸性能优于三维四向SiC/SiC复合材料,三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度、模量和断裂应变分别是三维四向SiC/SiC复合材料的1.22倍、1.25倍、1.43倍,且比三维四向SiC/SiC复合材料具有更好的强度可靠性。这是由于三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料增加了受力方向的纤维含量,限制了纤维在外力作用下的转动和变形,起到定型和稳固作用。添加PyC/SiC复合界面层,三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸强度、模量及断裂应变分别提高了21.7%、15.0%和11.0%。界面的存在可以保护纤维,调节纤维与基体之间的热应力,受力时诱使裂纹偏转和分叉,消耗能量,提高三维五向SiC/SiC复合材料的拉伸性能。      

反应熔体渗透C/SiC复合材料的摩擦性能

以不同结构类型及密度的C/C复合材料为预制体,采用反应熔体渗透法制备了C/SiC复合材料,研究了不同结构C/SiC复合材料的密度、组分含量、热扩散系数与摩擦性能相互之间的关系.结果表明随着碳含量的降低,复合材料的密度增加;短切纤维C/SiC、低密度针刺C/SiC与高密度针刺C/SiC复合材料的平均摩擦系数分别为:0.28,0.28与0.42;随着热扩散系数的增加,复合材料的摩擦稳定性系数升高;并且对于短切纤维C/SiC,摩擦实验后基本形成了连续光亮的摩擦面.     

Stressed oxidation behaviors of SiC matrix composites in combustion environments

Performance of three kinds of continuous fiber reinforced SiC matrix composites prepared by chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method, i.e. 2D C/SiC, 3D C/SiC and 3D SiC/SiC composites, have been investigated in the high temperature combustion environment gas with various creep stresses. The relationship between the life time of composite and the normalized peak strength, defined by the ratio of the test stress to the material strength, was studied. The life time of composites decreased with increasing the normalized peak strength following an exponential relationship. The oxidation resistance of the SiC/SiC composite was the best and that of the 2D C/SiC composite was the worst in the high temperature combustion environment with an applied stress. The experimental results suggested that there was a critical normalized peak strength which controls the oxidation mechanism of C/SiC. Below the critical normalized peak strength, the degradation of C/SiC in the combustion environment was controlled by the diffusion of oxygen and water vapor through the cracks in the composite. Above the critical normalized peak strength, the degradation was controlled by the oxidation of C fibers.     

Simulation of Degraded Properties of 2D plain Woven C/SiC Composites under Preloading Oxidation Atmosphere

In this paper, a numerical model which incorporates the oxidation damage model and the finite element model of 2D plain woven composites is presented for simulation of the oxidation behaviors of 2D plain woven C/SiC composite under preloading oxidation atmosphere. The equal proportional reduction method is firstly proposed to calculate the residual moduli and strength of unidirectional C/SiC composite. The multi-scale method is developed to simulate the residual elastic moduli and strength of 2D plain woven C/SiC composite. The multi-scale method is able to accurately predict the residual elastic modulus and strength of the composite. Besides, the simulated residual elastic moduli and strength of 2D plain woven C/SiC composites under preloading oxidation atmosphere show good agreements with experimental results. Furthermore, the preload, oxidation time, temperature and fiber volume fractions of the composite are investigated to show their influences upon the residual elastic modulus and strength of 2D plain woven C/SiC composites.     

无应力氧化下C/SiC复合材料弹性性能模拟及验证

结合复合材料氧化质量损失率模型和混合率公式, 发展了单向C/SiC复合材料在无应力氧化下的弹性模量预测方法。对400~700 ℃和700~900 ℃两种氧化机制下C/SiC复合材料的弹性模量进行了预测, 分析了氧化温度、氧化时间和纤维体积含量对C/SiC复合材料弹性模量的影响。开展了单向C/SiC复合材料在650 ℃和800 ℃空气环境下的无应力氧化试验, 建立了复合材料质量损失率与氧化时间的变化关系, 得到了氧化后材料拉伸应力-应变曲线。同时, 将理论预测值与试验结果进行对比, 发现理论值与试验值基本吻合, 从而验证了该方法能够有效地预测无应力氧化下陶瓷基复合材料的弹性性能。     

Defects in ceramic matrix composites and their impact on elastic properties

Defects created during the manufacture of an oxide/oxide and two non-oxide (SiC/SiNC and MI SiC/SiC) ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) were categorized as follows: (1) Intra-yarn defects such as dry fibers, (2) Inter-yarn defects such as those at crossover points, matrix voids, shrinkage cracks and interlaminar separation, and (3) Architectural defects such as layer misalignment. Their impact on elastic properties was analytically investigated using a stiffness averaging approach considering the defects to have volumetric and directional influences. In-plane tensile and shear moduli as well as the through-thickness compressive modulus were experimentally evaluated. Results of analytical model were around 7% on average from the mean value of the experimental data. It was observed that interlaminar separation drastically reduced the through-thickness modulus by about 63% for the SiC/SiNC, 40% for the MI SiC/SiC and around 32% for the oxide/oxide composites. Shrinkage cracks in oxide/oxide composite reduced the in-plane tensile and shear moduli by 14% and 8.8%, respectively.     

用于梯度功能研磨抛光盘的SiC或Al2O3颗粒/橡胶复合材料的制备及性能

以SiC或Al₂O₃磨粒为颗粒增强相,氯丁橡胶（CR）或丙烯酸酯橡胶（ACM）为基体制备了不同种类、不同质量比的磨粒与橡胶共混的颗粒/橡胶复合材料。当SiC与CR质量比小于50∶100时,同一配比多次重复实验,颗粒/橡胶复合材料杨氏模量值波动不明显,标准差最大值为1.09。针对橡胶的黏弹性导致工件与不同颗粒/橡胶复合材料动静态应力不一致的问题,通过振动测试和动态力学分析（DMA）,发现在加工所需温度区间20~50℃,SiC/CR或Al₂O₃/CR复合材料与SiC/ACM复合材料相比,其动静态应力的最大偏差值分别为2.5%和16%,下降幅度明显,且DMA结果显示,SiC/CR或Al₂O₃/CR复合材料的损耗因子tanδ小于0.3,因此优选CR为梯度功能研磨抛光盘颗粒/橡胶复合材料的基体。      

Comparison of ceramic material effects on the flexural Weibull statistics and fracture of high volume fraction particle reinforced aluminum

The effects of the ceramic particle material on the flexural Weibull modulus, characteristic flexural strength, and damage parameters of particulate-reinforced metal-matrix composites were studied. Three high volume fill composites were fabricated using the pressure infusion casting technique: they were reinforced with SiC, B₄C, and -Al₂O₃ particles. Four-point bend testing determined the effects of particle material on flexural strength and elastic modulus. It was found the B₄C and SiC composites had similar flexural Weibull modulus, low deflection, and similar damage parameters. The -Al₂O₃ reinforced composite had the largest flexural Weibull modulus, highest deflection at failure, and largest damage parameter. Extensive microstructural and SEM fractographs were taken of the as-processes and fractured specimens. The mechanisms leading to the dominant failure modes are discussed.     

三维针刺C/SiC刹车材料的摩擦磨损性能

通过化学气相渗透法(CVI)结合反应熔体浸渗法(RMI)制备了三维针刺,C/SiC刹车材料 , 利用 MM21000型摩擦磨损试验机系统研究了C/SiC刹车材料的摩擦磨损性能,采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜分别对摩擦表面和磨屑形貌进行了观察。结果表明:干态刹车条件下,当初始刹车速度相同时,摩擦系数随着刹车压力的升高而逐渐降低;当刹车压力相同时,摩擦系数随着初始刹车速度的增加先升高后降低。湿态摩擦性能衰减小(衰减约8 %) 、恢复快;静态摩擦系数高(为0. 56～0. 61),摩擦系数随着初始刹车温度的升高而显著降低。当刹车压力相同时,磨损率随着初始刹车速度的增加而增大;当初始刹车速度大于20 m/s时,刹车压力的增大使磨损率显著增加。      

Microstructures and improved wear resistance of 3D needled C/SiC composites with graphite filler

Three-dimensional (3D) needled carbon/carbon (C/C) composites with a lowest porosity of 15.6% were achieved after 1 cycle of impregnation by phenolic resin slurry containing graphite filler, hot-pressing curing and pyrolysis. Carbon/silicon carbide (C/SiC) composites were obtained by liquid silicon infiltrating C/C composites. The aim was to incorporate cost effectiveness and excellent performance of C/SiC braking material. Using filler content not exceeding 30 wt% in the slurry promised undamaged C/C segments in C/SiC composites. The linear wear rate of C/SiC using 30 wt% filler was 0.33 μm side⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ and displayed a fourfold decrease; its weight wear rate was 2.46 mg side⁻¹ cycle⁻¹ and minus 171%, compared with the previously reported values of C/SiC without filler, at a braking velocity of 28 m/s. Its friction coefficients and friction stability coefficients appeared relative insensitive to changes in braking velocities and displayed higher values at high braking velocities compared with the previous values.     

Oxidation behavior of 3D Hi–Nicalon/SiC composite

Oxidation behavior of a three dimensional (3D) Hi–Nicalon/SiC composite with CVD SiC coating was investigated in the simulated air using a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) device. Below 1100 °C, the oxidation kinetics was controlled by gas diffusion through the defects in the SiC matrix and coating and resulted in the consumption of PyC interphase. The residual flexural strength did have not a remarkable fluctuation and the relationship between the residual strength to temperature and weight change to temperature of the 3D Hi–Nicalon/PyC/SiC composite indicated the same regularity. Above 1200 °C, the oxidation kinetics was controlled by oxygen diffusion through the SiO₂ scale formed on the SiC coating and matrix. And the residual flexural strength of the composites was governed by the strength degradation of the Hi–Nicalon fiber. After oxidation, the fracture displacement in flexural tests increased with the weight loss increasing and the fracture mode showed a non-brittle pattern.     

Comparison of Fatigue Life Between C/SiC and SiC/SiC Ceramic-Matrix Composites at Room and Elevated Temperatures

In this paper, the comparison of fatigue life between C/SiC and SiC/SiC ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) at room and elevated temperatures has been investigated. An effective coefficient of the fiber volume fraction along the loading direction (ECFL) was introduced to describe the fiber architecture of preforms. Under cyclic fatigue loading, the fibers broken fraction was determined by combining the interface wear model and fibers statistical failure model at room temperature, and interface/fibers oxidation model, interface wear model and fibers statistical failure model at elevated temperatures in the oxidative environments. When the broken fibers fraction approaches to the critical value, the composites fatigue fracture. The fatigue life S–N curves and fatigue limits of cross-ply, 2D and 3D C/SiC and SiC/SiC composites at room temperature, 550 °C in air, 750 °C in dry and humid condition, 800 °C in air, 1000 °C in argon and air, 1100 °C, 1300 °C and 1500 °C in vacuum, have been predicted. At room temperature, the fatigue limit of 2D C/SiC composite with ECFL of 20 % lies between 0.78 and 0.8 tensile strength; and the fatigue limit of 2D SiC/SiC composite with ECFL of 20 % lies between 0.75 and 0.85 tensile strength. The fatigue limit of 2D C/SiC composite increases to 0.83 tensile strength with ECFL increasing from 20 to 22.5 %, and the fatigue limit of 3D C/SiC composite is 0.85 tensile strength with ECFL of 37 %. The fatigue performance of 2D SiC/SiC composite is better than that of 2D C/SiC composite at elevated temperatures in oxidative environment.     

ZrO_2－Al_2O_3－SiC系复相陶瓷材料的冲蚀磨损

本文对ＺｒＯ２增韧１０％ＳｉＣ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３基复合材料和ＳｉＣ颗粒弥散强化５％Ａｌ２Ｏ３／ＺｒＯ２基复合材料的冲蚀磨损的研究，实验表明：相交增初有助于断裂韧性的改善，从而缓和了材料的高角冲蚀率；高弹模量的ＳｉＣ二相粒子引入后基体材料的硬度增加，提高了材料的抗低角磨损能力．显微结构（ＳＥＭ）分析表明，不同的冲蚀角度条件下材料表面的损伤行为和磨损微观机制也不相同，通过ＰＵＤ计算，定量表征材料的抗切向磨损能力．     

Fatigue Life Prediction of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites at Room and Elevated Temperatures. Part I: Experimental Analysis

This paper presents an experimental analysis on the fatigue behavior in C/SiC ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) with different fiber preforms, i.e., unidirectional, cross-ply and 2.5D woven, at room and elevated temperatures in air atmosphere. The experimental fatigue life S???N curves of C/SiC composites corresponding to different stress levels and test conditions have been obtained. The damage evolution processes under fatigue loading have been analyzed using fatigue hysteresis modulus and fatigue hysteresis loss energy. By comparing the experimental fatigue hysteresis loss energy with theoretical computational values, the interface shear stress corresponding to different peak stress, fiber preforms and test conditions have been estimated. It was found that the degradation of interface shear stress and fibres strength caused by oxidation markedly decreases the fatigue life of C/SiC composites at elevated temperature.     

3D C/SiC复合材料的热辐射性能

利用稳态量热计法和傅里叶红外光谱仪分别测定了3D C/SiC复合材料在90℃时的半球向总发射率和室温法向光谱反射率,研究了表面形貌、涂层厚度及高温氧化对3D C/SiC热辐射性能的影响。结果表明:3D C/SiC具有优异的热辐射性能,其总发射率可达0.83;随着SiC涂层厚度的增加,3D C/SiC总发射率先降低后上升;高温氧化后,3D C/SiC的热辐射性能有所提高。      

纤维长径比对环氧复合材料动态力学性能的影响

本文研究不同纤维长径比对碳纤和玻纤环氧复合材料动态力学性能的影响.结果表明,随长径比的增大,材料的力学内耗下降而模量增加;在低长径比,碳纤复合材料的内耗值比玻纤复合材料的高.达到一定长径比后,内耗值和模量值趋于连续纤维复合材料的值.温度越高,基体模量下降,达到相同纤维刚度的使用效率所需要的长径比就越大.用材料在外载荷或热缩应力作用下,纤维及其界面上沿纤维方向上的应力大小和分布随长径比的变化规律解释上述现象.